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Characteristics of Concentrations and Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in Xinjiang Province, Northwest China Based on Super Station Observation
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00394-8
Liu Xinchun, Kang Yongde, Chen Hongna, Zheng Qiangqiang, Zhang Wang

Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the most significant air pollutants posing a threat to human health and the environment. Investigating its water-soluble ions is both essential and urgent. From January to December 2022, continuous monitoring of PM2.5and its components was conducted using the Urumqi Atmospheric Environment Super Station. Nine water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC) and other instruments, and their sources were identified through principal component analysis and the PMF model.The results revealed that the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2022 was 60.40 μg m−3. During both the heating period and the Spring Festival, PM2.5 levels exceeded 75 μg/m3, while the non-heating period exhibited relatively lower concentrations, averaging 16.88 μg m−3. The primary water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were SO₄2⁻, NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻, accounting for 24%–55%, 11%–38%, and 10%–25%, respectively. These three ions constituted 90.5% of the total mass concentration of water-soluble anions and cations. The strongest correlations were observed between NH₄⁺ and SO₄2⁻ (r = 0.948) and NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ (r = 0.937).The concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosols (SNAs) during the non-heating and heating periods were (31.31 ± 4.95) μg m−3 and (79.31 ± 46.31) μg/m3, representing 68.17% and 80.53% of the total water-soluble ions, respectively. Additionally, the metal elements Sb, As, Cd, Pb, and Ti were found to be highly enriched. In summary, the primary sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 originate from secondary aerosol formation, combustion processes, and fugitive dust emissions. Meanwhile, the concentration of PM2.5 components continues to exceed the national secondary air quality standards, necessitating intensified regional environmental governance measures.

大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)是对人类健康和环境构成威胁的最主要空气污染物之一。研究其水溶性离子既必要又紧迫。2022 年 1 月至 12 月,乌鲁木齐大气环境超级站对 PM2.5 及其组分进行了连续监测。结果表明,2022 年 PM2.5 年平均浓度为 60.40 μg m-3。在供暖期和春节期间,PM2.5 的浓度都超过了 75 μg/m3 ,而非供暖期的浓度相对较低,平均为 16.88 μg m-3。PM2.5 中的主要水溶性离子是 SO₄2-、NH₄⁺ 和 NO₃-,分别占 24%-55%、11%-38% 和 10%-25%。这三种离子占水溶性阴离子和阳离子总质量浓度的 90.5%。NH₄⁺ 和 SO₄2-(r = 0.948)以及 NH₄⁺ 和 NO₃-(r = 0.937)之间的相关性最强。非供暖期和供暖期的二次无机气溶胶(SNAs)浓度分别为(31.31 ± 4.95)微克/立方米和(79.31 ± 46.31)微克/立方米,分别占水溶性离子总量的 68.17% 和 80.53%。此外,还发现 Sb、As、Cd、Pb 和 Ti 等金属元素的富集程度很高。总之,PM2.5 中水溶性离子的主要来源是二次气溶胶形成、燃烧过程和逃逸性粉尘排放。同时,PM2.5 成分浓度持续超过国家空气质量二级标准,需要加强区域环境治理措施。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Airborne Cloud Seeding on Precipitation through Ensemble Numerical Modeling in the Yeongdong Region of Korea
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00395-7
Sanghee Chae, Yong Hee Lee, Ki-Ho Chang, Hae Jung Koo, Yonghun Ro, Hyun Jun Hwang, Yunkyu Im, Bu-Yo Kim, Miloslav Belorid

In this study, the effects of cloud seeding experiments were analyzed using ensemble numerical modeling. This study focuses on an aircraft seeding experiment conducted over the East Sea near the Yeongdong region of Gangwon Province on October 4, 2022. The weather research and forecasting (WRF) model was applied with parameterization to reflect the effects of hygroscopic seeding materials. The particle size distribution of domestically produced sodium chloride (NaCl) powder was measured and incorporated into the model. Fifty ensemble members (seeding start time legs) were constructed to calculate the probability of seeding-induced precipitation, which was then used to analyze the precipitation efficiency. The results showed that seeding materials were primarily dispersed to the Yeongdong and Yeongseo regions of Gangwon Province due to northeasterly winds. The 6-h (14:00–20:00 KST) cumulative simulated precipitation enhancement was 2.7, 4.4, and 0.9 mm at Bukgangneung (BGN), Gangneungseongsan (GNSS), and Daegwallyeong (DGY), respectively. Analysis of the precipitation ion components confirmed a distinct increase in seeding material-related ions at the BGN site, corresponding to 98% probability of seeding-induced precipitation, as per ensemble-based analysis. Areas with a high probability of seeding-induced precipitation exhibited increased precipitation, with an efficiency of 19.63% (median) and 23.50% (mean) in the 100% probability zones. The highest precipitation efficiency occurred at altitudes of 1000–1200 m above sea level, aligning with the seeding altitude (approximately 1.5 km above sea level) and cloud formation height.

