G. Odaibo, D. Olaleye, Prof. S. S. Taiwo, J. A. Shenge
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome undergoes high rate of mutation, which results in generation of genetically diverse HCV isolates. There is paucity of data on mutations in the nonstructural 5b (NS5b) gene of circulating HCV and their implications in the Nigerian population. Here, we identified clinically-important mutations in HCV isolates, which may influence response to therapy and disease prognosis. Methodology: HCV RNA was extracted from a total of 301 blood samples collected from 99 symptomatic treatment-naïve hepatitis patients, 125 HIV-infected individuals and 77 asymptomatic blood donors in Ibadan, Nigeria. The RNA was reverse–transcribed to complimentary DNA and HCV NS5B gene amplified by nested PCR. The amplified products of 42 HCV were sequenced and sequences were aligned with those from GenBank and HCV databases in MEGA 7.0. Nucleotide sequences were translated to amino acids while substitutions in the amino acids were analyzed with reference to H77 prototype strain of HCV. Results: A total of 10 amino acid polymorphisms were observed from the 42 sequenced NS5B gene, with the major clinically-important amino acid mutations being S15G in 28 (66.7%) participants, T7N (24, 57.1%), G61R (23, 54.8%), S54L (22, 52.4%), G89E (14, 33.3%), T79M (12, 28.6%), and T711 (11, 26.2%). Others were Q67R (7, 16.7%), Q47H (7, 16.7%) and S84F (2, 4.8%). S15G/A/V mutations were more predominant in patients with HIV (76.9%, 10/13) followed by patients with clinical hepatitis (75.0%, 12/16) and blood donors (46.1%, 6/13). Q67R and T71I mutations were not predominant in patients with clinical hepatitis as they were detected in only 31.3% (5/16) and 43.8% (7/16) participants respectively, compared to S15G (75.0%, 12/16), S54L (68.8%, 11/16), G61R/E (68.8%, 11/16) and T7N/S (56.3%, 9/16). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of each of the 10 amino acid polymorphisms detected within patients with symptomatic clinical hepatitis (x2=9.311, p=0.409), HIV-infected patients (x2=13.431, p=0.1440) and asymp- tomatic blood donors (x2=3.775, p=0.9256). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the distribution between the 3 categories of the study participants except for T79M mutation, which was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients (61.5%, 8/13) compared to patients with clinical hepatitis (18.8%, 3/16) and asymp- tomatic blood donors (7.7%, 1/13) (x2=10.456, p=0.0054). Conclusion: Mutations in the NS5B gene could be associated with worse prognosis of the disease or antiviral failure due to viral resistance in patients undergoing therapy. The absence of Q47H mutations in majority of the study participants in our study implies that they will not respond well to daprevir and mericitabine. Screening of patients for pre-existing resistant mutations before commencement of therapy and monitoring during and after therapy are recommended.
{"title":"Predominant amino acid substitutions in NS5B gene of hepatitis C virus in blood donors and treatment-naïve hepatitis and HIV patients in Nigeria","authors":"G. Odaibo, D. Olaleye, Prof. S. S. Taiwo, J. A. Shenge","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome undergoes high rate of mutation, which results in generation of genetically diverse HCV isolates. There is paucity of data on mutations in the nonstructural 5b (NS5b) gene of circulating HCV and their implications in the Nigerian population. Here, we identified clinically-important mutations in HCV isolates, which may influence response to therapy and disease prognosis. \u0000Methodology: HCV RNA was extracted from a total of 301 blood samples collected from 99 symptomatic treatment-naïve hepatitis patients, 125 HIV-infected individuals and 77 asymptomatic blood donors in Ibadan, Nigeria. The RNA was reverse–transcribed to complimentary DNA and HCV NS5B gene amplified by nested PCR. The amplified products of 42 HCV were sequenced and sequences were aligned with those from GenBank and HCV databases in MEGA 7.0. Nucleotide sequences were translated to amino acids while substitutions in the amino acids were analyzed with reference to H77 prototype strain of HCV. \u0000Results: A total of 10 amino acid polymorphisms were observed from the 42 sequenced NS5B gene, with the major clinically-important amino acid mutations being S15G in 28 (66.7%) participants, T7N (24, 57.1%), G61R (23, 54.8%), S54L (22, 52.4%), G89E (14, 33.3%), T79M (12, 28.6%), and T711 (11, 26.2%). Others were Q67R (7, 16.7%), Q47H (7, 16.7%) and S84F (2, 4.8%). S15G/A/V mutations were more predominant in patients with HIV (76.9%, 10/13) followed by patients with clinical hepatitis (75.0%, 12/16) and blood donors (46.1%, 6/13). Q67R and T71I mutations were not predominant in patients with clinical hepatitis as they were detected in only 31.3% (5/16) and 43.8% (7/16) participants respectively, compared to S15G (75.0%, 12/16), S54L (68.8%, 11/16), G61R/E (68.8%, 11/16) and T7N/S (56.3%, 9/16). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of each of the 10 amino acid polymorphisms detected within patients with symptomatic clinical hepatitis (x2=9.311, p=0.409), HIV-infected patients (x2=13.431, p=0.1440) and asymp- tomatic blood donors (x2=3.775, p=0.9256). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the distribution between the 3 categories of the study participants except for T79M mutation, which was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients (61.5%, 8/13) compared to patients with clinical hepatitis (18.8%, 3/16) and asymp- tomatic blood donors (7.7%, 1/13) (x2=10.456, p=0.0054). \u0000Conclusion: Mutations in the NS5B gene could be associated with worse prognosis of the disease or antiviral failure due to viral resistance in patients undergoing therapy. The absence of Q47H mutations in majority of the study participants in our study implies that they will not respond well to daprevir and mericitabine. Screening of patients for pre-existing resistant mutations before commencement of therapy and monitoring during and after therapy are recommended.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"649 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140749382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Adogo, A. Chuku, N. F. Joseph, A. Ombugadu, R. C. Reuben, B. Ajide,
Background: The use of contraceptive devices predisposes women to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) globally. Despite the high incidence of VVC and antifungal resistance to azoles, the genetic diversity and resistance pattern among contraceptive users in Nigeria is poorly investigated. This study therefore sought to characterize and determine the phylogenetic breadth of Candida species as well as their resistance to antifungal agents. Methodology: This study recruited 1,600 women using contraceptive devices who visited selected gynaecology and obstetrics clinics in northcentral Nigeria. Candida species were isolated and characterized using conventional methods and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to characterize the diversity of Candida species and primer-specific PCR was used to detect the presence of resistant genes. Agar well diffusion technique was used for the determination of antifungal susceptibility profiles. Data analysis was done by Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test on R Console software version 3.2.2, followed by post-hoc Wilcoxon rank sum test with Bonferroni correction for multiple pairwise comparisons of means where there was a significant difference between the antifungal agents. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 710 (44.3%) out of the 1,600 women using contraceptive devices had VVC with five species of Candida identified in them. Although Candida albicans was the predominant (43.2%, n=307) species, other non-albicans Candida species include Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata (19.0%, n=135), Candida tropicalis (15.8%, n=112), Candida parapsilosis (8.9%, n=63), and Candida akabanensis (13.1%, n=93) which were phenotypically identified as Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata. All the Candida species showed varying degrees of susceptibilities to voriconazole, fluconazole and nystatin. However, resistance of C. albicans to fluconazole was 29.0%, C. tropicalis to nystatin (46.0%) and to voriconazole (14.0%), while C. akabanensis was 100.0% resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole. Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test showed nystatin as the most effective antifungal agent against the Candida species (χ2=786.03, df=2, p<0.001). Also, resistant gene Erg11 was identified in all the Candida species that were phenotypically resistant to the antifungal agents tested. Conclusion: Women using contraceptive devices in northcentral Nigeria harbor phylogenetically diverse Candida species including C. akabanensis, an uncommon cause of VVC. Of these Candida species, C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. akabanensis were notable for multidrug drug resistance as well as harboring Erg11 resistance gene. Contexte: L'utilisation de dispositifs contraceptifs prédispose les femmes à la candidose vulvo-vaginale (CVV) à l'échelle mondiale. Malgré l'incidence élevée de la CVV et de la résistance antifongique aux azoles, la diversité génétique et les modèles
