The Mousty Formation has unique and particularly interesting lithological, mineralogical, sedimentological, metamorphic and tectonic characteristics which have been the subject of much research in connection with the new geological map of Wallonia, but also within the framework of a large amount of academic research, sometimes unpublished. An effort to synthesise and upgrade it in an updated framework seemed necessary. After a history of its definition, mapping and outcrop areas, the following topics are successively addressed in detail and illustrated with diagrams and photos: its lithostratigraphy with the probable discovery of its base near the Court-St-Etienne anticline, its well-constrained biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, a new estimate of its minimum thickness, its sedimentology—a subject little addressed until now—, and the resulting depositional sedimentary environment. Its geochemistry, never addressed, is comparable to black shale international standards, except for abnormally high manganese and very low calcium contents; high radon levels in buildings are related to the black slate presence in outcrops. Its mineralogy is rich in manganese-bearing metamorphic minerals, its metamorphism in which we go beyond the strict framework of the formation to deal with the entire southern outcropping rim of the Brabant Massif. Finally, the relationship between the Mousty Formation and the tectonic is discussed, with additional field data, in the context of the innovative and unifying concept of a low-angle extensional detachment called the Asquempont Detachment System. All these observations, some old and some very recent, discussed in the updated framework of the geology of the Caledonian basement of Brabant and in the global stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the lower Palaeozoic, allow us to renew in depth the vision we had of the Mousty Formation and of its place in the Brabant Massif.
{"title":"The Mousty Formation (Brabant Massif, Belgium): state of the art","authors":"A. Herbosch","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.005","url":null,"abstract":"The Mousty Formation has unique and particularly interesting lithological, mineralogical, sedimentological, metamorphic and tectonic characteristics which have been the subject of much research in connection with the new geological map of Wallonia, but also within the framework of a large amount of academic research, sometimes unpublished. An effort to synthesise and upgrade it in an updated framework seemed necessary. After a history of its definition, mapping and outcrop areas, the following topics are successively addressed in detail and illustrated with diagrams and photos: its lithostratigraphy with the probable discovery of its base near the Court-St-Etienne anticline, its well-constrained biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, a new estimate of its minimum thickness, its sedimentology—a subject little addressed until now—, and the resulting depositional sedimentary environment. Its geochemistry, never addressed, is comparable to black shale international standards, except for abnormally high manganese and very low calcium contents; high radon levels in buildings are related to the black slate presence in outcrops. Its mineralogy is rich in manganese-bearing metamorphic minerals, its metamorphism in which we go beyond the strict framework of the formation to deal with the entire southern outcropping rim of the Brabant Massif. Finally, the relationship between the Mousty Formation and the tectonic is discussed, with additional field data, in the context of the innovative and unifying concept of a low-angle extensional detachment called the Asquempont Detachment System. All these observations, some old and some very recent, discussed in the updated framework of the geology of the Caledonian basement of Brabant and in the global stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the lower Palaeozoic, allow us to renew in depth the vision we had of the Mousty Formation and of its place in the Brabant Massif.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extant beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) are deep diving suction feeders and none of them can be considered as a permanent resident of the shallow southern North Sea. The rich fossil record of ziphiids from Neogene deposits of this area is thus surprising. However, chronostratigraphic intervals of most recorded taxa remain poorly constrained, preventing from assessing the evolution of their local diversity. In this work, we describe a new ziphiid cranium from the Neogene of Antwerp (north of Belgium), which is attributed to Caviziphius aff. C. altirostris. Sediment samples were extracted from 15 fossil ziphiid cranial remains from this area (including the one described herein), referred to eight species. The samples were analysed for their palynological content, leading to improved chronostratigraphic ranges for several species. Seven to eight ziphiid species from the southern North Sea, all from the Messapicetus clade, are proposed to originate from a Serravallian to Tortonian (late Middle to early Late Miocene) interval, and three to six more precisely from the mid- to late Tortonian. Added to the fossil record of other regions, these results point to a Late Miocene radiation of members of the Messapicetus clade, possibly related to the synchronous worldwide decline of several hyper-longirostrine dolphin clades.