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引用次数: 0
Evaluating Seasonal Forecast Models for Cambodia’s Northern Tonle Sap Basin
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00393-9
Libanda Brigadier, Ngeang Leak, Lim Hak, Khoeun Sokhom, Lonh Nrak, Ich Ilan, Chinn Rattana

Accurate seasonal climate forecasts are vital for regions like Cambodia's Northern Tonle Sap Basin (NTSB), where agriculture is closely tied to rainfall patterns. While most studies have focused on the TSB, the northern areas, crucial contributors to Cambodia's national food basket, have remained largely unstudied. Here, this gap is addressed by evaluating the performance of 8 state-of-the-art seasonal forecast models from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) over a 24-year hindcast period (1993–2016). The evaluation is bolstered by ground-based data from 38 agrometeorological stations. Among the models, the Ensemble, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) model, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model emerged as top performers, with the Ensemble particularly excelling in replicating both temporal and spatial precipitation patterns, making it invaluable for agrometeorological applications. The Ensemble demonstrates particularly strong performance in regions such as western Oddar Meanchey and eastern Preah Vihear, where biases are less than 5%. To tailor the Ensemble to the specific climatic and geographic context of the NTSB, we refined it using the Delta Change technique, and this reduced biases even further to < 1%. Our study not only contributes to improving the precision of agrometeorological advisories in a key, but under-researched region, but also sets a precedent for how regional climate forecasting can be enhanced through context-specific model evaluations and corrections. These findings provide a practical framework for supporting resilient agricultural strategies in areas vulnerable to climate change, bridging a critical gap between climate science and agricultural practice.

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引用次数: 0
Climatology of Low-Level Jets of Korea from Long-Term Rawinsonde Observations
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00392-w
Kum-Lan Kim, Myoung-Seok Suh, Sang-Sam Lee

Using long-term rawinsonde observation data collected from nine stations, we obtained the climatology of low-level jets (LLJs) over Korea, including occurrence frequency, altitude, wind direction, and wind speed. The characteristics (frequency, altitude, speed, direction) of LLJ occurrence on the Korean Peninsula show unique spatiotemporal variations. At stations located on the west coast (Baengnyeongdo and Heuksando), LLJ frequency was high from April to May (approximately 40%) and low in winter (approximately 15%). The station on the northeastern coast (Sokcho) displayed a double-peak pattern in LLJ frequency (approximately 30%), with peaks occurring from April to May and July to August. The inland areas (Gwangju and Osan) showed significantly lower LLJ occurrence frequencies than the coastal stations. In contrast, the southeastern coast (Pohang) and Jeju Island exhibited high occurrence frequencies (30–50%) throughout the year, unlike other stations where LLJs rarely occur even in winter. The altitude at which LLJs primarily occur is low (concentrated below 500 m) at the west coast stations and higher (evenly distributed up to 3 km) at the east coast stations. The wind directions of LLJs at the west coast and inland stations exhibited seasonal changes, being southerly in summer and northerly in winter, which were attributed to monsoon. In contrast, the east coast (Sokcho and Gangneung) consistently showed westerly wind LLJs throughout the year. LLJ wind speeds ranged from 13 to 20 m/s, with the strongest winds occurring in the northern part of the east coast (Sokcho and Gangneung).

