Background: The inappropriate use of antibiotics results in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and adverse clinical and economic outcomes in hospital in-patients. A lack of institutional and national antibiotic guidelines promotes inappropriate antibiotic use. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing, and the quality of antibiotic use in medical wards of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted and placed on antibiotics in the medical wards of Lagos University Teaching Hospital between July 2013 and August 2014. The appropriateness of antibiotic therapy was determined by compliance with the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Results: A total of 350 hospitalized patients on antibiotic therapy during the period of the study were reviewed, including 197 (56.3%) males and 153 females (43.7%). The mean age of the patients was 48.7±17.6 years and a total of 539 initial antibiotics were empirically prescribed. Antibiotic therapy was considered inappropriate in 290 (82.9%) patients, of which 131 (37.4%) patients had no evidence of infection. Pneumonia (23.1%) was the most common indication for antibiotic use, out of which 59.3% had inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Overall, the most frequently prescribed initial empirical antibiotic classes were imidazole derivatives (32.4%) and cephalosporins (22.0%), while the most frequently prescribed inappropriate antibiotic classes were carbapenems (100.0%) and quinolones (89.3%). Conclusion: The study revealed a high rate of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. There is an imperative need to establish antimicrobial stewardship programmes to curb the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the hospital. French title: Modèle d'utilisation inappropriée d'antibiotiques chez les patients des services médicaux d'un hôpital tertiaire du sud-ouest du Nigeria Contexte: L'utilisation inappropriée d'antibiotiques entraîne l'émergence d'une résistance aux antimicrobiens et des résultats cliniques et économiques défavorables chez les patients hospitalisés. L’absence de directives institutionnelles et nationales sur les antibiotiques favorise une utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques. Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'évaluer la pertinence de la prescription d'antibiotiques et la qualité de l'utilisation des antibiotiques dans les services médicaux de l'hôpital universitaire de Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive portant sur des patients admis et placés sous antibiotiques dans les services médicaux de l'hôpital universitaire de Lagos entre juillet 2013 et août 2014. La pertinence de l'antibiothérapie a été déterminée par le respect des directives de l'Infectious Diseases Society. d'Amérique (IDSA). Résultats: Au total, 350 patients hospitalisés sous antibiothérapie au
{"title":"Pattern of inappropriate antibiotic use among patients in the medical wards of a tertiary hospital in southwest Nigeria","authors":"I.I. Otaigbe, P. Oshun, O. Oduyebo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The inappropriate use of antibiotics results in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and adverse clinical and economic outcomes in hospital in-patients. A lack of institutional and national antibiotic guidelines promotes inappropriate antibiotic use. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing, and the quality of antibiotic use in medical wards of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted and placed on antibiotics in the medical wards of Lagos University Teaching Hospital between July 2013 and August 2014. The appropriateness of antibiotic therapy was determined by compliance with the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). \u0000Results: A total of 350 hospitalized patients on antibiotic therapy during the period of the study were reviewed, including 197 (56.3%) males and 153 females (43.7%). The mean age of the patients was 48.7±17.6 years and a total of 539 initial antibiotics were empirically prescribed. Antibiotic therapy was considered inappropriate in 290 (82.9%) patients, of which 131 (37.4%) patients had no evidence of infection. Pneumonia (23.1%) was the most common indication for antibiotic use, out of which 59.3% had inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Overall, the most frequently prescribed initial empirical antibiotic classes were imidazole derivatives (32.4%) and cephalosporins (22.0%), while the most frequently prescribed inappropriate antibiotic classes were carbapenems (100.0%) and quinolones (89.3%). \u0000Conclusion: The study revealed a high rate of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. There is an imperative need to establish antimicrobial stewardship programmes to curb the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the hospital. \u0000 \u0000French title: Modèle d'utilisation inappropriée d'antibiotiques chez les patients des services médicaux d'un hôpital tertiaire du sud-ouest du Nigeria \u0000 \u0000Contexte: L'utilisation inappropriée d'antibiotiques entraîne l'émergence d'une résistance aux antimicrobiens et des résultats cliniques et économiques défavorables chez les patients hospitalisés. L’absence de directives institutionnelles et nationales sur les antibiotiques favorise une utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques. Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'évaluer la pertinence de la prescription d'antibiotiques et la qualité de l'utilisation des antibiotiques dans les services médicaux de l'hôpital universitaire de Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. \u0000Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive portant sur des patients admis et placés sous antibiotiques dans les services médicaux de l'hôpital universitaire de Lagos entre juillet 2013 et août 2014. La pertinence de l'antibiothérapie a été déterminée par le respect des directives de l'Infectious Diseases Society. d'Amérique (IDSA). \u0000Résultats: Au total, 350 patients hospitalisés sous antibiothérapie au ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Adatsi, F. Pappoe, A. S. Bockarie, L. Derkyi-Kwarteng, P. Nsiah, E.W. Weyori, K. Dankwa, E. Aniakwaa-Bonsu, J. Setorglo, S. Acquah
