Mario Serrano, F. Javier Pavón‐Carrasco, Saioa A. Campuzano, M. Luisa Osete
In this work, we present ArchaeoPyDating, a new version of the archaeo_dating Matlab software used for archaeomagnetic dating. This updated version introduces a transition from the original Matlab code to Python, enabling the software to be presented as an online tool. By offering a web‐based interface, ArchaeoPyDating eliminates the need for licenses, program installations, or programming expertise, making it widely accessible to users through various devices and browsers. This enhanced accessibility holds great potential for popularizing the archaeomagnetic dating method. This study presents both the new online version of the tool and a Python module that encompasses all the essential classes and functions required for conducting archaeomagnetic dating in a command‐line environment, which can be useful for advanced users.
{"title":"ArchaeoPyDating: A new user‐friendly release for archaeomagnetic dating","authors":"Mario Serrano, F. Javier Pavón‐Carrasco, Saioa A. Campuzano, M. Luisa Osete","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13009","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we present <jats:italic>ArchaeoPyDating</jats:italic>, a new version of the <jats:italic>archaeo_dating</jats:italic> Matlab software used for archaeomagnetic dating. This updated version introduces a transition from the original Matlab code to Python, enabling the software to be presented as an online tool. By offering a web‐based interface, <jats:italic>ArchaeoPyDating</jats:italic> eliminates the need for licenses, program installations, or programming expertise, making it widely accessible to users through various devices and browsers. This enhanced accessibility holds great potential for popularizing the archaeomagnetic dating method. This study presents both the new online version of the tool and a Python module that encompasses all the essential classes and functions required for conducting archaeomagnetic dating in a command‐line environment, which can be useful for advanced users.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Written sources indicate that Alexandria in Egypt was a leading producer of Roman glass. Furthermore, archaeological finds have provided evidence for the local production of drawn glass and gold‐in‐glass beads, which were distributed throughout the world. In this study, we present an analysis of the chemical composition of more than two hundred glass objects from the Roman (2nd–3rd/4th century ce) and Late Antique (4th/5th–7th century ce) glass bead workshops located at Kom el‐Dikka in Alexandria. This study is based on the results of portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyses carried out on raw glass, bead semi‐products, products and waste from both periods. Additionally, the glass chemistry of some Islamic (8th–12th century ce) beads found at the site has been analysed.Despite the limitations of the method, the vast majority of samples exhibited compositions confirming their general dating and Egyptian origin. Remarkably, a single bead was made of high‐alumina glass and appeared to be an import from India, possibly a remnant of the Indo‐Pacific glass bead route that connected Red Sea ports and Europe in Late Antiquity. In addition, we offer a new analytical approach to the method that has potential to enhance the value of pXRF in the analysis of archaeological glass.
书面资料显示，埃及的亚历山大城是罗马玻璃的主要生产地。此外，考古发现也提供了当地生产拉制玻璃和金嵌玻璃珠的证据，这些产品销往世界各地。在本研究中，我们对位于亚历山大 Kom el-Dikka 的罗马（公元前 2-3/4 世纪）和晚期古代（公元前 4/5-7 世纪）玻璃珠作坊中的两百多件玻璃制品的化学成分进行了分析。这项研究基于对这两个时期的玻璃原料、珠子半成品、产品和废料进行的便携式 X 射线荧光（pXRF）分析结果。此外，还对遗址中发现的一些伊斯兰（公元前 8-12 世纪）珠子的玻璃化学成分进行了分析。尽管该方法存在局限性，但绝大多数样品的成分都证实了它们的大致年代和埃及起源。值得注意的是，有一颗珠子是由高铝玻璃制成的，似乎是从印度进口的，可能是古代晚期连接红海港口和欧洲的印度-太平洋玻璃珠路线的遗迹。此外，我们还提供了一种新的分析方法，有望提高 pXRF 在考古玻璃分析中的价值。
{"title":"Beads of Alexandria: Non‐invasive analysis of glass from Roman, Late Antique and Islamic Kom el‐Dikka, Egypt","authors":"Joanna Then‐Obłuska, Olga Syta","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13002","url":null,"abstract":"Written sources indicate that Alexandria in Egypt was a leading producer of Roman glass. Furthermore, archaeological finds have provided evidence for the local production of drawn glass and gold‐in‐glass beads, which were distributed throughout the world. In this study, we present an analysis of the chemical composition of more than two hundred glass objects from the Roman (2nd–3rd/4th century <jats:sc>ce</jats:sc>) and Late Antique (4th/5th–7th century <jats:sc>ce</jats:sc>) glass bead workshops located at Kom el‐Dikka in Alexandria. This study is based on the results of portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyses carried out on raw glass, bead semi‐products, products and waste from both periods. Additionally, the glass chemistry of some Islamic (8th–12th century <jats:sc>ce</jats:sc>) beads found at the site has been analysed.Despite the limitations of the method, the vast majority of samples exhibited compositions confirming their general dating and Egyptian origin. Remarkably, a single bead was made of high‐alumina glass and appeared to be an import from India, possibly a remnant of the Indo‐Pacific glass bead route that connected Red Sea ports and Europe in Late Antiquity. In addition, we offer a new analytical approach to the method that has potential to enhance the value of pXRF in the analysis of archaeological glass.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to verify the hierarchy of towns in Lower Silesia on the basis of population data from the second decade of the 17th century, assuming that a statistically described distribution law applies. The analysis of the city size distribution was based on Gibrat's law and Zipf's rank‐size rule. This made it possible to verify the assumptions made at the outset and to estimate the population of towns of unknown size and designated rank. The research carried out suggests a revision of the estimates, especially for the largest cities in the region, which tend to be underestimated. Studies have also shown that the method can be extremely useful for verifying uncertain and incomplete historical demographic data.