现存的喙鲸(喙鲸科)是深潜吸力捕食者，它们都不能被认为是北海南部浅海的永久居民。因此，该地区新近纪沉积物中丰富的ziphiids化石记录令人惊讶。然而，大多数已记录的分类群的年代地层间隔仍然缺乏限制，这阻碍了对其局部多样性演变的评估。本文描述了比利时北部安特卫普新近纪的一种新的拉链类头盖骨，归属于Caviziphius aff. C. altirostris。沉积物样本是从该地区的15个ziphiid颅骨化石遗骸中提取的(包括本文描述的一个)，涉及8个物种。对样品的孢粉含量进行了分析，从而改善了几个物种的年代地层范围。在北海南部发现的7 - 8种ziphiid，均来自Messapicetus分支，被认为起源于Serravallian - Tortonian(中晚期至晚中新世早期)，3 - 6种更精确地来自Tortonian中晚期。再加上其他地区的化石记录，这些结果指向中新世晚期Messapicetus分支成员的辐射，可能与几个超长颈海豚分支在世界范围内的同步衰退有关。
{"title":"Past beaked whale diversity in the North Sea: reappraisal through a new Miocene record and biostratigraphic analyses","authors":"Olivier LAMBERT, Mark BOSSELAERS, Stephen LOUWYE","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.009","url":null,"abstract":"Extant beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) are deep diving suction feeders and none of them can be considered as a permanent resident of the shallow southern North Sea. The rich fossil record of ziphiids from Neogene deposits of this area is thus surprising. However, chronostratigraphic intervals of most recorded taxa remain poorly constrained, preventing from assessing the evolution of their local diversity. In this work, we describe a new ziphiid cranium from the Neogene of Antwerp (north of Belgium), which is attributed to Caviziphius aff. C. altirostris. Sediment samples were extracted from 15 fossil ziphiid cranial remains from this area (including the one described herein), referred to eight species. The samples were analysed for their palynological content, leading to improved chronostratigraphic ranges for several species. Seven to eight ziphiid species from the southern North Sea, all from the Messapicetus clade, are proposed to originate from a Serravallian to Tortonian (late Middle to early Late Miocene) interval, and three to six more precisely from the mid- to late Tortonian. Added to the fossil record of other regions, these results point to a Late Miocene radiation of members of the Messapicetus clade, possibly related to the synchronous worldwide decline of several hyper-longirostrine dolphin clades.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135968690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Granulometric, carbonate and glauconite analyses were performed on samples of the Kiel and Antwerpen members (Berchem Formation) in temporary exposures and boreholes in the area of the City of Antwerp. Since the upper part of the Antwerpen Member is only locally preserved from post-depositional erosion, this study focuses on the much more frequently sampled lower part of the Antwerpen Member. The granulometric results show that the Kiel Member and lower part of the Antwerpen Member are both dominated by the fine sand fraction, with an overall finer grain size for the lower Antwerpen Member compared to the Kiel Member. The Kiel Member is relatively enriched in the fine and medium sand fractions, whereas the lower Antwerpen Member is relatively enriched in the very fine sand to silt fraction. Both members show a similar, low clay content. Measurements of clay content are higher in boreholes (on average 3.9–5.2%) than in temporary exposures (less than 1%), which might be explained by the crushing of the glauconite into the clay fraction during drilling. In borehole samples, especially those analysed by sieving, the Antwerpen Member often shows a higher amount of coarse grains than the Kiel Member, which represent shell fragments present in the Antwerpen Member and nearly absent in the Kiel Member. Like the amounts of shells, also the measured carbonate content—measured outside the shell beds—is lower for the Kiel Member than for the lower Antwerpen Member (3% vs 4.2%). The average glauconite content—based on the >63 µm fraction—displays similar, strong fluctuations between 35% and 60% for both members. On top of these fluctuations, a general downward decrease in glauconite content is noticed in the Kiel Member.