Background: Scientific information on the impact of malaria on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited in the Ghanaian context. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between selected risk markers of T2DM in falciparum malaria patients post-COVID-19 or not at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of 38-recovered COVID-19 adult participants with malaria and 40 unexposed COVID-19 adults with malaria at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Demographic, anthropometric and levels of glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and lipid profiles were measured in the two groups of participants under fasting conditions. Parasitaemia was assessed microscopically but insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed by the homeostatic model. Results: The COVID-19 exposed participants were older (p=0.035) with lower parasitaemia (p=0.025) but higher mean levels of insulin, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with their unexposed counterparts (p<0.05). Parasitaemia correlated positively with a number of the measured indices of diabetogenic risk markers in the COVID-19 exposed group only, and predicted (Adjusted R2=0.751; p=0.031) by beta-cell function, C-reactive protein and triglycerides with the model explaining about 75% of the observed variation. Parasitaemia could only be predicted (Adjusted R2=0.245; p=0.002) by C-reactive protein with the model explaining just about a quarter of the observed variation in the COVID-19 unexposed group. Insulin resistance and sub-optimal beta-cell function were detected in both groups of participants. Conclusion: Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers for development of T2DM irrespective of COVID-19 exposure. Insulin resistance, inflammation and sub-optimal beta-cell secretory function may drive the risk. The observed diabetogenic risk is higher in the recovered COVID-19 participants. French title: Le paludisme à falciparum est associé à des marqueurs de risque de diabète sucré de type 2 chez les individusavec ou sans exposition au COVID-19 Contexte: Les informations scientifiques sur l'impact du paludisme sur le risque de développer un diabète sucré de type 2 (DT2) après la guérison de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) sont limitées dans le contexte ghanéen. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner l'association entre certains marqueurs de risque de DT2 chez les patients atteints de paludisme à falciparum après le COVID-19 ou non dans un hôpital tertiaire du Ghana. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude comparative transversale descriptive portant sur 38 participants dultes atteints de COVID-19 guéris et atteints de paludisme et 40 adultes COVID-19 non exposés atteints de paludisme à l'hôpital universitaire de Tamale, au Ghana. Les niveaux démographiques, anthropométriques et de glucose, d'insul
{"title":"Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with or without COVID-19 exposure","authors":"R. Adatsi, F. Pappoe, A. S. Bockarie, L. Derkyi-Kwarteng, P. Nsiah, E.W. Weyori, K. Dankwa, E. Aniakwaa-Bonsu, J. Setorglo, S. Acquah","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Scientific information on the impact of malaria on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited in the Ghanaian context. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between selected risk markers of T2DM in falciparum malaria patients post-COVID-19 or not at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. \u0000Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of 38-recovered COVID-19 adult participants with malaria and 40 unexposed COVID-19 adults with malaria at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Demographic, anthropometric and levels of glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and lipid profiles were measured in the two groups of participants under fasting conditions. Parasitaemia was assessed microscopically but insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed by the homeostatic model. \u0000Results: The COVID-19 exposed participants were older (p=0.035) with lower parasitaemia (p=0.025) but higher mean levels of insulin, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with their unexposed counterparts (p<0.05). Parasitaemia correlated positively with a number of the measured indices of diabetogenic risk markers in the COVID-19 exposed group only, and predicted (Adjusted R2=0.751; p=0.031) by beta-cell function, C-reactive protein and triglycerides with the model explaining about 75% of the observed variation. Parasitaemia could only be predicted (Adjusted R2=0.245; p=0.002) by C-reactive protein with the model explaining just about a quarter of the observed variation in the COVID-19 unexposed group. Insulin resistance and sub-optimal beta-cell function were detected in both groups of participants. \u0000Conclusion: Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers for development of T2DM irrespective of COVID-19 exposure. Insulin resistance, inflammation and sub-optimal beta-cell secretory function may drive the risk. The observed diabetogenic risk is higher in the recovered COVID-19 participants. \u0000 \u0000French title: Le paludisme à falciparum est associé à des marqueurs de risque de diabète sucré de type 2 chez les individusavec ou sans exposition au COVID-19 \u0000 \u0000Contexte: Les informations scientifiques sur l'impact du paludisme sur le risque de développer un diabète sucré de type 2 (DT2) après la guérison de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) sont limitées dans le contexte ghanéen. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner l'association entre certains marqueurs de risque de DT2 chez les patients atteints de paludisme à falciparum après le COVID-19 ou non dans un hôpital tertiaire du Ghana. \u0000Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude comparative transversale descriptive portant sur 38 participants dultes atteints de COVID-19 guéris et atteints de paludisme et 40 adultes COVID-19 non exposés atteints de paludisme à l'hôpital universitaire de Tamale, au Ghana. Les niveaux démographiques, anthropométriques et de glucose, d'insul","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Nutritional status is one of the most important determinants of immune response to infection. The objective of this study was to assess the serum concentrations of selected trace elements in selected patients on anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Methodology: This was a prospective observational study of selected TB patients attending the TB treatment centers of selected hospitals in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for assessment of the serum concentrations of some essential trace elements during anti-TB therapy. First, participants with suspected pulmonary TB were consecutively selected and sputum samples were collected from each of them into wide mouth containers for GeneXpert TB analysis. Then, 5 millilitres of venous blood were collected from participants who tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) on GeneXpert test into plain specimen containers at the time of diagnosis, and at the 2 nd, 4th and 6th month of anti-TB therapy. Blood samples were also collected from randomly selected apparently healthy individuals as controls. The samples were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes, and serum concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), selenium (Se) and chromium (Cr) were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: A total of 155 participants with suspected TB were selected for the study, 83 (53.5%) were females while 72 (46.5%) were males. Majority of the participants were in age group 31-50 years. Thirteen (8.4%) participants were positive for MTB on GeneXpert analysis and placed on standard anti-TB therapy, while 1 participant defaulted. The mean serum concentrations of all the trace elements measured for the 12 positive participants at the different stages of anti-TB therapy was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean serum concentrations of Zn, Fe and Se were significantly increased at the 4 th and 6th month of therapy compared to the concentration at diagnosis and at 2 nd month of treatment. However, the mean serum concentrations of Cu and Cr significantly decreased at the 6 th month of treatment compared to their concentrations at initial diagnosis. Conclusion: Assessment of the serum concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Se and Cr could serve as indicator of nutritional status and oxidative stress, as well as serve as treatment indices to assess patients on anti-TB therapy. English title: Évaluation de la concentration sérique des oligo-éléments essentiels au cours du traitement chez les patients tuberculeux à Uyo, Nigeria Contexte: L'état nutritionnel est l'un des déterminants les plus importants de la réponse immunitaire à l'infection. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les concentrations sériques d'oligo-éléments sélectionnés chez des patients sélectionnés sous traitement antituberculeux (TB) à Uyo, dans l'État d'Akwa Ibom, au Nigeria. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude observationnelle prospective de patients tuberculeux sélecti
{"title":"Evaluation of serum concentration of essential trace elements during therapy among tuberculosis patients in Uyo, Nigeria","authors":"A. Umo, S. G. Umoh, S. A. Adie, Prof. S. S. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nutritional status is one of the most important determinants of immune response to infection. The objective of this study was to assess the serum concentrations of selected trace elements in selected patients on anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\u0000Methodology: This was a prospective observational study of selected TB patients attending the TB treatment centers of selected hospitals in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for assessment of the serum concentrations of some essential trace elements during anti-TB therapy. First, participants with suspected pulmonary TB were consecutively selected and sputum samples were collected from each of them into wide mouth containers for GeneXpert TB analysis. Then, 5 millilitres of venous blood were collected from participants who tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) on GeneXpert test into plain specimen containers at the time of diagnosis, and at the 2 nd, 4th and 6th month of anti-TB therapy. Blood samples were also collected from randomly selected apparently healthy individuals as controls. The samples were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes, and serum concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), selenium (Se) and chromium (Cr) were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry.\u0000Results: A total of 155 participants with suspected TB were selected for the study, 83 (53.5%) were females while 72 (46.5%) were males. Majority of the participants were in age group 31-50 years. Thirteen (8.4%) participants were positive for MTB on GeneXpert analysis and placed on standard anti-TB therapy, while 1 participant defaulted. The mean serum concentrations of all the trace elements measured for the 12 positive participants at the different stages of anti-TB therapy was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean serum concentrations of Zn, Fe and Se were significantly increased at the 4 th and 6th month of therapy compared to the concentration at diagnosis and at 2 nd month of treatment. However, the mean serum concentrations of Cu and Cr significantly decreased at the 6 th month of treatment compared to their concentrations at initial diagnosis.\u0000Conclusion: Assessment of the serum concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Se and Cr could serve as indicator of nutritional status and oxidative stress, as well as serve as treatment indices to assess patients on anti-TB therapy. \u0000English title: Évaluation de la concentration sérique des oligo-éléments essentiels au cours du traitement chez les patients tuberculeux à Uyo, Nigeria\u0000Contexte: L'état nutritionnel est l'un des déterminants les plus importants de la réponse immunitaire à l'infection. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les concentrations sériques d'oligo-éléments sélectionnés chez des patients sélectionnés sous traitement antituberculeux (TB) à Uyo, dans l'État d'Akwa Ibom, au Nigeria.\u0000Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude observationnelle prospective de patients tuberculeux sélecti","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. E. Bassey, M. Mbah, S. Akpan, E. Ikpi, A. Alaribe
