Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.302
Anja Møgelvang
The challenges of recruitment, retention, and learning outcomes in STEM higher education call for learning environments that promote student belonging and belief in their own abilities (Møgelvang, 2023). Cooperative learning (CL) is a type of group learning associated with increased learning and more “soft” student outcomes such as increased sense of belonging, scientific confidence, and generic skills (Møgelvang et al., 2023). CL may be defined as “a more-structured, hence more-focused, form of collaborative learning” (Millis and Cottell, 1997, p. 4). This structured approach is research based and is considered to increase the probability that all students are successful at group work (Millis and Cottell, 1997).
STEM高等教育在招聘、留用和学习成果方面所面临的挑战，需要促进学生对自己能力的归属感和信念的学习环境(Møgelvang, 2023)。合作学习(CL)是一种与学习增加和更多“软”学生成果(如归属感增加、科学自信和通用技能)相关的群体学习(Møgelvang et al.， 2023)。集体学习可以被定义为“一种更结构化，因此更集中的合作学习形式”(Millis和Cottell, 1997，第4页)。这种结构化的方法是基于研究的，被认为可以增加所有学生在小组工作中成功的可能性(Millis和Cottell, 1997)。
{"title":"Cooperative Learning in Oceanography","authors":"Anja Møgelvang","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.302","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges of recruitment, retention, and learning outcomes in STEM higher education call for learning environments that promote student belonging and belief in their own abilities (Møgelvang, 2023). Cooperative learning (CL) is a type of group learning associated with increased learning and more “soft” student outcomes such as increased sense of belonging, scientific confidence, and generic skills (Møgelvang et al., 2023). CL may be defined as “a more-structured, hence more-focused, form of collaborative learning” (Millis and Cottell, 1997, p. 4). This structured approach is research based and is considered to increase the probability that all students are successful at group work (Millis and Cottell, 1997).","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135825255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.201
Abigail Kreuser, Ana Bishop, E. Meyer‐Gutbrod
Unpaid internships provide opportunities for students and early career individuals to gain work experience in a field of their interest. In lieu of payment for their labor, interns are compensated by gaining deeper knowledge of the field or industry as well as critical networking opportunities. Completing an unpaid work experience is nearly unavoidable for early career individuals to gain the experience required to stand out within a competitive, passion-driven field (Bailey et al., 2022). Deciding to begin a career in marine science with an unpaid position can be an exclusionary point for people from non-affluent socioeconomic backgrounds, and the stress experienced from a lack of financial and professional support can lead to individuals exiting the field in the early stages of their career. Unpaid internships impede diverse recruitment and contribute to the overwhelming lack of diversity in the ocean sciences (Bernard and Cooperdock, 2018, Figure 1). Adequately compensating individuals entering the field for their work would increase diversity in entry level positions and promote the development of early career researchers. These individuals would then be more likely to advance into higher level, permanent positions, thereby improving diversity in all career levels throughout marine science (Fournier et al., 2019; Osiecka et al., 2022).
无薪实习为学生和早期职业人士提供了在他们感兴趣的领域获得工作经验的机会。实习生通过获得对该领域或行业的更深入了解以及关键的人际网络机会来获得报酬，而不是支付劳动报酬。对于职业生涯早期的个人来说，完成无报酬的工作经历几乎是不可避免的，以获得在竞争激烈、激情驱动的领域中脱颖而出所需的经验（Bailey et al.，2022）。对于非富裕社会经济背景的人来说，决定以无薪职位开始海洋科学职业生涯可能是一个排斥点，而缺乏经济和专业支持所带来的压力可能会导致个人在职业生涯的早期阶段退出该领域。无薪实习阻碍了多样化的招聘，并导致海洋科学极度缺乏多样性（Bernard和Cooperdock，2018，图1）。充分补偿进入该领域的个人的工作将增加入门级职位的多样性，并促进早期职业研究人员的发展。然后，这些人更有可能晋升到更高级别的永久职位，从而提高整个海洋科学各个职业层次的多样性（Fournier等人，2019；Osiecka等人，2022）。
{"title":"Unpaid Internships Are a Barrier to Diverse and Equitable Recruitment in Marine Science","authors":"Abigail Kreuser, Ana Bishop, E. Meyer‐Gutbrod","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.201","url":null,"abstract":"Unpaid internships provide opportunities for students and early career individuals to gain work experience in a field of their interest. In lieu of payment for their labor, interns are compensated by gaining deeper knowledge of the field or industry as well as critical networking opportunities. Completing an unpaid work experience is nearly unavoidable for early career individuals to gain the experience required to stand out within a competitive, passion-driven field (Bailey et al., 2022). Deciding to begin a career in marine science with an unpaid position can be an exclusionary point for people from non-affluent socioeconomic backgrounds, and the stress experienced from a lack of financial and professional support can lead to individuals exiting the field in the early stages of their career. Unpaid internships impede diverse recruitment and contribute to the overwhelming lack of diversity in the ocean sciences (Bernard and Cooperdock, 2018, Figure 1). Adequately compensating individuals entering the field for their work would increase diversity in entry level positions and promote the development of early career researchers. These individuals would then be more likely to advance into higher level, permanent positions, thereby improving diversity in all career levels throughout marine science (Fournier et al., 2019; Osiecka et al., 2022).","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49116182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.103
Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Claudio Argentino, Maria Baker, Antje Boetius, Carolina Costa, Håkon Dahle, Emily Denny, Pierre-Antoine Dessandier, Mari Eilertsen, Benedicte Ferre, Christopher German, Kevin Hand, Ana Hilário, Lawrence Hislop, John Jamieson, Dimitri Kalnitchenko, Achim Mall, Giuliana Panieri, Autun Purser, Sofia Ramalho, Eoghan Reeves, Leighton Rolley, Samuel Pereira, Pedro Ribeiro, Muhammed Fatih Sert, Ida Steen, Marie Stetzler, Runar Stokke, Lissette Victorero, Francesca Vulcano, Stig Vågenes, Kate Waghorn, Stefan Buenz
Evidence of hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean has been available since 2001, with first visual evidence of black smokers on the Aurora Vent Field obtained in 2014. But it was not until 2021 that the first ever remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives to hydrothermal vents under permanent ice cover in the Arctic were conducted, enabling the collection of vent fluids, rocks, microbes, and fauna. In this paper, we present the methods employed for deep-sea ROV operations under drifting ice. We also provide the first description of the Aurora Vent Field, which includes three actively venting black smokers and diffuse flow on the Aurora mound at ~3,888 m depth on the southern part of the Gakkel Ridge (82.5°N). The biological communities are dominated by a new species of cocculinid limpet, two small gastropods, and a melitid amphipod. The ongoing analyses of Aurora Vent Field samples will contribute to positioning the Gakkel Ridge hydrothermal vents in the global biogeographic puzzle of hydrothermal vents.
{"title":"Hot Vents Beneath an Icy Ocean: The Aurora Vent Field, Gakkel Ridge, Revealed","authors":"Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Claudio Argentino, Maria Baker, Antje Boetius, Carolina Costa, Håkon Dahle, Emily Denny, Pierre-Antoine Dessandier, Mari Eilertsen, Benedicte Ferre, Christopher German, Kevin Hand, Ana Hilário, Lawrence Hislop, John Jamieson, Dimitri Kalnitchenko, Achim Mall, Giuliana Panieri, Autun Purser, Sofia Ramalho, Eoghan Reeves, Leighton Rolley, Samuel Pereira, Pedro Ribeiro, Muhammed Fatih Sert, Ida Steen, Marie Stetzler, Runar Stokke, Lissette Victorero, Francesca Vulcano, Stig Vågenes, Kate Waghorn, Stefan Buenz","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.103","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence of hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean has been available since 2001, with first visual evidence of black smokers on the Aurora Vent Field obtained in 2014. But it was not until 2021 that the first ever remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives to hydrothermal vents under permanent ice cover in the Arctic were conducted, enabling the collection of vent fluids, rocks, microbes, and fauna. In this paper, we present the methods employed for deep-sea ROV operations under drifting ice. We also provide the first description of the Aurora Vent Field, which includes three actively venting black smokers and diffuse flow on the Aurora mound at ~3,888 m depth on the southern part of the Gakkel Ridge (82.5°N). The biological communities are dominated by a new species of cocculinid limpet, two small gastropods, and a melitid amphipod. The ongoing analyses of Aurora Vent Field samples will contribute to positioning the Gakkel Ridge hydrothermal vents in the global biogeographic puzzle of hydrothermal vents.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135907384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.202
Patricia Quinn, Timothy Bates, Derek Coffman, James Johnson, Lucia Upchurch
The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) began measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in 1982 to better understand the seawater sulfur cycle and the contribution of seawater DMS emissions to the global atmospheric sulfur budget. These measurements led to a global ocean database of DMS seawater concentrations currently hosted at PMEL, with contributions from researchers worldwide. In the mid-1980s, PMEL followed DMS from the ocean into the atmosphere and began aerosol measurements. It was found that DMS-derived, biogenic sulfate can make up a large fraction of the submicron aerosol in the remote marine atmosphere. In addition, it was found that a significant and variable fraction of submicron aerosol over the ocean was composed not only of biogenic sulfate but also included sea spray aerosol and long-range transported components. These measurements were pioneering in providing evidence that marine aerosols are a complex mixture of chemical components that should be included in climate models in order to accurately model Earth’s radiation budget. Measurements from 27 cruises have helped form a coherent view of species responsible for aerosol light scattering and cloud drop nucleation in the marine boundary layer. This global database of aerosol properties is publicly available on PMEL web pages for use by the modeling and satellite communities. Most recently, PMEL has developed payloads for uncrewed aerial systems to extend surface shipboard measurements up to 3,000 m in altitude and to include measurements of cloud properties.
