Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.9.374.384
E. Adeyeye
Poultry eggs are eaten in most areas of the world with fewer social taboos associated with them than pigs and cattle. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from chicken. In Nigeria, the domestic foul dominates the poultry industry. Of the 120 million indigenous poultry population in Nigeria, the domestic fowl constitutes about 91 % of this. For this reason, the present work tried to evaluate the nutritional levels of the lipid composition of the free-range fertilized cooked chicken eggs. Five eggs were involved in the study and they were collected at once. The following experimental procedures were carried out on the yolk and the albumen using standard analytical methods: crude fat determination, preparation of methyl esters and fatty acid analysis. Also determined was the quality assurance of the determinations to ensure their accuracies, calculation of uncertainty interval percentage (UIP) particularly for the fatty acid values. Statistical evaluations carried out included: linear correlation coefficient (rxy), coefficient of determination (rxy 2 ), linear regression coefficient (Rxy), coefficient of alienation (CA) and index of forecasting efficiency (IFE). The study reports the nutritional values of the lipid composition of the free-range chicken eggs analyzing separately the yolk and the albumen. The yolk was 32.8 % of the total egg weight while the albumen was 53.8 %. The total crude fat in yolk was 22.9 g/100 g whilst it was 0.001 g/100 g in albumen. The total fatty acid in yolk was 19.0 g/100 g; it was 0.00083 g/100 g in albumen. The SFA level was 35.0 % in total fatty acids in yolk; it was 31.8 % in albumen. Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in yolk was 43.5 % but 42.9 % in albumen. Total n-6 PUFA was 21.8 % in yolk and 25.2 % in albumen. The PUFA/SFA was 0.62 in yolk and 0.79 in albumen. Lecithin was high in yolk [115 mg/100 g; 46.0 %] but at trace level [23.3e-3 mg/100 g; 63.1 %] in albumen. Sterol was not detected in the albumen but total sterol in the yolk was 386 mg/100 g having cholesterol level of 86.3 mg/100 g (22.4 %). The levels of MUFA + PUFA in yolk was 65.3 % and 68.1 % in albumen showing that the chicken egg could be classified as being made up majorly of unsaturated oil. Free-range laying hens are given outdoor access instead of being contained in crowded cages; this gives them wide range of various feeding opportunities. This report showed the free-range chicken eggs yolk to be far more concentrated in crude fat; total fatty acids; SFA; MUFA; n-6 PUFA; high PUFA/SFA; high lecithin; high cephalin; high stigmasterol and cholesterol than the corresponding albumen. The cholesterol level was also below the average recommended level.
{"title":"Nutritional values of the lipid composition of the free-range chicken eggs","authors":"E. Adeyeye","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.9.374.384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.9.374.384","url":null,"abstract":"Poultry eggs are eaten in most areas of the world with fewer social taboos associated with them than pigs and cattle. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from chicken. In Nigeria, the domestic foul dominates the poultry industry. Of the 120 million indigenous poultry population in Nigeria, the domestic fowl constitutes about 91 % of this. For this reason, the present work tried to evaluate the nutritional levels of the lipid composition of the free-range fertilized cooked chicken eggs. Five eggs were involved in the study and they were collected at once. The following experimental procedures were carried out on the yolk and the albumen using standard analytical methods: crude fat determination, preparation of methyl esters and fatty acid analysis. Also determined was the quality assurance of the determinations to ensure their accuracies, calculation of uncertainty interval percentage (UIP) particularly for the fatty acid values. Statistical evaluations carried out included: linear correlation coefficient (rxy), coefficient of determination (rxy 2 ), linear regression coefficient (Rxy), coefficient of alienation (CA) and index of forecasting efficiency (IFE). The study reports the nutritional values of the lipid composition of the free-range chicken eggs analyzing separately the yolk and the albumen. The yolk was 32.8 % of the total egg weight while the albumen was 53.8 %. The total crude fat in yolk was 22.9 g/100 g whilst it was 0.001 g/100 g in albumen. The total fatty acid in yolk was 19.0 g/100 g; it was 0.00083 g/100 g in albumen. The SFA level was 35.0 % in total fatty acids in yolk; it was 31.8 % in albumen. Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in yolk was 43.5 % but 42.9 % in albumen. Total n-6 PUFA was 21.8 % in yolk and 25.2 % in albumen. The PUFA/SFA was 0.62 in yolk and 0.79 in albumen. Lecithin was high in yolk [115 mg/100 g; 46.0 %] but at trace level [23.3e-3 mg/100 g; 63.1 %] in albumen. Sterol was not detected in the albumen but total sterol in the yolk was 386 mg/100 g having cholesterol level of 86.3 mg/100 g (22.4 %). The levels of MUFA + PUFA in yolk was 65.3 % and 68.1 % in albumen showing that the chicken egg could be classified as being made up majorly of unsaturated oil. Free-range laying hens are given outdoor access instead of being contained in crowded cages; this gives them wide range of various feeding opportunities. This report showed the free-range chicken eggs yolk to be far more concentrated in crude fat; total fatty acids; SFA; MUFA; n-6 PUFA; high PUFA/SFA; high lecithin; high cephalin; high stigmasterol and cholesterol than the corresponding albumen. The cholesterol level was also below the average recommended level.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"55 1","pages":"374-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86096563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.311.317