{"title":"Granulometry, carbonate and glauconite content as stratigraphic tools to distinguish the Kiel Member and lower Antwerpen Member (Berchem Formation) in the City of Antwerp area (Belgium)","authors":"Jef DECKERS, Roel DE KONINCK, Stijn EVERAERT, Rieko ADRIAENS, Jasper VERHAEGEN","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.008","url":null,"abstract":"Granulometric, carbonate and glauconite analyses were performed on samples of the Kiel and Antwerpen members (Berchem Formation) in temporary exposures and boreholes in the area of the City of Antwerp. Since the upper part of the Antwerpen Member is only locally preserved from post-depositional erosion, this study focuses on the much more frequently sampled lower part of the Antwerpen Member. The granulometric results show that the Kiel Member and lower part of the Antwerpen Member are both dominated by the fine sand fraction, with an overall finer grain size for the lower Antwerpen Member compared to the Kiel Member. The Kiel Member is relatively enriched in the fine and medium sand fractions, whereas the lower Antwerpen Member is relatively enriched in the very fine sand to silt fraction. Both members show a similar, low clay content. Measurements of clay content are higher in boreholes (on average 3.9–5.2%) than in temporary exposures (less than 1%), which might be explained by the crushing of the glauconite into the clay fraction during drilling. In borehole samples, especially those analysed by sieving, the Antwerpen Member often shows a higher amount of coarse grains than the Kiel Member, which represent shell fragments present in the Antwerpen Member and nearly absent in the Kiel Member. Like the amounts of shells, also the measured carbonate content—measured outside the shell beds—is lower for the Kiel Member than for the lower Antwerpen Member (3% vs 4.2%). The average glauconite content—based on the >63 µm fraction—displays similar, strong fluctuations between 35% and 60% for both members. On top of these fluctuations, a general downward decrease in glauconite content is noticed in the Kiel Member.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie DE GROOTE, Inge Cools, S. Wouters, P. Muchez, Stijn Dewaele
The Great Lakes area in Central Africa forms a large metallogenic province that hosts important deposits of gold mineralization. We present a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study of unique borehole samples from the Imonga-Saramabila gold deposit, a historical mine site located in the Maniema Province (DR Congo) in the Karagwe-Ankole belt (KAB) in the Great Lakes area and one of the only places in the Maniema province with accessible boreholes allowing to study the mineralization. The samples are metasedimentary rocks belonging to the Mesoproterozoic Kivu Supergroup, with bedding-parallel meta-igneous rocks. These rocks have undergone upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism, based on the presence of andalusite and chiastolite porphyroblasts, and are affected by hydrothermal alteration. The porphyroblasts formed during peak metamorphism and posterior to a first vein generation. Three additional vein generations were identified at Imonga based on crosscutting relationships, with the second and third events overprinting the porphyroblasts by intense chloritization, and associated with sulfide mineralization. The fourth vein generation is again barren. The first veining event formed pre-folding and the three subsequent generations postdate folding, as concluded based on the relationship of the veins with the cleavage. Only one important folding event is proposed based on the development of only one cleavage. Gold occurs as free gold or is included in pyrite in the second (and maybe third) vein generation. Based on the paragenesis, structural characteristics, and the link between veining and metamorphic minerals, the gold mineralization at Imonga is interpreted to be linked to the early Neoproterozoic (~980 Ma) compressional deformation event, associated with the amalgamation of the Rodinia supercontinent.