{"title":"Climatology of Low-Level Jets of Korea from Long-Term Rawinsonde Observations","authors":"Kum-Lan Kim,&nbsp;Myoung-Seok Suh,&nbsp;Sang-Sam Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13143-025-00392-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-025-00392-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using long-term rawinsonde observation data collected from nine stations, we obtained the climatology of low-level jets (LLJs) over Korea, including occurrence frequency, altitude, wind direction, and wind speed. The characteristics (frequency, altitude, speed, direction) of LLJ occurrence on the Korean Peninsula show unique spatiotemporal variations. At stations located on the west coast (Baengnyeongdo and Heuksando), LLJ frequency was high from April to May (approximately 40%) and low in winter (approximately 15%). The station on the northeastern coast (Sokcho) displayed a double-peak pattern in LLJ frequency (approximately 30%), with peaks occurring from April to May and July to August. The inland areas (Gwangju and Osan) showed significantly lower LLJ occurrence frequencies than the coastal stations. In contrast, the southeastern coast (Pohang) and Jeju Island exhibited high occurrence frequencies (30–50%) throughout the year, unlike other stations where LLJs rarely occur even in winter. The altitude at which LLJs primarily occur is low (concentrated below 500 m) at the west coast stations and higher (evenly distributed up to 3 km) at the east coast stations. The wind directions of LLJs at the west coast and inland stations exhibited seasonal changes, being southerly in summer and northerly in winter, which were attributed to monsoon. In contrast, the east coast (Sokcho and Gangneung) consistently showed westerly wind LLJs throughout the year. LLJ wind speeds ranged from 13 to 20 m/s, with the strongest winds occurring in the northern part of the east coast (Sokcho and Gangneung).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Temporal and Spatial Variations in Lightning Activity and Meteorological Parameters Across the Indian Himalayan Region and Indo-Gangetic Plains
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00391-x
Rolly Singh, Vikram Singh, Alok Sagar Gautam, Sanjeev Kumar, Karan Singh, Pushpendra Singh Soni, Alka Gautam, Sneha Gautam

This study aims to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in lightning activity and its association with key meteorological parameters across the northwestern Indian Himalayan region and the Indo-Gangetic Plains from January to June 2022. The analysis utilizes high-resolution datasets from the International Space Station-Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS-LIS) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA-5). The results reveal a pronounced peak of 1,858 lightning flashes in May, following a gradual increase from 36 flashes in March. Lightning activity was predominantly concentrated between elevations of 829 m and 3,200 m, with the normalized lightning flash count peaking at 2,410 m. Spatially, the foothills of the Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic Plain exhibited the highest lightning concentrations. Meteorological analysis demonstrated that Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) showed strong positive (r = 0.62) and moderate positive (r = 0.56) correlations, respectively, with lightning activity. Seasonal patterns indicated a peak in lightning activity during the pre-monsoon season, attributed to elevated CAPE (135.79 J/kg) and SHF (72.38 W/m2). In contrast, the monsoon season experienced reduced lightning activity despite higher CAPE (269.10 J/kg) and SHF (109.42 W/m2), likely due to the cooling effects of increased rainfall. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further confirmed the critical influence of CAPE, SHF, and surface temperature on lightning dynamics. These findings aim to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between meteorological variables and lightning activity, enhancing our understanding of thunderstorm dynamics and contributing to the development of improved lightning mitigation strategies.

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引用次数: 0
Investigating Fuel Efficiency of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Platooning Using a CFD Model
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00390-y
EunRyoung Kim, Yeri Kang, Ha Hwang, Jae-Jin Kim, Chang-Keun Song

Platooning represents a crucial strategy for mitigating emissions from heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). This study evaluates the effects of platoon composition on the surrounding airflow utilizing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and quantifies the resultant fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions. This study examines fuel consumption data reconstructed from field experiments to validate the CFD model’s ability to accurately simulate drag forces within a homogeneous three-truck platoon. The potential for fuel savings was assessed based on CFD-simulated fuel consumption, taking into account various inter-vehicle distances and driving speeds. The model successfully reproduced the fuel consumption observed in a platooning formation comprising lead, middle, and trailing trucks, with an error margin below 6.2%. Fuel consumption analysis shows that while lead and middle trucks consume more fuel with increased inter-vehicle distances, the trailing truck's consumption decreases at specific distance-to-length ratios (D/L), increasing again beyond a D/L of 1.1. Additionally, a significant decrease in total fuel efficiency was noted for D/L ratios exceeding 1.5. Considering the diverse platooning scenarios analyzed, the study anticipates an annual reduction of up to 7 tons of CO2 equivalent per vehicle. By optimizing platooning configurations, this research contributes to enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions from HDVs.