A. Donye, M. Gwary, H. Nuhu, A. A. Zhintswen
{"title":"Assessment of youth involvement in yam production in Wukari local government area of Taraba State, Nigeria.","authors":"A. Donye, M. Gwary, H. Nuhu, A. A. Zhintswen","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.311.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.311.317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"17 1","pages":"311-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73904895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.336.339
A. Agbolosu, G. Teye, A. N. A. Adjetey, W. Addah, J. Naandam
A growth performance study on 240, eight week old local guinea fowls from Upper East, Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana was conducted at the University for Development Studies, Tamale. Each treatment consisted of 20 birds per region per cage with four replicates. Birds were fed iso-caloric (2800Kcal/Kg) and iso-protein (20% CP) grower diets. Water was provided ad libitum. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, mortality, egg productivity (total number of eggs), egg infertility and egg fertility. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake of birds. Birds from Northern region had the highest intake of 78.3 ± 3.54 g/bird/day followed by birds from Upper East (74.4 ± 3.54 g/bird/day) and Upper West (62.9 ± 3.54 g/bird/day). Daily weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of the birds from all three regions were not significantly different (P>0.05). Birds from Upper West region suffered the highest mortality (17.5%), with the least being those from Upper East (1.25%). Total eggs laid during the period were 362 eggs for Northern region, 310 eggs for Upper East and 266 for Upper West. These also showed significant differences (P五0.001). Egg fertility levels were satisfactory in birds from all three regions (77.4-81.9%). There were distinctive differences in almost all the parameters measured. This can provide the basis for which they could be classified into breeds.
{"title":"Performance characteristics of growing indigenous guinea fowls from upper east, upper west and northern regions of Ghana.","authors":"A. Agbolosu, G. Teye, A. N. A. Adjetey, W. Addah, J. Naandam","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.336.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.336.339","url":null,"abstract":"A growth performance study on 240, eight week old local guinea fowls from Upper East, Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana was conducted at the University for Development Studies, Tamale. Each treatment consisted of 20 birds per region per cage with four replicates. Birds were fed iso-caloric (2800Kcal/Kg) and iso-protein (20% CP) grower diets. Water was provided ad libitum. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, mortality, egg productivity (total number of eggs), egg infertility and egg fertility. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake of birds. Birds from Northern region had the highest intake of 78.3 ± 3.54 g/bird/day followed by birds from Upper East (74.4 ± 3.54 g/bird/day) and Upper West (62.9 ± 3.54 g/bird/day). Daily weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of the birds from all three regions were not significantly different (P>0.05). Birds from Upper West region suffered the highest mortality (17.5%), with the least being those from Upper East (1.25%). Total eggs laid during the period were 362 eggs for Northern region, 310 eggs for Upper East and 266 for Upper West. These also showed significant differences (P五0.001). Egg fertility levels were satisfactory in birds from all three regions (77.4-81.9%). There were distinctive differences in almost all the parameters measured. This can provide the basis for which they could be classified into breeds.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"5 1","pages":"336-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75956990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.332.335
Y. P. Paudel, S. Pradhan, B. Pant, B. Prasad
Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops and most staple food crop for more than a third of the world's population. It is the main cereal crop of Nepal. Nepal is importing chemical fertilizers from other countries for rice productivity. On the other hand transportation of fertilizers in hilly regions of Nepal is a difficult and expensive due to lack of transport. The inoculation of nitrogen fixing Blue Green Algal (BGA) is an alternative and sustainable source of nitrogen to increase the rice productivity. The mixed inoculum of Nostoc, Anabaena, Westiellopsis, Aulosira and Scytonema was used in field trial in 2005. The single inoculum of Anabaena was also used separately to compare the most effective treatment. The BGA inoculum with N: P: K (30:20:20 kg/ha) was found to be the most effective treatment for rice productivity.