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most encountered bacterial infections of humans and affect both male and female of all age groups, resulting in high mortality, without proper management. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, aetiological agents, and factors associated with symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of 240 patients with suspected UTI, from whom mid-stream voided urine samples were collected for culture on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. Uropathogens growth on the culture media were characterized using conventional microbiological and biochemical tests, and confirmed with API® 20E and 20NE (BioMérieux) identification system. Data on socio-demographic, clinical symptoms and potential risk factors were obtained using structured questionnaire. Pearson Chi- square was employed to determine association between categorical variables with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of all the urine samples collected from the 240 patients, 13 samples were contaminated during collection, leaving 227 samples for analysis. Sixty-five (28.6%) of the 227 patients had symptomatic significant bacteriuria. Previous history of UTI (OR=2.863, 95% CI=1.582-5.180, p=0.008), contraceptive use (OR=3.469, 95% CI=1.446-8.320, p=0.012), pregnancy (OR=9.94, 95% CI=3.867-25.571, p<0.0001) and history of urinary catheterization (OR=4.417, 95% CI=1.024-19.053, p=0.045) were significantly associated with prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI. Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%) was the most predominant isolate, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (16.9%) and Escherichia coli (12.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria, was 28.6% (65/227), with K. pneumoniae and CoNS being the major aetiologic agents. Our study shows that previous history of UTI, pregnancy, history of urinary catheterization, contraceptive use, dysuria and occupation were significantly associated with symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI (p<0.05). Routine screening for UTI is recommended for pregnant women, patients with dysuria, previous episodes of UTI, and catheterized patients. French title: Prévalence de la bactériurie symptomatique significative et des facteurs de risque associés chez les patients fréquentant les principaux hôpitaux de Calabar, Nigeria Contexte: Les infections des voies urinaires (IVU) font partie des infections bactériennes les plus rencontrées chez l'homme et touchent à la fois les hommes et les femmes de tous les groupes d'âge, entraînant une mortalité élevée, sans prise en charge appropriée. Cette étude visait à évaluer la prévalence, les agents étiologiques et les facteurs associés à une bactériurie/IVU symptomatique significative chez les
{"title":"Prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria and associated risk factors among patients attending major hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"E. E. Bassey, M. Mbah, S. Akpan, E. Ikpi, A. Alaribe","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most encountered bacterial infections of humans and affect both male and female of all age groups, resulting in high mortality, without proper management. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, aetiological agents, and factors associated with symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of 240 patients with suspected UTI, from whom mid-stream voided urine samples were collected for culture on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. Uropathogens growth on the culture media were characterized using conventional microbiological and biochemical tests, and confirmed with API® 20E and 20NE (BioMérieux) identification system. Data on socio-demographic, clinical symptoms and potential risk factors were obtained using structured questionnaire. Pearson Chi- square was employed to determine association between categorical variables with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: Of all the urine samples collected from the 240 patients, 13 samples were contaminated during collection, leaving 227 samples for analysis. Sixty-five (28.6%) of the 227 patients had symptomatic significant bacteriuria. Previous history of UTI (OR=2.863, 95% CI=1.582-5.180, p=0.008), contraceptive use (OR=3.469, 95% CI=1.446-8.320, p=0.012), pregnancy (OR=9.94, 95% CI=3.867-25.571, p<0.0001) and history of urinary catheterization (OR=4.417, 95% CI=1.024-19.053, p=0.045) were significantly associated with prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI. Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%) was the most predominant isolate, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (16.9%) and Escherichia coli (12.3%). \u0000Conclusion: The prevalence of symptomatic significant bacteriuria among patients attending selected hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria, was 28.6% (65/227), with K. pneumoniae and CoNS being the major aetiologic agents. Our study shows that previous history of UTI, pregnancy, history of urinary catheterization, contraceptive use, dysuria and occupation were significantly associated with symptomatic significant bacteriuria/UTI (p<0.05). Routine screening for UTI is recommended for pregnant women, patients with dysuria, previous episodes of UTI, and catheterized patients. \u0000 \u0000French title: Prévalence de la bactériurie symptomatique significative et des facteurs de risque associés chez les patients fréquentant les principaux hôpitaux de Calabar, Nigeria \u0000Contexte: Les infections des voies urinaires (IVU) font partie des infections bactériennes les plus rencontrées chez l'homme et touchent à la fois les hommes et les femmes de tous les groupes d'âge, entraînant une mortalité élevée, sans prise en charge appropriée. Cette étude visait à évaluer la prévalence, les agents étiologiques et les facteurs associés à une bactériurie/IVU symptomatique significative chez les ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Isichei-Ukah, O. Akinnibosun, C.N. Nwaka, E. Igbinosa