{"title":"Investigating Fuel Efficiency of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Platooning Using a CFD Model","authors":"EunRyoung Kim,&nbsp;Yeri Kang,&nbsp;Ha Hwang,&nbsp;Jae-Jin Kim,&nbsp;Chang-Keun Song","doi":"10.1007/s13143-025-00390-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-025-00390-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Platooning represents a crucial strategy for mitigating emissions from heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). This study evaluates the effects of platoon composition on the surrounding airflow utilizing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and quantifies the resultant fuel efficiency and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. This study examines fuel consumption data reconstructed from field experiments to validate the CFD model’s ability to accurately simulate drag forces within a homogeneous three-truck platoon. The potential for fuel savings was assessed based on CFD-simulated fuel consumption, taking into account various inter-vehicle distances and driving speeds. The model successfully reproduced the fuel consumption observed in a platooning formation comprising lead, middle, and trailing trucks, with an error margin below 6.2%. Fuel consumption analysis shows that while lead and middle trucks consume more fuel with increased inter-vehicle distances, the trailing truck's consumption decreases at specific distance-to-length ratios (D/L), increasing again beyond a D/L of 1.1. Additionally, a significant decrease in total fuel efficiency was noted for D/L ratios exceeding 1.5. Considering the diverse platooning scenarios analyzed, the study anticipates an annual reduction of up to 7 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per vehicle. By optimizing platooning configurations, this research contributes to enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions from HDVs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-025-00390-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Role of the Pacific-Japan Pattern in Shaping Sri Lanka Rainfall 太平洋-日本模式对斯里兰卡降雨的影响
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-025-00389-5
Pathmarasa Kajakokulan

Recent studies have shown that the Pacific-Japan (PJ) pattern is the dominant climate mode and has a relationship with rainfall anomalies in East Asia. However, the influence of the PJ pattern on the rainfall of Sri Lanka remains largely unclear. Therefore, the present study examines the impact of the PJ pattern on the rainfall of Sri Lanka during the boreal summer utilizing observational and reanalysis datasets from 1981 to 2020. It is noted that the PJ pattern has a significant positive relationship with rainfall in Sri Lanka during the boreal summer. Furthermore, based on the composite analysis, we found that Sri Lanka experiences wet conditions during the positive phase of the PJ pattern in the summer, while the negative phase of the PJ pattern contributes to dry conditions. During the positive phase of the PJ pattern, moisture convergence over Sri Lanka is associated with the easterlies extending from the southern flank of Western North Pacific anomalous anticyclonic circulation, which results in enhanced convection and wet conditions over Sri Lanka. On the other hand, moisture divergence over Sri Lanka is linked with the westerlies extending from the southern flank of the Western North Pacific anomalous cyclonic circulation, decreasing the convection and dry conditions over Sri Lanka. This study suggests that the PJ pattern is a significant climate mode for understanding the rainfall pattern in Sri Lanka.

近年来的研究表明,太平洋-日本(PJ)型是东亚地区的主导气候型,并与东亚地区的降水异常有关。然而,PJ模式对斯里兰卡降雨的影响在很大程度上仍不清楚。因此,本研究利用1981 - 2020年的观测和再分析资料,探讨了PJ模式对斯里兰卡北部夏季降水的影响。值得注意的是,PJ型与斯里兰卡北部夏季的降雨量有显著的正相关。此外,基于综合分析,我们发现斯里兰卡在夏季PJ型正相期间经历了潮湿条件,而PJ型负相有助于干燥条件。在PJ型正相期间,斯里兰卡上空的水汽辐合与北太平洋西部异常反气旋环流南侧延伸的东风有关,这导致斯里兰卡上空对流增强和潮湿条件。另一方面,斯里兰卡上空的水汽辐散与北太平洋西部异常气旋环流南侧延伸的西风带有关,减少了斯里兰卡上空的对流和干燥条件。该研究表明,PJ模式是理解斯里兰卡降雨模式的重要气候模式。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Arctic Sea Ice Representation on Extended Medium-Range Forecasting: a Case Study of the 2016 Barents-Kara Sea Warming Event 北极海冰表征对扩展中期预测的影响——以2016年巴伦支-喀拉海变暖事件为例
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-024-00387-z
Jung Hyun Park, Hyun-Joon Sung, Myung-Seo Koo, Junseong Park, Rae-Seol Park, Kwang-Hee Han, Ji-Han Sim, Hyo-Jung Lee, Hayeon Noh, Baek-Min Kim