{"title":"City size distribution of towns in the 17th century in Lower Silesia","authors":"Angelika Kosieradzka, Bogna Ludwig","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13010","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to verify the hierarchy of towns in Lower Silesia on the basis of population data from the second decade of the 17th century, assuming that a statistically described distribution law applies. The analysis of the city size distribution was based on Gibrat's law and Zipf's rank‐size rule. This made it possible to verify the assumptions made at the outset and to estimate the population of towns of unknown size and designated rank. The research carried out suggests a revision of the estimates, especially for the largest cities in the region, which tend to be underestimated. Studies have also shown that the method can be extremely useful for verifying uncertain and incomplete historical demographic data.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Classifying cultural relics has always been a major challenge for archaeologists. Using glass artifacts as the research object, a classification model for glass artifacts was constructed using decision trees, support vector machines, and logistic regression methods based on their patterns, colors, surface weathering conditions, types, and composition ratios. Three models were used to identify the types of unknown glass artifacts. A subclassification model for high‐potassium glass and lead barium glass was established using the K‐means clustering method. The elbow method and average contour method were used to determine the optimal number of clusters, and the decision tree model was named based on the characteristics of the cluster center components. The research results indicate that the three models yield consistent identification results for unknown types of glass relics, and the classification results are good. Lead barium glass and high‐potassium glass can be divided into three and six subclasses, respectively, and the naming of the subclass decision tree is reasonable. The identification method for ancient glass relics in this article is highly practical and can provide a reference for the classification and identification of other component data.
{"title":"Research on the classification of ancient silicate glass artifacts based on machine learning","authors":"Wei Chen, Dan Chen","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13001","url":null,"abstract":"Classifying cultural relics has always been a major challenge for archaeologists. Using glass artifacts as the research object, a classification model for glass artifacts was constructed using decision trees, support vector machines, and logistic regression methods based on their patterns, colors, surface weathering conditions, types, and composition ratios. Three models were used to identify the types of unknown glass artifacts. A subclassification model for high‐potassium glass and lead barium glass was established using the K‐means clustering method. The elbow method and average contour method were used to determine the optimal number of clusters, and the decision tree model was named based on the characteristics of the cluster center components. The research results indicate that the three models yield consistent identification results for unknown types of glass relics, and the classification results are good. Lead barium glass and high‐potassium glass can be divided into three and six subclasses, respectively, and the naming of the subclass decision tree is reasonable. The identification method for ancient glass relics in this article is highly practical and can provide a reference for the classification and identification of other component data.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to freely available, tailored software, Bayesian statistics is now the dominant paradigm for archaeological chronology construction in the UK and much of Europe and is increasing in popularity in the Americas. Such software provides users with powerful tools for Bayesian inference for chronological models with little need to undertake formal study of statistical modelling or computer programming. This runs the risk that it is reduced to the status of a black box, which is not sensible given the power and complexity of the modelling tools it implements. In this paper we seek to offer intuitive insight to ensure that readers from the archaeological research community who use Bayesian chronological modelling software will be better able to make well educated choices about the tools and techniques they adopt. Our hope is that they will then be both better informed about their own research designs and better prepared to offer constructively critical assessments of the modelling undertaken by others.