Background: Enterococci are commensal bacteria resident in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. However, their increasing resistance to clinically important antimicrobial agents remain a global threat. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence factors of Enterococcus isolated from selected poultry farms in Benin City, Nigeria. Methodology: Sixty samples (20 feed, 20 water and 20 faecal samples) were randomly collected from five selected poultry farms in different commercial farming areas between August and September 2020. The samples were first enriched in Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) and then cultured on Bile Aesculin Azide (BAA) agar aerobically at 37oC for 18-24 hours. Black colonies on BAA agar were presumptively identified as Enterococcus and confirmed by conventional biochemical tests and Analytical Profile Index (API) rapid ID 32 STREP. Theantibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The virulence factors and biofilm formation were evaluated using standard bacteriological and microtitre plate methods. Results: In total, Enterococcus-positive samples were 32/60 (53.3%) with a total of 45 Enterococcus isolates. The speciation of the Enterococcus isolates based on API rapid ID 32 STREP were Enterococcus faecium 15/45 (33.3%), Enterococcus faecalis 12/45 (26.7%), Enterococcus durans 8/45 (17.8%), Enterococcus casseliflavus 5/45 (11.1%) and Enterococcus hirae 5/45 (11.1%). The isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (100.0%), fosfomycin (95.6%) and penicillin G (88.9%) and the least resistance to ciprofloxacin (22.2%) and chloramphenicol (28.9%). The virulence factors of Enterococcus species observed were gelatinase, β-hemolytic and hyaluronidase activity, biofilm, and S-layer formation. The degree of biofilm formation by the Enterococcus species was strong biofilm formation (19/45, 42.2%), moderate biofilm formation (10/45, 22.2%), weak biofilm formation (11/45, 24.4%) and no biofilm formation (5/45, 11.1%). Conclusion: Findings from this study emphasized on the potential health implications associated with antimicrobial resistance and phenotypic virulence factors of Enterococcus in poultry products
{"title":"A survey of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in Enterococcus species isolated from poultry farms in Benin City, Nigeria","authors":"B. Isichei-Ukah, O. Akinnibosun, C.N. Nwaka, E. Igbinosa","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Enterococci are commensal bacteria resident in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. However, their increasing resistance to clinically important antimicrobial agents remain a global threat. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence factors of Enterococcus isolated from selected poultry farms in Benin City, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Sixty samples (20 feed, 20 water and 20 faecal samples) were randomly collected from five selected poultry farms in different commercial farming areas between August and September 2020. The samples were first enriched in Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) and then cultured on Bile Aesculin Azide (BAA) agar aerobically at 37oC for 18-24 hours. Black colonies on BAA agar were presumptively identified as Enterococcus and confirmed by conventional biochemical tests and Analytical Profile Index (API) rapid ID 32 STREP. Theantibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The virulence factors and biofilm formation were evaluated using standard bacteriological and microtitre plate methods. \u0000Results: In total, Enterococcus-positive samples were 32/60 (53.3%) with a total of 45 Enterococcus isolates. The speciation of the Enterococcus isolates based on API rapid ID 32 STREP were Enterococcus faecium 15/45 (33.3%), Enterococcus faecalis 12/45 (26.7%), Enterococcus durans 8/45 (17.8%), Enterococcus casseliflavus 5/45 (11.1%) and Enterococcus hirae 5/45 (11.1%). The isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (100.0%), fosfomycin (95.6%) and penicillin G (88.9%) and the least resistance to ciprofloxacin (22.2%) and chloramphenicol (28.9%). The virulence factors of Enterococcus species observed were gelatinase, β-hemolytic and hyaluronidase activity, biofilm, and S-layer formation. The degree of biofilm formation by the Enterococcus species was strong biofilm formation (19/45, 42.2%), moderate biofilm formation (10/45, 22.2%), weak biofilm formation (11/45, 24.4%) and no biofilm formation (5/45, 11.1%). \u0000Conclusion: Findings from this study emphasized on the potential health implications associated with antimicrobial resistance and phenotypic virulence factors of Enterococcus in poultry products ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ikinyom, A. Lamwaka, A. T. Malagala, E.K. Ndyomugyenyi
Background: Nutraceutical plants (NP) play a vital role as supportive treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). However, there is limited scientific evidence on the efficacy of NP to justify their extensive use. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three nutraceutical plants which are commonly used as antimicrobials. Methodology: Leaves of Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill., and stem bark of Mangifera indica L. were collected from Northern Uganda. The three samples of each NP were extracted with acetone and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were determined using the serial broth microdilution technique [1]. The mean MIC values of the extracts against each bacterial species were recorded. Results: The three NP extracts were active against all the four bacteria species with MIC ranging from 0.08 to 2.5 mg/ml. The extract of Cajanus cajan was very active against Klebsiella pneumoniae with the lowest recorded MIC value of 0.08 mg/ml. The extract of Mangifera indica bark was very active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the lowest MIC of 0.08 mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of the present study support the traditional use of the nutraceutical plants as antimicrobials.