In early January 2016, Storm Frank, an extreme winter storm with a peak intensity of 928 hPa, intruded into the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. This led to unprecedented warming and significant sea ice loss in the Barents-Kara (B-K) Sea. Following this extreme warming event, a series of extreme weather events occurred in mid- and late-January across Eurasia, including a persistent blocking pattern near the Ural mountains and extreme cold wave events over Mongolia, China, and Korea. This study utilizes the Korean Integrated Model (KIM), coupled with an ocean-sea ice model, to reproduce this event and to examine its extended medium-range forecasting performance. While the control model effectively captures the initial Arctic warming, it struggles to reproduce the observed sustained warming that lasted over two weeks. Here, we identified that the model significantly overestimates the sea ice concentration in the B-K Sea, where the initial warming is more pronounced in observations. Through sensitivity experiments, we found that reducing the sea ice strength parameter, which governs the ice resistance to pressure and deformation, effectively alleviated this overestimation. This adjustment facilitates easier sea ice melting, strengthens the ocean-atmosphere interactions, and extends the duration of simulated Arctic warming. Our findings emphasize the crucial role of accurate Arctic sea ice representation in extended medium-range forecasting for East Asia, particularly for extreme weather events.

2016年1月初,一场峰值强度为928 hPa的极端冬季风暴“弗兰克”侵入北极大西洋区。这导致了前所未有的变暖和巴伦支-喀拉海(B-K)海冰的显著减少。在这次极端变暖事件之后,1月中下旬欧亚大陆发生了一系列极端天气事件,包括乌拉尔山脉附近的持续阻塞模式和蒙古、中国和韩国的极端寒潮事件。本研究利用韩国综合模式(KIM),结合一个海洋-海冰模式,重现了这一事件,并检验了其扩展的中期预测性能。虽然控制模型有效地捕获了北极最初的变暖,但它很难重现观测到的持续两周以上的变暖。在这里,我们发现该模式明显高估了B-K海的海冰浓度,在观测中,B-K海的初始变暖更为明显。通过敏感性实验,我们发现减小控制海冰抗压和抗变形能力的海冰强度参数可以有效地缓解这种高估。这种调整促进了海冰更容易融化,加强了海洋与大气的相互作用,并延长了模拟北极变暖的持续时间。我们的研究结果强调了准确的北极海冰在东亚中期预测中的关键作用,特别是对极端天气事件的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Analysis of GloSea6 Hindcasts for Two Extreme El Niño Events and Their Impact on Indo-Western North Pacific Climate 两次极端El Niño事件GloSea6预报的对比分析及其对北太平洋印度洋-西部气候的影响
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-024-00388-y
Seung-Hwon Hyun, Seung-On Hwang, Chao Liu, Soon-Il An, Yu-Kyung Hyun

In this study, GloSea6 hindcast (HCST) from the UK Met Office is used to investigate the model prediction skill for the impacts on the East Asian summer associated with two extreme El Niño cases (1997/1998 and 2015/2016). For the 1998 case, we found that GloSea6 model is able to predict the ocean–atmosphere circulations one to two seasons ahead, including the anomalously positive sea surface temperature (SST) in the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and the anomalous anticyclone (AAC) in the Western North Pacific during the spring and summer seasons. However, for the 2016 case it fails to capture the observed fast cooling of the spring TIO SST and the rapid decaying of the summer AAC, due to an overestimated linkage between the summer TIO and the precedent winter El Niño. Physically, the exaggerated model SST warming over both the eastern and western Indian Ocean suppresses the development of the surface westerly wind that enhances the summer monsoon flow in the TIO and cools the warmed SST as in the real world. According to further analysis, the sensitivity of the TIO is linked to the formation of the spring AAC, which is influenced by the longitudinal position of warm Pacific SST, causing the HCST to display a more idealized El Niño-TIO-AAC teleconnection than the observations. Thus, simulating the decaying El Niño and its teleconnection to the TIO is crucial for reliable seasonal forecasts of East Asian climate during post-El Niño summers.