{"title":"Bayesian radiocarbon modelling for beginners","authors":"Caitlin E. Buck, Miguel A. Juárez","doi":"10.1111/arcm.12998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12998","url":null,"abstract":"Due to freely available, tailored software, Bayesian statistics is now the dominant paradigm for archaeological chronology construction in the UK and much of Europe and is increasing in popularity in the Americas. Such software provides users with powerful tools for Bayesian inference for chronological models with little need to undertake formal study of statistical modelling or computer programming. This runs the risk that it is reduced to the status of a black box, which is not sensible given the power and complexity of the modelling tools it implements. In this paper we seek to offer intuitive insight to ensure that readers from the archaeological research community who use Bayesian chronological modelling software will be better able to make well educated choices about the tools and techniques they adopt. Our hope is that they will then be both better informed about their own research designs and better prepared to offer constructively critical assessments of the modelling undertaken by others.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bluish‐white porcelain was a prominent type of porcelain in ancient China, renowned for its distinctive artistic style and unique characteristics. The Lanxi kiln in Jianning County, Fujian Province, has unearthed a multitude of bluish‐white porcelain products from the Southern Song dynasty that exhibit vibrant glaze color and exceptional craftsmanship. The quality of these porcelains surpasses that of contemporaneous Jingdezhen and Baishe kiln products in Jiangxi Province, representing the pinnacle of bluish‐white porcelain excavated across various regions of China during the Southern Song dynasty. In this study, samples of bluish‐white porcelain from the Lanxi kiln and Baishe kiln, dating back to the Southern Song dynasty, were selected and analyzed via energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectrophotometer, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with EDS to investigate their glaze formula process and coloring mechanism. Moreover, these findings were subsequently compared with those of Jingdezhen bluish‐white porcelain from the same period. The results demonstrate that the raw materials of porcelain stones used in the glaze of the Lanxi and Jingdezhen kiln are similar in composition yet differ significantly from that employed in the Baishe kiln. Potassium feldspar was added to the glazes of the Baishe and Lanxi kiln, potentially existing exchanges of process of the two kilns due to their geographic proximity. The firing atmosphere of bluish‐white porcelain with different glaze colors in the same kiln exhibits significant variations. In particular, the lake blue sample undergoes firing under a strong reducing atmosphere, resulting in an excess content of Fe2+ in octahedral hexagon coordination within the glaze, thereby intensifying its blue hue. The colors of various glazes are determined by both chemical color and physical color. The former is a result of the absorption of Fe3+ in the ultraviolet region and the d‐d electron orbital transition of Fe2+ in the infrared region. However, the latter is not the scattering physical color but the diffuse reflection physical color produced by bubbles and anorthite crystallization layers.
{"title":"Formula process and coloring mechanism of bluish‐white porcelains from the Lanxi kiln in Fujian, China","authors":"Bo Wu, Baihui Hu, Zelin Yang, Hongxing Xu, Minxiao Chen, Yunying Huang, Kailai Liang, Hongxi Huang, Huan Xiong","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13006","url":null,"abstract":"Bluish‐white porcelain was a prominent type of porcelain in ancient China, renowned for its distinctive artistic style and unique characteristics. The Lanxi kiln in Jianning County, Fujian Province, has unearthed a multitude of bluish‐white porcelain products from the Southern Song dynasty that exhibit vibrant glaze color and exceptional craftsmanship. The quality of these porcelains surpasses that of contemporaneous Jingdezhen and Baishe kiln products in Jiangxi Province, representing the pinnacle of bluish‐white porcelain excavated across various regions of China during the Southern Song dynasty. In this study, samples of bluish‐white porcelain from the Lanxi kiln and Baishe kiln, dating back to the Southern Song dynasty, were selected and analyzed via energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectrophotometer, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with EDS to investigate their glaze formula process and coloring mechanism. Moreover, these findings were subsequently compared with those of Jingdezhen bluish‐white porcelain from the same period. The results demonstrate that the raw materials of porcelain stones used in the glaze of the Lanxi and Jingdezhen kiln are similar in composition yet differ significantly from that employed in the Baishe kiln. Potassium feldspar was added to the glazes of the Baishe and Lanxi kiln, potentially existing exchanges of process of the two kilns due to their geographic proximity. The firing atmosphere of bluish‐white porcelain with different glaze colors in the same kiln exhibits significant variations. In particular, the lake blue sample undergoes firing under a strong reducing atmosphere, resulting in an excess content of Fe2+ in octahedral hexagon coordination within the glaze, thereby intensifying its blue hue. The colors of various glazes are determined by both chemical color and physical color. The former is a result of the absorption of Fe3+ in the ultraviolet region and the d‐d electron orbital transition of Fe2+ in the infrared region. However, the latter is not the scattering physical color but the diffuse reflection physical color produced by bubbles and anorthite crystallization layers.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A structure consisting of roughly spherical particles of pearlite approximately 50 μm in diameter has repeatedly been observed in iron fragments excavated from across the Mongolian steppe. This structure illustrates a treatment where molten cast iron was subjected to an isothermal solidification reaction driven by the lowering of its carbon level through rapid decarburization. A simplified diffusion‐controlled model predicts that the reaction will be completed almost instantly once the cast iron reaches the fully molten state in an oxidizing environment. The technique apparently served as an effective process for small‐scale steelmaking, particularly in marginal steppe environments.