背景：营养保健植物（NP）作为抗逆转录病毒药物（ARVs）的辅助治疗手段发挥着重要作用。然而，有关 NP 疗效的科学证据有限，无法证明其广泛使用的合理性。本研究旨在评估三种常用抗菌药营养保健植物的抗菌活性。研究方法从乌干达北部采集 Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.和 Eucalyptus globulus Labill.的叶片以及 Mangifera indica L. 的茎皮。用丙酮萃取每种 NP 的三个样本，并采用系列肉汤微量稀释技术测定萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)[1]。记录了提取物对每种细菌的平均 MIC 值。结果三种 NP 提取物对所有四种细菌都有活性，其 MIC 值介于 0.08 至 2.5 毫克/毫升之间。Cajanus cajan 的提取物对肺炎克雷伯菌非常有效，最低的 MIC 值为 0.08 毫克/毫升。芒果树皮提取物对铜绿假单胞菌非常有效，最低的 MIC 值为 0.08 毫克/毫升。结论本研究的结果支持传统上使用营养保健植物作为抗菌剂。
{"title":"Antimicrobial activity of selected nutraceutical plants used in Northern Uganda","authors":"N. Ikinyom, A. Lamwaka, A. T. Malagala, E.K. Ndyomugyenyi","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nutraceutical plants (NP) play a vital role as supportive treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). However, there is limited scientific evidence on the efficacy of NP to justify their extensive use. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three nutraceutical plants which are commonly used as antimicrobials. \u0000Methodology: Leaves of Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill., and stem bark of Mangifera indica L. were collected from Northern Uganda. The three samples of each NP were extracted with acetone and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were determined using the serial broth microdilution technique [1]. The mean MIC values of the extracts against each bacterial species were recorded. \u0000Results: The three NP extracts were active against all the four bacteria species with MIC ranging from 0.08 to 2.5 mg/ml. The extract of Cajanus cajan was very active against Klebsiella pneumoniae with the lowest recorded MIC value of 0.08 mg/ml. The extract of Mangifera indica bark was very active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the lowest MIC of 0.08 mg/ml. \u0000Conclusion: The results of the present study support the traditional use of the nutraceutical plants as antimicrobials. ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. Gbégbé, N. P. N’zi, S. Monthaut, D. M. Angaman, Prof. S. S. Taiwo
Background: The escalating issue of bacterial resistance is a profound universal peril. This looming crisis has evolved from a mere forecast to a tangible reality globally. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) significantly influence antibiotic prescriptions in primary care, thus crucially impacting the selective pressure and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A profound comprehension of the microorganisms involved in UTIs and their resistance patterns is crucial, particularly in Daloa city, Côte d’Ivoire. This research aims to review the antibiotic resistance profiles of uropathogens isolated from patients in the Regional Hospital Center (CHR) of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire from January 2019 to December 2022. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 1,513 patients whose voided urine samples were received at the Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory of CHR for cyto-bacteriological examination and aerobic culture using standard microbiological protocols over a period of 4 years. Bacterial isolates were routinely identified by colony morphology, Gram staining reaction and conventional biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates was determined by the agar diffusion method and interpreted following the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CASFM) guidelines. Results: Of the 1,513 patient urine samples examined, 246 (16.3%) were positive for microbial organisms, 216 (14.3%) were positive for significant bacterial isolates, 9 (0.6%) were positive for fungi, and 21 (1.4%) were positive for ova of Schistosoma haematobium. Among the samples with significant bacteriuria, 91.2% were due to Gram-negative bacilli, 5.9% to Gram-positive cocci, and 2.9% to Gram-negative cocci. Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacterial pathogen, accounting for 73.2% of the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high in vitro resistance of the bacterial isolates to tested antibiotics, with Enterobacteriaceae exhibiting resistance rate between 56.0% for nalidixic acid (NAL) and 67.0% for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exhibited 50.0% resistance rate to ceftazidime (CAZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ticarcillin (TIC) while Staphylococcus isolates demonstrated 100.0% resistance rate to ofloxacin (OFX), clindamycin (CMN), erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and fusidic acid (FA). The extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates were identified in 15.1% of the Enterobacteriaceae. Conclusion: The high prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from significant bacteriuria in our study highlights the pressing need for the formulation and implementation of strategies to address this potential public health menace. The findings of our study may be useful for healthcare authorities to plan strategic interventions that will assist in optimizing the management of bacteriuria and UTI in the city of Daloa.
{"title":"Antibiotic resistance profiles of uropathogenic bacterial isolates in Haut-Sassandra Region, Côte d’Ivoire from January 2019 to December 2022","authors":"D. A. Gbégbé, N. P. N’zi, S. Monthaut, D. M. Angaman, Prof. S. S. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The escalating issue of bacterial resistance is a profound universal peril. This looming crisis has evolved from a mere forecast to a tangible reality globally. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) significantly influence antibiotic prescriptions in primary care, thus crucially impacting the selective pressure and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A profound comprehension of the microorganisms involved in UTIs and their resistance patterns is crucial, particularly in Daloa city, Côte d’Ivoire. This research aims to review the antibiotic resistance profiles of uropathogens isolated from patients in the Regional Hospital Center (CHR) of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire from January 2019 to December 2022. \u0000Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 1,513 patients whose voided urine samples were received at the Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory of CHR for cyto-bacteriological examination and aerobic culture using standard microbiological protocols over a period of 4 years. Bacterial isolates were routinely identified by colony morphology, Gram staining reaction and conventional biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates was determined by the agar diffusion method and interpreted following the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CASFM) guidelines. \u0000Results: Of the 1,513 patient urine samples examined, 246 (16.3%) were positive for microbial organisms, 216 (14.3%) were positive for significant bacterial isolates, 9 (0.6%) were positive for fungi, and 21 (1.4%) were positive for ova of Schistosoma haematobium. Among the samples with significant bacteriuria, 91.2% were due to Gram-negative bacilli, 5.9% to Gram-positive cocci, and 2.9% to Gram-negative cocci. Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacterial pathogen, accounting for 73.2% of the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high in vitro resistance of the bacterial isolates to tested antibiotics, with Enterobacteriaceae exhibiting resistance rate between 56.0% for nalidixic acid (NAL) and 67.0% for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exhibited 50.0% resistance rate to ceftazidime (CAZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ticarcillin (TIC) while Staphylococcus isolates demonstrated 100.0% resistance rate to ofloxacin (OFX), clindamycin (CMN), erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and fusidic acid (FA). The extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates were identified in 15.1% of the Enterobacteriaceae. \u0000Conclusion: The high prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from significant bacteriuria in our study highlights the pressing need for the formulation and implementation of strategies to address this potential public health menace. The findings of our study may be useful for healthcare authorities to plan strategic interventions that will assist in optimizing the management of bacteriuria and UTI in the city of Daloa. \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Fusarium species remain important fugal pathogens that produce several mycotoxins with adverse effects on both plant and animals. This work aimed to identify biocontrol agent from rhizofunctional bacteria and assess its antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp. using dual culture technique. Methodology: Briefly a circular disc of the Fusarium sp. was inoculated at the center of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plate and incubated for three days. The bacterial isolates were then inoculated about 2cm from the Fusarium hyphal tips and incubated for three days, and zone of inhibition was examined. Isolates that showed antagonistic activities against the fungi were subculture in nutrient broth for three days and the metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate. The metabolic extracts were tested against the fungi using the agar disc diffusion method. Results: Of the 20 rhizofunctional bacterial isolates screened for antagonistic activities against Fusarium sp., 5 showed active antagonism against the fungi with observed clear zone of inhibition in the dual culture, and microscopic examination of the fungal hyphae showed excessive and diffused hyphal branching with hyphal swelling. Ethyl acetate extracts from nutrient broth cultures did not show any zone of inhibition in dual culture against the Fusarium sp. All the 5 bacterial isolates were Gram positive strains but only 2 isolates (2a and 3K) were lipase positive, which may indicate that the mechanisms of antagonism could be due to the production of enzymes that have the ability to hydrolyze the cell wall and membrane lipids of the fungi. Conclusion: The rhizoplane and rhizosphere of plants could be great sources of biocontrol agents and that bacterial isolates 2a and 3K have the potential to be used as antifungal agents against Fusarium sp. Molecular identification of 2a and 3K bacterial isolates to the species level is recommended.
{"title":"Antagonistic activity of secondary metabolites from rhizofunctional bacteria extracts against Fusariumspecies","authors":"E.O. Antwi","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fusarium species remain important fugal pathogens that produce several mycotoxins with adverse effects on both plant and animals. This work aimed to identify biocontrol agent from rhizofunctional bacteria and assess its antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp. using dual culture technique. \u0000Methodology: Briefly a circular disc of the Fusarium sp. was inoculated at the center of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plate and incubated for three days. The bacterial isolates were then inoculated about 2cm from the Fusarium hyphal tips and incubated for three days, and zone of inhibition was examined. Isolates that showed antagonistic activities against the fungi were subculture in nutrient broth for three days and the metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate. The metabolic extracts were tested against the fungi using the agar disc diffusion method. \u0000Results: Of the 20 rhizofunctional bacterial isolates screened for antagonistic activities against Fusarium sp., 5 showed active antagonism against the fungi with observed clear zone of inhibition in the dual culture, and microscopic examination of the fungal hyphae showed excessive and diffused hyphal branching with hyphal swelling. Ethyl acetate extracts from nutrient broth cultures did not show any zone of inhibition in dual culture against the Fusarium sp. All the 5 bacterial isolates were Gram positive strains but only 2 isolates (2a and 3K) were lipase positive, which may indicate that the mechanisms of antagonism could be due to the production of enzymes that have the ability to hydrolyze the cell wall and membrane lipids of the fungi. \u0000Conclusion: The rhizoplane and rhizosphere of plants could be great sources of biocontrol agents and that bacterial isolates 2a and 3K have the potential to be used as antifungal agents against Fusarium sp. Molecular identification of 2a and 3K bacterial isolates to the species level is recommended. ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tula, O. Enabulele, E. Ophori, R. Okojie, F. Joel
Background: The emergence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) among Enterobacterales in water sources has raised a major public health concern and constitute critical threat to human health as these organisms exhibits high level of resistance to available potent antibiotics. The aim of this study is to detect the presence of NDM-1 gene among carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates from water sources. Methodology: A total of 256 water samples were collected from randomly selected hand-dug wells (128 samples) and river/stream (128 samples) for each of dry and rainy seasons in four out of the five local government areas (LGAs) of Adamawa-north senatorial zone, Nigeria. The water samples were filtered using membrane filtration technique and the filters introduced into appropriate bacteriologic media for bacterial growth. The bacterial isolates recovered were identified by both phenotypic and molecular protocols. Phenotypic carbapenem (imipenem) resistance was determined by disc diffusion test, blaNDM-1 gene was detected by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, and plasmid DNA was extracted and electrophoresed by standard procedure. Results: Of the 256 water samples analyzed for bacteria growth, 300 bacterial isolates of the order Enterobacterales were recovered. Of these, only 45 (12.6%) isolates were phenotypically resistant to carbapenem (imipenem) antibiotic and blaNDM-1 gene was detected in 30 (66.7%) of these. While blaNDM-1 gene was detected in all the isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella variicola, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter asburiae, Citrobacter freundii, and Morganella morganii that were resistant to imipenem, other isolates harbored blaNDM-1 gene in varying proportion. Most of the isolates positive for blaNDM-1 also harbored R-plasmids. Conclusion: Emergence of carbapenem resistance mediated by NDM-1 gene in Enterobacterales isolated from water sources constitutes an emerging public health challenge with potential transmission to humans, thereby complicating the treatment of infections caused by these resistant pathogens in man. As such, the urgent need for antimicrobial surveillance and stewardship is of utmost importance.