水稻是最古老的种植作物之一，也是世界上三分之一以上人口的主要粮食作物。它是尼泊尔的主要谷类作物。尼泊尔正在从其他国家进口化肥以提高水稻产量。另一方面，由于缺乏交通工具，在尼泊尔丘陵地区运输肥料既困难又昂贵。接种固氮蓝绿藻(BGA)是提高水稻产量的一种可替代的、可持续的氮源。2005年在田间试验中采用了Nostoc、Anabaena、weestiellopsis、Aulosira和Scytonema的混合接种。同时，采用单次接种的方法，比较不同处理的效果。BGA接种N: P: K (30:20:20 kg/ hm2)处理对水稻生产最有效。
{"title":"Role of blue green algae in rice productivity.","authors":"Y. P. Paudel, S. Pradhan, B. Pant, B. Prasad","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.332.335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.332.335","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops and most staple food crop for more than a third of the world's population. It is the main cereal crop of Nepal. Nepal is importing chemical fertilizers from other countries for rice productivity. On the other hand transportation of fertilizers in hilly regions of Nepal is a difficult and expensive due to lack of transport. The inoculation of nitrogen fixing Blue Green Algal (BGA) is an alternative and sustainable source of nitrogen to increase the rice productivity. The mixed inoculum of Nostoc, Anabaena, Westiellopsis, Aulosira and Scytonema was used in field trial in 2005. The single inoculum of Anabaena was also used separately to compare the most effective treatment. The BGA inoculum with N: P: K (30:20:20 kg/ha) was found to be the most effective treatment for rice productivity.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"16 1","pages":"332-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76920867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.326.331
E. B. Ngane, A. Tening, E. E. Ehabe, F. Tchuenteu
Aluminium (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor of plant growth in acid soils. A pot trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of lime (CaCO3) from three liming materials on soil Al toxicity and the yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Two cement by-products (Agri-56 and Filler) and a conventional liming material (Limbux) were used. The acid neutralizing values for Limbux, Agri-56 and Filler were 126, 88 and 34% CaCO3 equivalent, respectively. Five rates of lime equivalent: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 tons CaCO3 ha -1 and the three liming materials were applied in combinations as treatments. Agri-56 was as efficient as Limbux in neutralizing Al toxicity. Aluminium saturation decreased from 83% to 31, 37and 69% for Limbux, Agri-56 and Filler, respectively when 2 tons CaCO3 ha -1 was applied. Limbux and Agri-56 increased the soil pH from 4.3 to 7.1 and 6.5, respectively at equivalent rate of 16 tons CaCO3 ha -1 . There was a 53.5 and 67.2% increase in maize yield for Limbux and Agri-56, respectively when 2 tons CaCO3 ha -1 was applied. Because of its availability and easy to use, Agri-56 is therefore recommended as the liming material on the acid soils of South-western Cameroon.
铝毒性是酸性土壤中植物生长的主要限制因素。通过盆栽试验，研究了石灰(CaCO3)对土壤铝毒性和玉米产量的影响。使用了两种水泥副产品(Agri-56和填料)和常规石灰材料(Limbux)。Limbux、Agri-56和Filler的酸中和值分别为126、88和34% CaCO3当量。石灰当量为0、2、4、8和16吨CaCO3 ha -1, 3种石灰材料组合施用。Agri-56在中和铝毒性方面与Limbux一样有效。当CaCO3用量为2吨/公顷时，Limbux、Agri-56和Filler的铝饱和度分别从83%降至31.7%、37%和69%。Limbux和Agri-56以16吨CaCO3 ha -1的当量速率将土壤pH值分别从4.3提高到7.1和6.5。当施用2吨CaCO3 ha -1时，Limbux和Agri-56的玉米产量分别增加了53.5%和67.2%。由于它的可用性和易于使用，Agri-56因此被推荐作为喀麦隆西南部酸性土壤的石灰材料。
{"title":"Potentials of some cement by-products for liming of an acid soil in the humid zone of South-Western Cameroon.","authors":"E. B. Ngane, A. Tening, E. E. Ehabe, F. Tchuenteu","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.326.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.326.331","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminium (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor of plant growth in acid soils. A pot trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of lime (CaCO3) from three liming materials on soil Al toxicity and the yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Two cement by-products (Agri-56 and Filler) and a conventional liming material (Limbux) were used. The acid neutralizing values for Limbux, Agri-56 and Filler were 126, 88 and 34% CaCO3 equivalent, respectively. Five rates of lime equivalent: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 tons CaCO3 ha -1 and the three liming materials were applied in combinations as treatments. Agri-56 was as efficient as Limbux in neutralizing Al toxicity. Aluminium saturation decreased from 83% to 31, 37and 69% for Limbux, Agri-56 and Filler, respectively when 2 tons CaCO3 ha -1 was applied. Limbux and Agri-56 increased the soil pH from 4.3 to 7.1 and 6.5, respectively at equivalent rate of 16 tons CaCO3 ha -1 . There was a 53.5 and 67.2% increase in maize yield for Limbux and Agri-56, respectively when 2 tons CaCO3 ha -1 was applied. Because of its availability and easy to use, Agri-56 is therefore recommended as the liming material on the acid soils of South-western Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"50 1","pages":"326-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.306.310