{"title":"The time scale of nomadic steelmaking from molten cast iron","authors":"Jang‐Sik Park","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13007","url":null,"abstract":"A structure consisting of roughly spherical particles of pearlite approximately 50 μm in diameter has repeatedly been observed in iron fragments excavated from across the Mongolian steppe. This structure illustrates a treatment where molten cast iron was subjected to an isothermal solidification reaction driven by the lowering of its carbon level through rapid decarburization. A simplified diffusion‐controlled model predicts that the reaction will be completed almost instantly once the cast iron reaches the fully molten state in an oxidizing environment. The technique apparently served as an effective process for small‐scale steelmaking, particularly in marginal steppe environments.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Warchulski, Maciej Kałaska, B. Rizzuto, Paula Sierpień, Marcin Pisarek, Grzegorz Kaproń, Beata Marciniak‐Maliszewska, P. Jokubauskas, Jakub Kotowski, Dorota Środek, Patrycja Prządka‐Giersz, M. Giersz
This study aims to characterize the phase composition and chemistry of the speiss/matte sample from the Metallurgist's Burial at Castillo de Huarmey and to use the information derived from these analyses to infer the temperatures, furnace conditions, and ores associated with the smelting processes, which created the speiss/matte sample. For this purpose, a number of geochemical analyses were performed on the spies/matte fragment: analysis of the general chemical composition (handheld X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry [hhXRF], X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS]), analysis of the chemical composition in the micro area (field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector [FE‐SEM‐EDS], field emission electron probe microanalysis [FE‐EPMA]), analysis of the mineral composition (X‐ray diffraction [XRD]), and analysis of the phase composition (Raman spectroscopy). Chemical and mineralogical analyses of the speiss/matte specimen determined that the specimen is composed of distinct arsenide, arsenate, sulfide, and glass phases. During the smelting process, the charge material consisted mainly of Cu, Fe, and As sulfides. Arsenopyrite is the most likely candidate as the mineral source of arsenic. In addition, temperatures of at least 1200°C were achieved during the smelting process, with smelting occurring over a relatively short timeframe given that effective density separation of speiss and matte phases was not achieved.
本研究旨在确定华美城堡冶金学家墓葬中的矛/马特样本的相组成和化学特征，并利用从这些分析中获得的信息来推断与冶炼过程相关的温度、熔炉条件和矿石，这些信息造就了矛/马特样本。为此，对间谍/马特碎片进行了一系列地球化学分析：一般化学成分分析（手持式 X 射线荧光光谱仪[hhXRF]、X 射线光电子能谱仪[XPS]）、微区化学成分分析（带能量色散光谱探测器的场发射扫描电子显微镜[FE-SEM-EDS]、场发射电子探针显微分析[FE-EPMA]）、矿物成分分析（X 射线衍射[XRD]）和相成分分析（拉曼光谱）。对特制/哑光试样进行的化学和矿物分析表明，该试样由不同的砷化物、砷酸盐、硫化物和玻璃相组成。在冶炼过程中，炉料主要由铜、铁和砷的硫化物组成。黄铜矿最有可能是砷的矿物来源。此外，在熔炼过程中，温度至少达到 1200°C，熔炼时间相对较短，因为没有实现矛状相和雾状相的有效密度分离。
{"title":"In‐depth study of a speiss/matte sample from Castillo de Huarmey, North Coast of Peru, and its implications for the pre‐Columbian production of arsenic bronze in the Central Andes","authors":"R. Warchulski, Maciej Kałaska, B. Rizzuto, Paula Sierpień, Marcin Pisarek, Grzegorz Kaproń, Beata Marciniak‐Maliszewska, P. Jokubauskas, Jakub Kotowski, Dorota Środek, Patrycja Prządka‐Giersz, M. Giersz","doi":"10.1111/arcm.13000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.13000","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to characterize the phase composition and chemistry of the speiss/matte sample from the Metallurgist's Burial at Castillo de Huarmey and to use the information derived from these analyses to infer the temperatures, furnace conditions, and ores associated with the smelting processes, which created the speiss/matte sample. For this purpose, a number of geochemical analyses were performed on the spies/matte fragment: analysis of the general chemical composition (handheld X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry [hhXRF], X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS]), analysis of the chemical composition in the micro area (field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector [FE‐SEM‐EDS], field emission electron probe microanalysis [FE‐EPMA]), analysis of the mineral composition (X‐ray diffraction [XRD]), and analysis of the phase composition (Raman spectroscopy). Chemical and mineralogical analyses of the speiss/matte specimen determined that the specimen is composed of distinct arsenide, arsenate, sulfide, and glass phases. During the smelting process, the charge material consisted mainly of Cu, Fe, and As sulfides. Arsenopyrite is the most likely candidate as the mineral source of arsenic. In addition, temperatures of at least 1200°C were achieved during the smelting process, with smelting occurring over a relatively short timeframe given that effective density separation of speiss and matte phases was not achieved.