本研究利用英国气象局的GloSea6 hindcast (HCST)数据,研究了两个极端El Niño事件(1997/1998和2015/2016)对东亚夏季影响的模式预测技巧。对于1998年的情况,GloSea6模式能够提前1 ~ 2个季节预测海气环流,包括热带印度洋(TIO)海温异常正(SST)和北太平洋西部春夏季的异常反气旋(AAC)。然而,对于2016年的情况,由于高估了夏季TIO与先前冬季El Niño之间的联系,它未能捕捉到观测到的春季TIO海表温度的快速冷却和夏季AAC的快速衰减。从物理上讲,东印度洋和西印度洋的模式海温变暖被夸大,抑制了地面西风的发展,而西风增强了东印度洋的夏季风流动,并使升温的海温像现实世界一样变冷。进一步分析,TIO的灵敏度与春季AAC的形成有关,而春季AAC受暖太平洋海温的纵向位置影响,导致HCST表现出比观测更理想的El Niño-TIO-AAC遥相关。因此,模拟El Niño衰减及其与TIO的遥相关对于可靠地预测El Niño后夏季东亚气候至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Microphysical Characteristics of Snowfall in Seoul, South Korea and Their Changes with Meteorological Conditions 韩国首尔降雪的微物理特征及其随气象条件的变化
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-29 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-024-00385-1
Seong-Ho Hong, Joohyun Lee, Jong-Jin Baik

In this study, the microphysical characteristics of snowfall in Seoul, South Korea and their changes with meteorological conditions are examined using about 6-year observation data from a Parsivel disdrometer. The snow particle size distribution (PSD) exhibits convex-down shapes, being better represented by gamma distributions than exponential distributions. As snowfall rate increases, the snow PSD broadens and its peak rises. The changes in gamma PSD parameters with snowfall rate differ between the mean PSD and 1-min PSDs. The volume-weighted mean diameter Dm much more rapidly increases with snowfall rate in comparison with Dm in Beijing, China and Pyeongchang, South Korea, suggesting the relative importance of aggregation in Seoul. 77% of snowfall in Seoul occurs when northwesterly blows at the 850-hPa level. This snowfall is associated with west-high/east-low pressure patterns, large air–sea temperature differences (~ 19 °C), and shallow (≤ 2.5 km) precipitation systems, suggesting a large contribution of sea-effect snowfall from the Yellow Sea. The northwesterly-type snowfall with lower temperatures (≤ 25th percentile, COLD) and with higher temperatures (≥ 75th percentile, WARM) at the 850-hPa level is compared in the same intensity range of 0.5–1 mm h−1. Compared with the WARM snowfall, the COLD snowfall has relatively broad PSDs and less-rimed snow particles. The COLD snowfall is associated with relatively large wind shear, small static stability, low temperatures of − 21 to − 9 °C, and low humidity in the lower atmosphere, which is attributed to relatively strong northwesterly resulting in relatively strong cold and dry advection. This implies that enhanced aggregation by stronger turbulence and dendritic growths can contribute to the broader PSDs and that weakened riming for the lower temperatures might be associated with the less-rimed snow particles.

本文利用Parsivel disdrometer近6年的观测资料,研究了韩国首尔地区降雪的微物理特征及其随气象条件的变化。雪粒径分布(PSD)呈凸向下的形状,用伽马分布比指数分布更能表示。随着降雪量的增加,积雪PSD变宽,峰值升高。伽玛PSD参数随降雪率的变化在平均PSD和1 min PSD之间存在差异。与中国北京和韩国平昌的Dm相比,体积加权平均直径Dm随降雪率的增加要快得多,表明首尔的聚集相对重要,首尔77%的降雪发生在850 hpa水平的西北吹时。此次降雪与西高/东低压模式、大海气温差(~ 19℃)和浅降水(≤2.5 km)系统有关,表明黄海的海效降雪贡献很大。在0.5-1 mm h−1的相同强度范围内,比较了850-hPa水平温度较低(≤25百分位,COLD)和温度较高(≥75百分位,WARM)的西北型降雪。与WARM降雪相比,COLD降雪具有较宽的psd和较少的雪粒。此次冷降雪与较大的风切变、较小的静稳定性、- 21 ~ - 9°C的低温和低层大气湿度低有关,这是由于较强的西北风导致较强的冷干平流所致。这意味着更强的湍流和树枝状生长所增强的聚集可以导致更宽的psd,而较低温度下减弱的边缘可能与较少边缘的雪颗粒有关。
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引用次数: 0
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Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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