{"title":"Climate Roles of Non-Sea Salt Sulfate and Sea Spray Aerosol in the Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer: Highlights of 40 Years of PMEL Research","authors":"Patricia Quinn, Timothy Bates, Derek Coffman, James Johnson, Lucia Upchurch","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.202","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) began measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in 1982 to better understand the seawater sulfur cycle and the contribution of seawater DMS emissions to the global atmospheric sulfur budget. These measurements led to a global ocean database of DMS seawater concentrations currently hosted at PMEL, with contributions from researchers worldwide. In the mid-1980s, PMEL followed DMS from the ocean into the atmosphere and began aerosol measurements. It was found that DMS-derived, biogenic sulfate can make up a large fraction of the submicron aerosol in the remote marine atmosphere. In addition, it was found that a significant and variable fraction of submicron aerosol over the ocean was composed not only of biogenic sulfate but also included sea spray aerosol and long-range transported components. These measurements were pioneering in providing evidence that marine aerosols are a complex mixture of chemical components that should be included in climate models in order to accurately model Earth’s radiation budget. Measurements from 27 cruises have helped form a coherent view of species responsible for aerosol light scattering and cloud drop nucleation in the marine boundary layer. This global database of aerosol properties is publicly available on PMEL web pages for use by the modeling and satellite communities. Most recently, PMEL has developed payloads for uncrewed aerial systems to extend surface shipboard measurements up to 3,000 m in altitude and to include measurements of cloud properties.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135058290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.214
Dongxiao Zhang, Andy Chiodi, Chidong Zhang, Gregory Foltz, Meghan Cronin, Calvin Mordy, Jessica Cross, Edward Cokelet, Jun Zhang, Chris Meinig, Noah Lawrence-Slavas, Phyllis Stabeno
Extreme ocean events and severe weather systems have large environmental impacts but are under-observed due to their harsh conditions and associated challenges with deployments of in situ observing platforms. Through a public-private partnership, the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) has developed the Saildrone uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) into a viable air-sea interaction observing platform that can be utilized by the broader ocean research community. PMEL and the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) have demonstrated the potential of USVs for observing the Arctic marginal ice zone during the seasonal Arctic ice retreat and for observing the extreme ocean and weather conditions inside major hurricanes. These USVs will be an essential part of the Global Ocean Observing System, providing real-time data to improve prediction of rapid climate change and extreme ocean and weather events, and to reduce their harmful impacts.