S. Ghosh, N. Chakraborty
Five isolates of Trichoderma viride and two isolates of Beauveria bassiana were screened against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for their antagonistic potentiality by dual culture plate method. Three isolates of T. viride and one isolate of Beauveria bassiana were class –1 antagonists. Among the class -1 antagonists ,T1 isolate of T. viride showed best hyperparasitic activity( 3.30 cm ) followed by T10 ( 3.10cm ) ,T12 ( 3.00 cm) and BB1 of B.bassiana( !.20 cm). The selected cultures from pairing of mycoparasitized pathogen were observed under microscope ( Leitz Laborlux K , Germany ) to study of hyphal interactions between the antagonist and the pathogen and photographed when required. Therefore, this in vitro study strongly suggested that T. viride can be applied in field trial (in vivo ) as effective biocontrol agents against anthracnose of sarpagandha ( C. O. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).
{"title":"In vitro biological control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ,causal organism of anthracnose of sarpagandha (Roulvolfia serpentina )","authors":"S. Ghosh, N. Chakraborty","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.306.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.306.310","url":null,"abstract":"Five isolates of Trichoderma viride and two isolates of Beauveria bassiana were screened against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for their antagonistic potentiality by dual culture plate method. Three isolates of T. viride and one isolate of Beauveria bassiana were class –1 antagonists. Among the class -1 antagonists ,T1 isolate of T. viride showed best hyperparasitic activity( 3.30 cm ) followed by T10 ( 3.10cm ) ,T12 ( 3.00 cm) and BB1 of B.bassiana( !.20 cm). The selected cultures from pairing of mycoparasitized pathogen were observed under microscope ( Leitz Laborlux K , Germany ) to study of hyphal interactions between the antagonist and the pathogen and photographed when required. Therefore, this in vitro study strongly suggested that T. viride can be applied in field trial (in vivo ) as effective biocontrol agents against anthracnose of sarpagandha ( C. O. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"17 1","pages":"306-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82940846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.318.325
D. Idowu, T. P. Abegunrin, F. A. Ola, A. Adediran, J. A. Olaniran
The physical properties of kernels, grains and seeds are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crops. The physical properties of Hura crepitans seed have been evaluated as a function of moisture contents from 9.3 to 52.4% (wb). In the moisture range considered, seed length, width, thickness, one thousand weight and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 20.4 to 22.8mm,21.1 to 23.0mm, 5.0 to 6.9mm ,860 to 1600g and 12.89 to 15.39mm respectively. The volume, sphericity, and surface area also increased from 758.38 to 1098.91mm 3 , 0.63 to 0.69 and 522.55 to 744.09mm 2 respectively, whiles the bulk density and the true density are 0.55 and 13.40g/mm 3 respectively. It was observed that material surface is the most determinant of the magnitude of the coefficient of static friction. The coefficient of friction was highest on plywood with 0.37 for seeds and 0.66 for kernel while the lowest coefficient of friction was recorded on stainless steel, 0.32 and 0.43 for seeds and kernels respectively. For all surfaces the kernels recorded the highest coefficient of friction. Also, the kernel angle of repose was 26.2 0 which are higher than angle of repose recorded for seeds, 19.2 0 . The results of the experiment will contribute immensely to the existing knowledge aimed at solving the problems of equipments design to handle the processing of seeds.