{"title":"Current state of knowledge of the gold mineralization at Imonga-Saramabila, Maniema (DR Congo): a petrographic and mineralogical study of the mineralized vein system","authors":"Julie DE GROOTE, Inge Cools, S. Wouters, P. Muchez, Stijn Dewaele","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.010","url":null,"abstract":"The Great Lakes area in Central Africa forms a large metallogenic province that hosts important deposits of gold mineralization. We present a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study of unique borehole samples from the Imonga-Saramabila gold deposit, a historical mine site located in the Maniema Province (DR Congo) in the Karagwe-Ankole belt (KAB) in the Great Lakes area and one of the only places in the Maniema province with accessible boreholes allowing to study the mineralization. The samples are metasedimentary rocks belonging to the Mesoproterozoic Kivu Supergroup, with bedding-parallel meta-igneous rocks. These rocks have undergone upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism, based on the presence of andalusite and chiastolite porphyroblasts, and are affected by hydrothermal alteration. The porphyroblasts formed during peak metamorphism and posterior to a first vein generation. Three additional vein generations were identified at Imonga based on crosscutting relationships, with the second and third events overprinting the porphyroblasts by intense chloritization, and associated with sulfide mineralization. The fourth vein generation is again barren. The first veining event formed pre-folding and the three subsequent generations postdate folding, as concluded based on the relationship of the veins with the cleavage. Only one important folding event is proposed based on the development of only one cleavage. Gold occurs as free gold or is included in pyrite in the second (and maybe third) vein generation. Based on the paragenesis, structural characteristics, and the link between veining and metamorphic minerals, the gold mineralization at Imonga is interpreted to be linked to the early Neoproterozoic (~980 Ma) compressional deformation event, associated with the amalgamation of the Rodinia supercontinent.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Newly recognised material of the Late Cretaceous nautilid Angulithes westphalicus (Schlüter, 1872) is described from the subsurface of the eastern part of the Campine in north-east Belgium. This constitutes the first formal documentation of this genus and species from the Cretaceous of Belgium, having been identified amongst a large suite of fossils collected from the Voort Shafts I & II of the Zolder colliery during the first half of the twentieth century. The specimens originate from an interval of marine calcareous sand with a marly glauconiferous base, dated as late middle Santonian (Gonioteuthis westfalicagranulata belemnite Zone) and for which a deepening of the depositional environment is documented. Lithostratigraphically, the specimens occur within the Vaals Formation, within the upper part of the Asdonk Member or alternatively within the lower part of the Sonnisheide Member. The early Campanian age of the Asdonk Member suggested previously is refuted, the age of the Sonnisheide Member needs further study. The position of the siphuncle in A. westphalicus is illustrated for the first time; it is positioned closer to the venter than the dorsum, which confirms the close evolutionary relationship with Angulithes galea (Fritsch in Fritsch & Schlönbach, 1872), which ranges from the upper Turonian to middle Coniacian in central Europe.
{"title":"A Santonian record of the nautilid cephalopod Angulithes westphalicus (Schlüter, 1872) from the subsurface of the Campine, north-east Belgium, with comments on regional lithostratigraphic problems","authors":"Stijn Goolaerts, Bernard Mottequin","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.007","url":null,"abstract":"Newly recognised material of the Late Cretaceous nautilid Angulithes westphalicus (Schlüter, 1872) is described from the subsurface of the eastern part of the Campine in north-east Belgium. This constitutes the first formal documentation of this genus and species from the Cretaceous of Belgium, having been identified amongst a large suite of fossils collected from the Voort Shafts I & II of the Zolder colliery during the first half of the twentieth century. The specimens originate from an interval of marine calcareous sand with a marly glauconiferous base, dated as late middle Santonian (Gonioteuthis westfalicagranulata belemnite Zone) and for which a deepening of the depositional environment is documented. Lithostratigraphically, the specimens occur within the Vaals Formation, within the upper part of the Asdonk Member or alternatively within the lower part of the Sonnisheide Member. The early Campanian age of the Asdonk Member suggested previously is refuted, the age of the Sonnisheide Member needs further study. The position of the siphuncle in A. westphalicus is illustrated for the first time; it is positioned closer to the venter than the dorsum, which confirms the close evolutionary relationship with Angulithes galea (Fritsch in Fritsch & Schlönbach, 1872), which ranges from the upper Turonian to middle Coniacian in central Europe.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72679273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammonoid cephalopods are extremely rare in the Lower and Middle Devonian sedimentary rocks of Belgium, which contrasts with the neighboring sedimentary basins. However, searches in old collections and recent collecting efforts show that ammonoids do occur in these beds in Belgium, which allows to enlarge our knowledge of Lower and Middle Devonian ammonoid occurrences. Here, a record of the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) anarcestid ammonoid genus Subanarcestes is described for the first time from Belgium based on a specimen from the Jemelle Formation (Chavées Member). This specimen was collected more than a century ago by Eugène Maillieux at Trou Bodet near Couvin. It laid unrecognized as an ammonoid cephalopod for many decades in the collections of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, while being previously identified as Cryptoceras or ‘Nautilus’ fossil, which if correct, constituted Belgium’s oldest Nautilida fossil. Micro-CT imaging greatly helped in the taxonomic assignment of the specimen.