{"title":"Observing Extreme Ocean and Weather Events Using Innovative Saildrone Uncrewed Surface Vehicles","authors":"Dongxiao Zhang, Andy Chiodi, Chidong Zhang, Gregory Foltz, Meghan Cronin, Calvin Mordy, Jessica Cross, Edward Cokelet, Jun Zhang, Chris Meinig, Noah Lawrence-Slavas, Phyllis Stabeno","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.214","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme ocean events and severe weather systems have large environmental impacts but are under-observed due to their harsh conditions and associated challenges with deployments of in situ observing platforms. Through a public-private partnership, the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) has developed the Saildrone uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) into a viable air-sea interaction observing platform that can be utilized by the broader ocean research community. PMEL and the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) have demonstrated the potential of USVs for observing the Arctic marginal ice zone during the seasonal Arctic ice retreat and for observing the extreme ocean and weather conditions inside major hurricanes. These USVs will be an essential part of the Global Ocean Observing System, providing real-time data to improve prediction of rapid climate change and extreme ocean and weather events, and to reduce their harmful impacts.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135058252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.232
Heather Tabisola, Calvin Calvin, Scott Stalin
Since 2015, the Innovative Technology for Arctic Exploration (ITAE) program has supported maritime technology development that contributes to economic growth, ocean health, and ocean management in Alaska. The program does this in multiple ways: through public-private partnerships, platform and small-scale sensor design, and research to operations, commercialization, and application of science-driven technologies. ITAE is a high-risk, high-reward research collaborative that provides support and expertise for creative scientists pursuing highly innovative research solutions with the potential for broad impact in US Arctic marine sciences. This program is funded through NOAA to support projects that may be overlooked in the traditional peer-review process because of their inherent risk. However, not all risks lead to success, not every risk leads to failure, and not all failures eliminate success. Development and growth are nurtured by risk and temporary setbacks. The science advanced by these researchers and collaborators forges new paths of discovery. While the Arctic is an excellent testbed, in part, due to its extreme conditions, the technologies and lessons detailed here are transferable to oceanographic research outside of the Arctic. This paper reviews the program as well as the successes and failures of this dedicated Arctic innovation collaborative at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.
{"title":"Accelerating Research and Development in the US Arctic Reflections on a NOAA Program","authors":"Heather Tabisola, Calvin Calvin, Scott Stalin","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.232","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2015, the Innovative Technology for Arctic Exploration (ITAE) program has supported maritime technology development that contributes to economic growth, ocean health, and ocean management in Alaska. The program does this in multiple ways: through public-private partnerships, platform and small-scale sensor design, and research to operations, commercialization, and application of science-driven technologies. ITAE is a high-risk, high-reward research collaborative that provides support and expertise for creative scientists pursuing highly innovative research solutions with the potential for broad impact in US Arctic marine sciences. This program is funded through NOAA to support projects that may be overlooked in the traditional peer-review process because of their inherent risk. However, not all risks lead to success, not every risk leads to failure, and not all failures eliminate success. Development and growth are nurtured by risk and temporary setbacks. The science advanced by these researchers and collaborators forges new paths of discovery. While the Arctic is an excellent testbed, in part, due to its extreme conditions, the technologies and lessons detailed here are transferable to oceanographic research outside of the Arctic. This paper reviews the program as well as the successes and failures of this dedicated Arctic innovation collaborative at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135058273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.226
Albert Hermann, Wei Cheng, Phyllis Stabeno, Darren Pilcher, Kelly Kearney, Kirstin Holsman
The high-latitude Pacific is home to highly productive ecosystems, including vast populations of commercially and subsistence harvested fish. These regions can be challenging to sample directly. Over several decades at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, we have applied numerical models to infer past, present, and future states of these regional oceans and their biota. These estimates are provided to fisheries scientists to help identify the local biophysical dynamics that underlie marine resource fluctuations and to managers to help develop effective management strategies in the face of short- and long-term environmental changes.
{"title":"Applications of Biophysical Modeling to Pacific High-Latitude Ecosystems","authors":"Albert Hermann, Wei Cheng, Phyllis Stabeno, Darren Pilcher, Kelly Kearney, Kirstin Holsman","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.226","url":null,"abstract":"The high-latitude Pacific is home to highly productive ecosystems, including vast populations of commercially and subsistence harvested fish. These regions can be challenging to sample directly. Over several decades at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, we have applied numerical models to infer past, present, and future states of these regional oceans and their biota. These estimates are provided to fisheries scientists to help identify the local biophysical dynamics that underlie marine resource fluctuations and to managers to help develop effective management strategies in the face of short- and long-term environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135058274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The chemistry of the global ocean is rapidly changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). This process, commonly referred to as ocean acidification (OA), is negatively impacting many marine species and ecosystems. In this study, we combine observations in the global surface ocean collected by NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory scientists and their national and international colleagues over the past four decades, along with model outputs, to provide a high-resolution, regionally varying view of global surface ocean carbon dioxide fugacity, carbonate ion content, total hydrogen ion content, pH on total scale, and aragonite and calcite saturation states on selected time intervals from 1961 to 2020. We discuss the major roles played by air-sea anthropogenic CO2 uptake, warming, local upwelling processes, and declining buffer capacity in controlling the spatial and temporal variability of these parameters. These changes are occurring rapidly in regions that would normally be considered OA refugia, thus threatening the protection that these regions provide for stocks of sensitive species and increasing the potential for expanding biological impacts.