{"title":"Measurement of some engineering properties of sandbox seeds ( Hura crepitans )","authors":"D. Idowu, T. P. Abegunrin, F. A. Ola, A. Adediran, J. A. Olaniran","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.318.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.8.318.325","url":null,"abstract":"The physical properties of kernels, grains and seeds are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crops. The physical properties of Hura crepitans seed have been evaluated as a function of moisture contents from 9.3 to 52.4% (wb). In the moisture range considered, seed length, width, thickness, one thousand weight and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 20.4 to 22.8mm,21.1 to 23.0mm, 5.0 to 6.9mm ,860 to 1600g and 12.89 to 15.39mm respectively. The volume, sphericity, and surface area also increased from 758.38 to 1098.91mm 3 , 0.63 to 0.69 and 522.55 to 744.09mm 2 respectively, whiles the bulk density and the true density are 0.55 and 13.40g/mm 3 respectively. It was observed that material surface is the most determinant of the magnitude of the coefficient of static friction. The coefficient of friction was highest on plywood with 0.37 for seeds and 0.66 for kernel while the lowest coefficient of friction was recorded on stainless steel, 0.32 and 0.43 for seeds and kernels respectively. For all surfaces the kernels recorded the highest coefficient of friction. Also, the kernel angle of repose was 26.2 0 which are higher than angle of repose recorded for seeds, 19.2 0 . The results of the experiment will contribute immensely to the existing knowledge aimed at solving the problems of equipments design to handle the processing of seeds.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"14 1","pages":"318-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90916079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.280.286
E. T. Otunola, E. O. Sunny‐Roberts, J. A. Adejuyitan, A. Famakinwa
‘Kokoro’ a popular Nigerian snack obtained from maize has nutritional deficiencies, especially in terms of protein and amino acid contents. In this study therefore, it was enriched with partially defatted peanut paste by partially substituting the maize with the groundnut paste in varying proportions ranging from ten to fourty percent paste. The various mixtures obtained were separately processed into snacks following essentially the traditional method of production, involving thorough mixing, dough formation and deep frying in vegetable oil. The products obtained were analysed for proximate composition, some physico-chemical properties and pasting characteristics. The sensory attributes were also evaluated. Results obtained indicated substantial increases in the level of protein with increases in the level of substitution with peanut paste, ranging respectively from 12.33 to 23.77% in the zero and 40% levels of substitution with peanut paste. This may be an indication of the potentials of the peanut paste in improving the nutritional status of the snack. While similar trends were observed with respect to the fat contents, the levels of ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate showed a reverse trend. The swelling capacity of the resulting flour mixtures before frying decreased in value with increases in the level of substitution, but increases, although only slightly in the values of water absorption capacity respectively. Slight increases were also recorded with respect to the generally low values of bulk density, an indication of a possible positive impact on the ease of packaging and transportation of products. There were no significant changes in the pasting properties of the resulting flour mixes regardless of the level of substitution. Sensory evaluation of the products obtained indicated that the greater the level of substitution with the defatted peanut paste in the mixture, the more acceptable the product is to consumers.
{"title":"Effects of addition of partially defatted groundnut paste on some Properties of ‘kokoro’ (a popular snack made from maize paste).","authors":"E. T. Otunola, E. O. Sunny‐Roberts, J. A. Adejuyitan, A. Famakinwa","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.280.286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.280.286","url":null,"abstract":"‘Kokoro’ a popular Nigerian snack obtained from maize has nutritional deficiencies, especially in terms of protein and amino acid contents. In this study therefore, it was enriched with partially defatted peanut paste by partially substituting the maize with the groundnut paste in varying proportions ranging from ten to fourty percent paste. The various mixtures obtained were separately processed into snacks following essentially the traditional method of production, involving thorough mixing, dough formation and deep frying in vegetable oil. The products obtained were analysed for proximate composition, some physico-chemical properties and pasting characteristics. The sensory attributes were also evaluated. Results obtained indicated substantial increases in the level of protein with increases in the level of substitution with peanut paste, ranging respectively from 12.33 to 23.77% in the zero and 40% levels of substitution with peanut paste. This may be an indication of the potentials of the peanut paste in improving the nutritional status of the snack. While similar trends were observed with respect to the fat contents, the levels of ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate showed a reverse trend. The swelling capacity of the resulting flour mixtures before frying decreased in value with increases in the level of substitution, but increases, although only slightly in the values of water absorption capacity respectively. Slight increases were also recorded with respect to the generally low values of bulk density, an indication of a possible positive impact on the ease of packaging and transportation of products. There were no significant changes in the pasting properties of the resulting flour mixes regardless of the level of substitution. Sensory evaluation of the products obtained indicated that the greater the level of substitution with the defatted peanut paste in the mixture, the more acceptable the product is to consumers.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"44 1","pages":"280-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74139895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.296.301