{"title":"On the first Belgian record of the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid cephalopod Subanarcestes (Suborder Anarcestina)","authors":"Stijn Goolaerts","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.004","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonoid cephalopods are extremely rare in the Lower and Middle Devonian sedimentary rocks of Belgium, which contrasts with the neighboring sedimentary basins. However, searches in old collections and recent collecting efforts show that ammonoids do occur in these beds in Belgium, which allows to enlarge our knowledge of Lower and Middle Devonian ammonoid occurrences. Here, a record of the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) anarcestid ammonoid genus Subanarcestes is described for the first time from Belgium based on a specimen from the Jemelle Formation (Chavées Member). This specimen was collected more than a century ago by Eugène Maillieux at Trou Bodet near Couvin. It laid unrecognized as an ammonoid cephalopod for many decades in the collections of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, while being previously identified as Cryptoceras or ‘Nautilus’ fossil, which if correct, constituted Belgium’s oldest Nautilida fossil. Micro-CT imaging greatly helped in the taxonomic assignment of the specimen.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"401 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76462550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous arthropods (e.g. branchiopods, insects) collected during the first half of the 20th century by F.-F. Mathieu within the Pennsylvanian–Cisuralian (Moscovian–Asselian) succession of the Zhaogezhuang colliery (Hebei Province, China), romanised notably as Chao Ko Chwang, or Chaokochuang, in the literature, have been recently located in the palaeontological collections of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Brussels). This historical material from one of the classic localities of the Kaiping Coalfield includes a large number of wings of stem-Dictyoptera, mainly from the Tangshan Formation and to a lesser extent from the Kaiping and Zhaogezhuang formations. The exceptional richness in insects of a particular horizon developed within the Moscovian part of the Tangshan Formation was already pointed out at the end of the 1920s by the French palaeoentomologist P. Pruvost, who provided the first account on the arthropods of Mathieu’s collection from the Kaiping Coalfield. This singular Dictyoptera material was later studied by D. Laurentiaux in his unpublished Ph.D. thesis. In order to promote the revision of Mathieu’s collection by specialists, we provide here a detailed scientific background and re-illustrate the arachnids (and formerly alleged ones: (Poliochera vel Curculioides) [sic] pustulatus Laurentiaux-Vieira & Laurentiaux), branchiopods (Lioestheria? mathieui (Pruvost)), and insects from the Zhaogezhuang colliery, notably using the Reflectance Transformation Imaging methodology.