{"title":"Acidification of the Global Surface Ocean: What We Have Learned from Observations","authors":"Richard Feely, Li-Qing Jiang, Rik Wanninkhof, Brendan Carter, Simone Alin, Nina Bednaršek, Catherine Cosca","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.222","url":null,"abstract":"The chemistry of the global ocean is rapidly changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). This process, commonly referred to as ocean acidification (OA), is negatively impacting many marine species and ecosystems. In this study, we combine observations in the global surface ocean collected by NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory scientists and their national and international colleagues over the past four decades, along with model outputs, to provide a high-resolution, regionally varying view of global surface ocean carbon dioxide fugacity, carbonate ion content, total hydrogen ion content, pH on total scale, and aragonite and calcite saturation states on selected time intervals from 1961 to 2020. We discuss the major roles played by air-sea anthropogenic CO2 uptake, warming, local upwelling processes, and declining buffer capacity in controlling the spatial and temporal variability of these parameters. These changes are occurring rapidly in regions that would normally be considered OA refugia, thus threatening the protection that these regions provide for stocks of sensitive species and increasing the potential for expanding biological impacts.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135058892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.235
Michelle McClure, Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Stephen Hammond, Christian Meinig, Michael McPhaden, Phyllis Stabeno, Eddie Bernard
The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) conducts global and regional oceanographic research in support of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) three mission areas: (1) understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; (2) sharing that knowledge with others; and (3) conserving and managing coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. Since its establishment in 1973, PMEL’s work has ranged from pole to pole and across the global ocean. The lab’s research has examined ocean structure and function in the physical, chemical, and biological realms, and has informed and supported the development of US policy in these areas.
{"title":"The History and Evolution of PMEL: Purposeful Research that Impacts Environmental Policy","authors":"Michelle McClure, Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Stephen Hammond, Christian Meinig, Michael McPhaden, Phyllis Stabeno, Eddie Bernard","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2023.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.235","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) conducts global and regional oceanographic research in support of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) three mission areas: (1) understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; (2) sharing that knowledge with others; and (3) conserving and managing coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. Since its establishment in 1973, PMEL’s work has ranged from pole to pole and across the global ocean. The lab’s research has examined ocean structure and function in the physical, chemical, and biological realms, and has informed and supported the development of US policy in these areas.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135056657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2023.227
Scott Stalin, Shaun Bell, Nicholas Delich, Calvin Mordy, Phyllis Stabeno, Heather Tabisola, Dirk Tagawa
Sampling under ice-covered seas, such as the Chukchi and Bering, is difficult. Vessels capable of working in ice are limited, ice destroys surface floats, and ice keels on the shallow Chukchi shelf can extend downward 30 m, confining subsurface moorings to the near bottom. Hence, there is limited data from beneath the ice and in the marginal ice-edge zones. The Innovative Technology for Arctic Exploration (ITAE) program focuses on development of specialized tools tailored to these challenging environmental conditions. In addition, a new data acquisition system will improve transmission of full resolution data in real time. These new technologies are important for the Ecosystems and Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (EcoFOCI) program, which maintains NOAA’s largest observing network in the US Arctic (Tabisola et al., 2022).
在楚科奇和白令海峡等冰雪覆盖的海域取样是很困难的。能够在冰上工作的船只有限，冰破坏了水面浮子，楚科奇浅海架上的冰龙骨可以向下延伸30米，将地下系泊装置限制在近底部。因此，来自冰下和边缘冰缘带的数据有限。北极勘探创新技术(ITAE)项目的重点是针对这些具有挑战性的环境条件开发专门的工具。此外，一种新的数据采集系统将提高全分辨率数据的实时传输。这些新技术对于生态系统和渔业海洋学协调调查(EcoFOCI)计划非常重要，该计划维持着NOAA在美国北极地区最大的观测网络(Tabisola et al.， 2022)。
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