A. Iyagba, S. Anyanwu
Cassava farmers generally are confronted with a lot of challenges especially in the Niger Delta. This study therefore examined the problems and prospects of cassava production in Oyigbo L.G.A. Multistage sampling technique was used in the data generation exercise. Six (6) villages were randomly selected from the seventeen villages that make up Oyigbo L.G.A. Descriptive statistical tools, such as frequency and percentages were used in analyzing the data. Results showed that majorities (65.6%) of the cassava farmers were above 51 years which implied that able bodied young men and women were scarcely available for farm work. The result further showed that about 50% of the farmers received only primary education. Most of them rented their farmlands, used old cassava stem cuttings and were scarcely visited by extension agents. It is therefore recommended that adequate infrastructural facilities such as good roads and electricity, etc be made available in the rural areas to reduce the migration of the youths to urban centers in search of non existent white collar jobs. Credit liberalization policy should also be implemented by the Government to enable the farmers increase their farm sizes and purchase improved planting materials. Adult education programmes should be intensified by the Government to raise the educational standards of these farmers. The training of more extension agents is hoped to increase the number of extension contacts among these smallholder cassava farmers.
{"title":"Problems and prospects of cassava production in Rivers State, Nigeria: A case study of Oyigbo local government area","authors":"A. Iyagba, S. Anyanwu","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.296.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.296.301","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava farmers generally are confronted with a lot of challenges especially in the Niger Delta. This study therefore examined the problems and prospects of cassava production in Oyigbo L.G.A. Multistage sampling technique was used in the data generation exercise. Six (6) villages were randomly selected from the seventeen villages that make up Oyigbo L.G.A. Descriptive statistical tools, such as frequency and percentages were used in analyzing the data. Results showed that majorities (65.6%) of the cassava farmers were above 51 years which implied that able bodied young men and women were scarcely available for farm work. The result further showed that about 50% of the farmers received only primary education. Most of them rented their farmlands, used old cassava stem cuttings and were scarcely visited by extension agents. It is therefore recommended that adequate infrastructural facilities such as good roads and electricity, etc be made available in the rural areas to reduce the migration of the youths to urban centers in search of non existent white collar jobs. Credit liberalization policy should also be implemented by the Government to enable the farmers increase their farm sizes and purchase improved planting materials. Adult education programmes should be intensified by the Government to raise the educational standards of these farmers. The training of more extension agents is hoped to increase the number of extension contacts among these smallholder cassava farmers.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"36 1","pages":"296-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73587279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.292.295
Seino Richard Akwanjoh, Manjeli Yacouba, Dongmo Tonleu Ingrid
The detailed karyotype information (chromosome number, morphology and chromosome lengths) of Dictyophorus griseus (Reiche & Fairmaire, 1849), a Pyrgomorphidae grasshopper common to the Western Highlands of Cameroon has been described for the first time. The species revealed a karyotype of 2n♂ = 19 XO acrocentric chromosomes. Chromosome lengths varied from 8.40 to 2.10μm and the haploid set was 43.87 μm. The karyotype revealed 2 large, 4 medium and 4 small chromosomes (2LL – 4MM – 4SS). The X chromosome was the longest chromosome in the karyotype.
{"title":"Cytogenetic studies in Dictyophorus griseus (Reiche & Fairmaire, 1849) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) from Cameroon. II. Karyotype","authors":"Seino Richard Akwanjoh, Manjeli Yacouba, Dongmo Tonleu Ingrid","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.292.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.7.292.295","url":null,"abstract":"The detailed karyotype information (chromosome number, morphology and chromosome lengths) of Dictyophorus griseus (Reiche & Fairmaire, 1849), a Pyrgomorphidae grasshopper common to the Western Highlands of Cameroon has been described for the first time. The species revealed a karyotype of 2n♂ = 19 XO acrocentric chromosomes. Chromosome lengths varied from 8.40 to 2.10μm and the haploid set was 43.87 μm. The karyotype revealed 2 large, 4 medium and 4 small chromosomes (2LL – 4MM – 4SS). The X chromosome was the longest chromosome in the karyotype.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":"1 1","pages":"292-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81839105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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