20世纪上半叶f - f收集的大量节肢动物(如枝足类、昆虫)。Mathieu属于肇戈庄煤矿(中国河北省)的宾夕法尼亚-西苏里亚(莫斯科-阿塞利亚)继承，在文献中被称为Chao Ko Chwang或Chaokochuang，最近在比利时皇家自然科学研究所(布鲁塞尔)的古生物学收藏中被发现。这份来自开平煤田经典地区之一的史料包括大量的茎翅翅类，主要来自唐山组，少部分来自开平组和赵各庄组。20世纪20年代末，法国古昆虫学家P.普鲁沃斯(P. Pruvost)就已经指出，在唐山组莫斯科部分的某一特定地层中，昆虫种类异常丰富。普鲁沃斯第一次记述了马修从开平煤田收集的节肢动物。这种奇异的双翅目材料后来被D. Laurentiaux在他未发表的博士论文中研究。为了促进专家们对Mathieu收藏的修订，我们在这里提供了详细的科学背景，并重新说明了蛛形纲动物(以及以前所谓的:(Poliochera vel Curculioides)[原文如此]pustulatus Laurentiaux- vieira & Laurentiaux)，枝足类动物(Lioestheria?mathieui (Pruvost))和赵各庄煤矿的昆虫，特别是使用反射变换成像方法。
{"title":"Rediscovery of the Mathieu collection of Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)–Permian (Cisuralian) arthropods from the Kaiping Coalfield (northeastern China)","authors":"Bernard Mottequin, N. Robin","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.006","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous arthropods (e.g. branchiopods, insects) collected during the first half of the 20th century by F.-F. Mathieu within the Pennsylvanian–Cisuralian (Moscovian–Asselian) succession of the Zhaogezhuang colliery (Hebei Province, China), romanised notably as Chao Ko Chwang, or Chaokochuang, in the literature, have been recently located in the palaeontological collections of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Brussels). This historical material from one of the classic localities of the Kaiping Coalfield includes a large number of wings of stem-Dictyoptera, mainly from the Tangshan Formation and to a lesser extent from the Kaiping and Zhaogezhuang formations. The exceptional richness in insects of a particular horizon developed within the Moscovian part of the Tangshan Formation was already pointed out at the end of the 1920s by the French palaeoentomologist P. Pruvost, who provided the first account on the arthropods of Mathieu’s collection from the Kaiping Coalfield. This singular Dictyoptera material was later studied by D. Laurentiaux in his unpublished Ph.D. thesis. In order to promote the revision of Mathieu’s collection by specialists, we provide here a detailed scientific background and re-illustrate the arachnids (and formerly alleged ones: (Poliochera vel Curculioides) [sic] pustulatus Laurentiaux-Vieira & Laurentiaux), branchiopods (Lioestheria? mathieui (Pruvost)), and insects from the Zhaogezhuang colliery, notably using the Reflectance Transformation Imaging methodology.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87347096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Friedman Matt, A. James V., Saad Hadeel, EL-SAYED Sanaa
In contrast to the rich collections of articulated spiny-rayed fishes from early Late Cretaceous and Eocene Lagerstätten, similar skeletal remains are sparse in Maastrichtian–Paleocene strata. Here we coin this poorly understood span “Patterson’s Gap” and review known articulated skeletons from it, summarizing available information on their phylogenetic affinities, age, and environmental context. Roughly fifty percent of taxa in both the Maastrichtian and Paleocene come from Europe and North America, with percomorphs representing around 60% of the skeletal acanthomorph taxa in each interval. This is higher than the only pre-Maastrichtian assemblage with a reasonable sample of percomorphs, but lower than most Eocene and younger sites. Fossils from Patterson’s Gap show a steady accumulation of the principal lineages of spiny-rayed fishes. Material from Paleocene or older strata provides evidence for most of the roughly 20 major acanthomorph divisions recovered by molecular studies. Many fossils from Patterson’s Gap remain undescribed and unnamed, and almost none have been included within formal phylogenetic analyses. Revision of existing material, combined with additional fieldwork, should be a priority for future efforts seeking to clarify this murky but significant interval in the evolutionary history of a major vertebrate radiation.