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141370890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we present an isotopic perspective of key research questions in Andean bioarchaeology, focusing on the ways in which stable and radiogenic isotope analyses have contributed to our understanding of the past. Andean archaeology offers a window into long‐term processes of economic, socioecological and political change since the mid‐Holocene, thus providing historical trajectories of socio‐ecological change relevant for global comparison. The spatial scale of this review includes the areas traditionally identified as the south‐central Andes and the southern Andes. These ecological scenarios are characterised by marked topographic, climatic and ecological variations that are fruitful for the application of isotopes to understand diet, mobility, migration and ritual in past human societies. Within the broader Andean context, here we focus on the growth of bioarchaeological applications of isotopic data. We discuss some major themes of economic production, mobility and exploitation of environmental diversity, maize agriculture, migrations in small‐ and large‐scale societies and ritual practices related to human sacrifices and body modifications. Building on this, we discuss theoretical and methodological trends and directions for future research combining bioarchaeology and isotopes in the Andes.
{"title":"Isotopes and bioarchaeology in the Andes: Diet, life histories, and ritual","authors":"Augusto Tessone, Ramiro Barberena, K. Knudson","doi":"10.1111/arcm.12989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12989","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present an isotopic perspective of key research questions in Andean bioarchaeology, focusing on the ways in which stable and radiogenic isotope analyses have contributed to our understanding of the past. Andean archaeology offers a window into long‐term processes of economic, socioecological and political change since the mid‐Holocene, thus providing historical trajectories of socio‐ecological change relevant for global comparison. The spatial scale of this review includes the areas traditionally identified as the south‐central Andes and the southern Andes. These ecological scenarios are characterised by marked topographic, climatic and ecological variations that are fruitful for the application of isotopes to understand diet, mobility, migration and ritual in past human societies. Within the broader Andean context, here we focus on the growth of bioarchaeological applications of isotopic data. We discuss some major themes of economic production, mobility and exploitation of environmental diversity, maize agriculture, migrations in small‐ and large‐scale societies and ritual practices related to human sacrifices and body modifications. Building on this, we discuss theoretical and methodological trends and directions for future research combining bioarchaeology and isotopes in the Andes.","PeriodicalId":8254,"journal":{"name":"Archaeometry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Cecilia Fuertes, Valeria Palamarczuk, Cristián Huck‐Iriart, Diego G. Lamas
The black pigments used in Late Period (11th–17th centuries) painted pottery in the Yocavil Valley were characterized. Changes and continuities in the composition of this material over an extended span were evaluated. A regional sample of 47 potsherds from the Loma Rica, San José, and Santa María styles was collected, and for the first time micro wide‐angle X‐ray scattering was used in these ceramic styles. The results indicate the simultaneous presence of iron oxides (hematite) and solid solutions of manganese and iron oxides (jacobsite–magnetite). Besides, the paints were prepared by mixing the pigments with clay‐based binding materials.
对约卡维尔山谷晚期（11-17 世纪）彩陶中使用的黑色颜料进行了特征描述。对这一材料成分在较长时期内的变化和连续性进行了评估。收集了来自洛马里卡、圣何塞和圣玛丽亚风格的 47 件陶器样本，并首次在这些陶瓷风格中使用了微广角 X 射线散射法。结果表明同时存在铁氧化物（赤铁矿）以及锰和铁氧化物的固溶体（芒硝-磁铁矿）。此外，颜料是通过将颜料与基于粘土的结合材料混合而制备的。
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