{"title":"Emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) producing Enterobacterales from water sources: An impending public health challenge in Adamawa-north senatorial zone, Nigeria","authors":"M. Tula, O. Enabulele, E. Ophori, R. Okojie, F. Joel","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The emergence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) among Enterobacterales in water sources has raised a major public health concern and constitute critical threat to human health as these organisms exhibits high level of resistance to available potent antibiotics. The aim of this study is to detect the presence of NDM-1 gene among carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates from water sources. \u0000Methodology: A total of 256 water samples were collected from randomly selected hand-dug wells (128 samples) and river/stream (128 samples) for each of dry and rainy seasons in four out of the five local government areas (LGAs) of Adamawa-north senatorial zone, Nigeria. The water samples were filtered using membrane filtration technique and the filters introduced into appropriate bacteriologic media for bacterial growth. The bacterial isolates recovered were identified by both phenotypic and molecular protocols. Phenotypic carbapenem (imipenem) resistance was determined by disc diffusion test, blaNDM-1 gene was detected by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, and plasmid DNA was extracted and electrophoresed by standard procedure. \u0000Results: Of the 256 water samples analyzed for bacteria growth, 300 bacterial isolates of the order Enterobacterales were recovered. Of these, only 45 (12.6%) isolates were phenotypically resistant to carbapenem (imipenem) antibiotic and blaNDM-1 gene was detected in 30 (66.7%) of these. While blaNDM-1 gene was detected in all the isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella variicola, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter asburiae, Citrobacter freundii, and Morganella morganii that were resistant to imipenem, other isolates harbored blaNDM-1 gene in varying proportion. Most of the isolates positive for blaNDM-1 also harbored R-plasmids. \u0000Conclusion: Emergence of carbapenem resistance mediated by NDM-1 gene in Enterobacterales isolated from water sources constitutes an emerging public health challenge with potential transmission to humans, thereby complicating the treatment of infections caused by these resistant pathogens in man. As such, the urgent need for antimicrobial surveillance and stewardship is of utmost importance.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"332 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76589500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Clostridioides difficile is an important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Several anti- microbial agents are known to promote C. difficile infection (CDI). The impact of various concentrations of ampicillin (AMP), cefotaxime (CTX), clindamycin (CC), metronidazole (MTZ) and vancomycin (VAN) on intra-cellular cytotoxin B production was investigated in this study. Methodology: Six clinical strains of C. difficile were grown at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC concentrations of these antibiotics. Inoculum standardization was performed by Miles and Misra method. Intracellular toxin B production was detected using Vero cell cytotoxicity assay in sonicated cultures on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days of incubation. Results: There was a heterogeneous relationship between antibiotic exposure and the intra-cellular toxin production by the toxigenic strains. Clinical strains of C. difficile when exposed to MIC and sub-inhibitory concentrations of certain antibiotics produced high cytotoxin levels. All toxigenic isolates produced increased levels of cell-bound cytotoxin after exposure to antibiotics but there was no consistent pattern and the response to different doses varied considerably. Metronidazole was the most potent inducer of cell-bound cytotoxin followed by cefotaxime and clindamycin. Vancomycin induced the least amount of cytotoxin activity. Conclusion: The effects of sub-inhibitory concentration of antibiotic that predispose to C. difficile infection may partially suppress the normal gut flora, allowing colonization and growth of C. difficile, and may affect the level of toxin produced.
{"title":"The influence of exposure to various concentrations of five antimicrobial agents on intracellular cytotoxin B production in Clostridioides difficile","authors":"W. Jamal, B. Duerden, V. Rotimi","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clostridioides difficile is an important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Several anti- microbial agents are known to promote C. difficile infection (CDI). The impact of various concentrations of ampicillin (AMP), cefotaxime (CTX), clindamycin (CC), metronidazole (MTZ) and vancomycin (VAN) on intra-cellular cytotoxin B production was investigated in this study. \u0000Methodology: Six clinical strains of C. difficile were grown at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC concentrations of these antibiotics. Inoculum standardization was performed by Miles and Misra method. Intracellular toxin B production was detected using Vero cell cytotoxicity assay in sonicated cultures on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days of incubation. \u0000Results: There was a heterogeneous relationship between antibiotic exposure and the intra-cellular toxin production by the toxigenic strains. Clinical strains of C. difficile when exposed to MIC and sub-inhibitory concentrations of certain antibiotics produced high cytotoxin levels. All toxigenic isolates produced increased levels of cell-bound cytotoxin after exposure to antibiotics but there was no consistent pattern and the response to different doses varied considerably. Metronidazole was the most potent inducer of cell-bound cytotoxin followed by cefotaxime and clindamycin. Vancomycin induced the least amount of cytotoxin activity. \u0000Conclusion: The effects of sub-inhibitory concentration of antibiotic that predispose to C. difficile infection may partially suppress the normal gut flora, allowing colonization and growth of C. difficile, and may affect the level of toxin produced.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84722730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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