{"title":"The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying “Patterson’s Gap” in the acanthomorph skeletal record","authors":"Friedman Matt, A. James V., Saad Hadeel, EL-SAYED Sanaa","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.002","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to the rich collections of articulated spiny-rayed fishes from early Late Cretaceous and Eocene Lagerstätten, similar skeletal remains are sparse in Maastrichtian–Paleocene strata. Here we coin this poorly understood span “Patterson’s Gap” and review known articulated skeletons from it, summarizing available information on their phylogenetic affinities, age, and environmental context. Roughly fifty percent of taxa in both the Maastrichtian and Paleocene come from Europe and North America, with percomorphs representing around 60% of the skeletal acanthomorph taxa in each interval. This is higher than the only pre-Maastrichtian assemblage with a reasonable sample of percomorphs, but lower than most Eocene and younger sites. Fossils from Patterson’s Gap show a steady accumulation of the principal lineages of spiny-rayed fishes. Material from Paleocene or older strata provides evidence for most of the roughly 20 major acanthomorph divisions recovered by molecular studies. Many fossils from Patterson’s Gap remain undescribed and unnamed, and almost none have been included within formal phylogenetic analyses. Revision of existing material, combined with additional fieldwork, should be a priority for future efforts seeking to clarify this murky but significant interval in the evolutionary history of a major vertebrate radiation.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79662021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stijn Everaert, J. Deckers, D. Munsterman, F. Wesselingh
Cross-border correlations of the Pliocene–Pleistocene successions in the southern Netherlands and northernmost Belgium are problematic, because biostratigraphic markers are often lacking. Correlation is further hampered by the poor age constraints of the Belgian Merksplas Formation. To address these issues, sedimentary, mollusc and dinoflagellate cyst analyses are combined to characterise the lithostratigraphic units in the Huijbergen borehole (The Netherlands) and to provide age estimates. Subsequently, the Huijbergen borehole was correlated with nearby boreholes in Essen and Kalmthout (Belgium). The Piacenzian intervals of the Dutch Oosterhout Formation can be correlated with the Belgian Lillo Formation, with the latter’s threefold borehole log signature appearing virtually continuous across the border between both countries. The Dutch Maassluis and Waalre formations are correlated with the shell-bearing lower part and the unfossiliferous higher part of the Merksplas Formation respectively. Although dinocysts are not age-diagnostic for the Maassluis and Waalre formations in borehole Huijbergen, characteristic interglacial marine shells provide a Gelasian age assessment for the Maassluis Formation. By correlation, this age estimate can also be applied to the lower part of the Merksplas Formation, thereby elucidating the Pliocene–Pleistocene transition near the Dutch-Belgian border.
{"title":"The Pliocene–Pleistocene transition in the subsurface of the Dutch-Belgian border region: insights from borehole Huijbergen","authors":"Stijn Everaert, J. Deckers, D. Munsterman, F. Wesselingh","doi":"10.20341/gb.2023.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.001","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-border correlations of the Pliocene–Pleistocene successions in the southern Netherlands and northernmost Belgium are problematic, because biostratigraphic markers are often lacking. Correlation is further hampered by the poor age constraints of the Belgian Merksplas Formation. To address these issues, sedimentary, mollusc and dinoflagellate cyst analyses are combined to characterise the lithostratigraphic units in the Huijbergen borehole (The Netherlands) and to provide age estimates. Subsequently, the Huijbergen borehole was correlated with nearby boreholes in Essen and Kalmthout (Belgium). The Piacenzian intervals of the Dutch Oosterhout Formation can be correlated with the Belgian Lillo Formation, with the latter’s threefold borehole log signature appearing virtually continuous across the border between both countries. The Dutch Maassluis and Waalre formations are correlated with the shell-bearing lower part and the unfossiliferous higher part of the Merksplas Formation respectively. Although dinocysts are not age-diagnostic for the Maassluis and Waalre formations in borehole Huijbergen, characteristic interglacial marine shells provide a Gelasian age assessment for the Maassluis Formation. By correlation, this age estimate can also be applied to the lower part of the Merksplas Formation, thereby elucidating the Pliocene–Pleistocene transition near the Dutch-Belgian border.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85679315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Bertier, R. Swennen, R. Kemps, B. Laenen, R. Dreesen
The red beds of the Buntsandstein (Early Triassic) in the Campine Basin (NE Belgium) display porosities between 5.3–20.2% (average 13.7%) and permeabilities varying between 0.02–296.4 mD (average 38.7 mD). Knowledge of their reservoir controlling properties, which today are missing, is important in view of potential geological storage of CO2 or natural gas and geothermal reservoir potential within these sandstones. Therefore the effects of diagenesis were assessed based on petrography, stable isotope analyses, fluid inclusion microthermometry, X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe and porosity-permeability core analyses. These sandstones were deposited by a dryland river system, in a warm, mostly arid climate with episodic rainfall and high evaporation rates. During wetter periods especially feldspars were dissolved. Strong evaporation during dry periods led to reprecipitation of the dissolved species as K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths, smectite and calcite/dolomite. Sediment reworking resulted in framework grains becoming clay coated. The clay coats are better developed in finer than in coarser grained sediments. The original smectite composing the rims converted to illite during burial. The tangential orientation of the clay platelets in the rims led to illite-mica-induced dissolution of quartz during burial/compaction, which is manifested as bedding parallel dissolution seams that are filled with clays and micas, especially in the fine-grained sandstone/siltstone/claystone. These constitute important barriers to the vertical flow within the reservoir. The released silica did not really affect the red sandstones but was exported (often on mm to cm scale) to nearby bleached horizons, where nucleation inhibiting clay rims are less well developed. The red colour of the sandstones arises from the presence of small amounts of Fe-oxides in the inherited clay rims. Migration of fluids enriched in organic acids, expelled from underlying Carboniferous coal-bearing strata, resulted in local bleaching of coarser grained horizons. In the finer grained sediments, the red colour was mostly preserved, which suggests that the reductive capacity of the fluid was limited.
{"title":"Reservoir characteristics and diagenesis of the Buntsandstein sandstones in the Campine Basin (NE Belgium)","authors":"P. Bertier, R. Swennen, R. Kemps, B. Laenen, R. Dreesen","doi":"10.20341/gb.2022.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"The red beds of the Buntsandstein (Early Triassic) in the Campine Basin (NE Belgium) display porosities between 5.3–20.2% (average 13.7%) and permeabilities varying between 0.02–296.4 mD (average 38.7 mD). Knowledge of their reservoir controlling properties, which today are missing, is important in view of potential geological storage of CO2 or natural gas and geothermal reservoir potential within these sandstones. Therefore the effects of diagenesis were assessed based on petrography, stable isotope analyses, fluid inclusion microthermometry, X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe and porosity-permeability core analyses. These sandstones were deposited by a dryland river system, in a warm, mostly arid climate with episodic rainfall and high evaporation rates. During wetter periods especially feldspars were dissolved. Strong evaporation during dry periods led to reprecipitation of the dissolved species as K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths, smectite and calcite/dolomite. Sediment reworking resulted in framework grains becoming clay coated. The clay coats are better developed in finer than in coarser grained sediments. The original smectite composing the rims converted to illite during burial. The tangential orientation of the clay platelets in the rims led to illite-mica-induced dissolution of quartz during burial/compaction, which is manifested as bedding parallel dissolution seams that are filled with clays and micas, especially in the fine-grained sandstone/siltstone/claystone. These constitute important barriers to the vertical flow within the reservoir. The released silica did not really affect the red sandstones but was exported (often on mm to cm scale) to nearby bleached horizons, where nucleation inhibiting clay rims are less well developed. The red colour of the sandstones arises from the presence of small amounts of Fe-oxides in the inherited clay rims. Migration of fluids enriched in organic acids, expelled from underlying Carboniferous coal-bearing strata, resulted in local bleaching of coarser grained horizons. In the finer grained sediments, the red colour was mostly preserved, which suggests that the reductive capacity of the fluid was limited.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84921333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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