{"title":"Phylogenetic diversity and susceptibility of Candida species from women using contraceptive devices in northcentral Nigeria","authors":"L. Adogo, A. Chuku, N. F. Joseph, A. Ombugadu, R. C. Reuben, B. Ajide,","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The use of contraceptive devices predisposes women to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) globally. Despite the high incidence of VVC and antifungal resistance to azoles, the genetic diversity and resistance pattern among contraceptive users in Nigeria is poorly investigated. This study therefore sought to characterize and determine the phylogenetic breadth of Candida species as well as their resistance to antifungal agents.\u0000Methodology: This study recruited 1,600 women using contraceptive devices who visited selected gynaecology and obstetrics clinics in northcentral Nigeria. Candida species were isolated and characterized using conventional methods and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to characterize the diversity of Candida species and primer-specific PCR was used to detect the presence of resistant genes. Agar well diffusion technique was used for the determination of antifungal susceptibility profiles. Data analysis was done by Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test on R Console software version 3.2.2, followed by post-hoc Wilcoxon rank sum test with Bonferroni correction for multiple pairwise comparisons of means where there was a significant difference between the antifungal agents. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.\u0000Results: A total of 710 (44.3%) out of the 1,600 women using contraceptive devices had VVC with five species of Candida identified in them. Although Candida albicans was the predominant (43.2%, n=307) species, other non-albicans Candida species include Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata (19.0%, n=135), Candida tropicalis (15.8%, n=112), Candida parapsilosis (8.9%, n=63), and Candida akabanensis (13.1%, n=93) which were phenotypically identified as Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata. All the Candida species showed varying degrees of susceptibilities to voriconazole, fluconazole and nystatin. However, resistance of C. albicans to fluconazole was 29.0%, C. tropicalis to nystatin (46.0%) and to voriconazole (14.0%), while C. akabanensis was 100.0% resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole. Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test showed nystatin as the most effective antifungal agent against the Candida species (χ2=786.03, df=2, p<0.001). Also, resistant gene Erg11 was identified in all the Candida species that were phenotypically resistant to the antifungal agents tested.\u0000Conclusion: Women using contraceptive devices in northcentral Nigeria harbor phylogenetically diverse Candida species including C. akabanensis, an uncommon cause of VVC. Of these Candida species, C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. akabanensis were notable for multidrug drug resistance as well as harboring Erg11 resistance gene.\u0000Contexte: L'utilisation de dispositifs contraceptifs prédispose les femmes à la candidose vulvo-vaginale (CVV) à l'échelle mondiale. Malgré l'incidence élevée de la CVV et de la résistance antifongique aux azoles, la diversité génétique et les modèles","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140746178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Salu, B. P. Mutiu, M. J. Etok, M. R. Orenolu, R. Anyanwu, M. A. Abdullah, B. A. Saka, I. A. Abdus-Salam, R. M. Macaulay, K. S. Oyedejo, S. Omilabu
Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the only hepatitis virus that replicates in humans and a wide range of animal hosts, is a significant public health enteric virus with a growing trend of infection globally. The public and environmental implications associated with HEV as a zoonotic transmitted virus remain to be fully elucidated. Thus, with the limited information on HEV in other species other than humans in Nigeria, this study aimed to detect by molecular methods HEV among some livestock in Lagos, Nigeria.Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 172 (42.0%) poultry birds aged between 5 and 18 months, and 238 (58.0%) swine aged between 2 and 18 months purposively selected from Ojo, Ikorodu and Agege Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Lagos State, Nigeria between November 2017 and July 2019 was conducted. A total of 410 non-repetitive stool samples collected were analysed by molecular technique for the detection of HEV RNA. Descriptive statistics were computed for all relevant data. The association between gender and age with HEV RNA positivity was tested using Chi-square. All significant associations were recorded at p≤0.05.Results: On the overall, 15 (3.7%) of the 410 stool samples were positive for HEV RNA with 5 (2.9%) and 10 (4.2%) of the 172 and 238 poultry birds and swine respectively. More female livestock (6.0%) had detectable HEV RNA than their male counterparts (1.0%) and the infection clustered majorly among age groups 1-6 months, and 7-12 months with a detection rate of 9.3%, 3.2% and 5.6%, 3.2% for both the swine and poultry birds respectively. Approximately 11.1% of the swine and 5.0% of the poultry birds’ samples from Ikorodu LGA were positive for HEV RNA. Only 3.0% of the swine samples from Ojo LGA had detected HEV RNA. No sample from Agege LGA had detectable HEV RNA.Conclusion: The detection of HEV in both the swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria further confirms the endemicity of HEV and a cause for public health concern regarding the epidemiology of HEV in Nigeria. There is an urgent need for active and continuous surveillance to further detect and subtype the circulating HEV among livestock to prevent the advent of virulent strains that may be transmitted to handlers and the community at large. Contexte: Le virus de l'hépatite E (VHE), le seul virus de l'hépatite qui se réplique chez l'homme et chez un large éventail d'hôtes animaux, est un virus entérique important pour la santé publique avec une tendance croissante d'infection à l'échelle mondiale. Les implications publiques et environnementales associées au VHE en tant que virus transmis par des zoonoses restent à élucider pleinement. Ainsi, compte tenu des informations limitées sur le VHE chez d'autres espèces autres que les humains au Nigeria, cette étude visait à détecter par des méthodes moléculaires le VHE chez certains animaux d'élevage à Lagos, au Nigeria. Méthodologie: Une étude transversale portant sur 172 (42,0%) volailles âgées de 5 à 18 mois et 238 (58,0
背景：戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是唯一能在人类和多种动物宿主体内复制的肝炎病毒，是一种重要的公共卫生肠道病毒，在全球的感染率呈上升趋势。HEV 作为一种人畜共患病传播病毒对公众和环境的影响仍有待全面阐明。因此，鉴于尼日利亚除人类以外的其他物种中 HEV 的信息有限，本研究旨在通过分子方法检测尼日利亚拉各斯一些牲畜中的 HEV。方法：2017 年 11 月至 2019 年 7 月期间，本研究从尼日利亚拉各斯州奥乔、伊科罗杜和 Agege 地方政府区（LGAs）有目的地选取了 172 只（42.0%）年龄在 5 至 18 个月之间的家禽和 238 只（58.0%）年龄在 2 至 18 个月之间的猪进行了横断面研究。共收集了 410 份非重复性粪便样本，采用分子技术分析检测 HEV RNA。对所有相关数据进行了描述性统计。使用卡方检验了性别和年龄与 HEV RNA 阳性之间的关系。结果：总体而言，410 份粪便样本中有 15 份（3.7%）对 HEV RNA 呈阳性，172 只家禽中有 5 份（2.9%），238 头猪中有 10 份（4.2%）。检测到 HEV RNA 的雌性牲畜（6.0%）多于雄性牲畜（1.0%），感染主要集中在 1-6 月龄组和 7-12 月龄组，猪和禽鸟的检出率分别为 9.3%、3.2% 和 5.6%、3.2%。伊科罗杜地区约有 11.1% 的猪样本和 5.0% 的禽鸟样本的 HEV RNA 呈阳性。只有 3.0% 来自 Ojo LGA 的猪样本检测到 HEV RNA。结论：在尼日利亚拉各斯的猪和家禽中检测到 HEV 进一步证实了 HEV 的地方流行性，并引起了对尼日利亚 HEV 流行病学的公共卫生关注。当务之急是进行积极、持续的监测，进一步检测家畜中流行的戊型肝炎病毒并对其进行分型，以防止出现可能传播给饲养者和整个社区的毒株。背景：戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是唯一可在人类和多种动物宿主体内复制的肝炎病毒，是一种对公共卫生具有重要意义的肠道病毒，在全球的感染率呈上升趋势。HEV 作为一种人畜共患病传播病毒，其对公众和环境的影响仍有待全面阐明。因此，鉴于有关尼日利亚其他非人类物种中 HEV 的信息有限，本研究旨在使用分子方法检测尼日利亚拉各斯部分农场动物中的 HEV。方法：2017 年 11 月至 2019 年 7 月期间，从尼日利亚拉各斯州的奥乔、伊科罗杜和 Agege 地方政府区（LGAs）有目的地选取了 172 只（42.0%）5-18 个月龄的家禽和 238 只（58.0%）2-18 个月龄的猪进行了横断面研究。共收集了 410 份非重复粪便样本，并通过分子技术对 HEV RNA 进行了分析。对所有相关数据进行了描述性统计。使用卡方检验了性别和年龄与 HEV RNA 阳性之间的关系。所有有意义的关联均以 p≤0.05 为标准。结果在 410 份粪便样本中，共有 15 份（3.7%）HEV RNA 呈阳性，其中在 172 只家禽和 238 头猪中分别有 5 份（2.9%）和 10 份（4.2%）呈阳性。检测到 HEV RNA 的雌性样本（6.0%）多于雄性样本（1.0%），感染主要集中在 1-6 个月和 7-12 个月的年龄组，猪和家禽的检出率分别为 9.3%、3.2% 和 5.6%、3.2%。约有 11.1% 的猪样本和 5.0% 的家禽样本对 HEV RNA 呈阳性。只有 3.0% 的奥乔 LGA 猪样本检测到 HEV RNA。Agege LGA 的样本均未检测到 HEV RNA。结论：在尼日利亚拉各斯的猪和家禽中检测到 HEV 进一步证实了 HEV 的地方流行性和尼日利亚 HEV 流行病学的公共卫生问题。当务之急是进行积极、持续的监测，检测家畜中循环的 HEV 并对其进行分型，以防止出现可传染给饲养者和整个社区的毒株。
{"title":"Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus among swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"O. Salu, B. P. Mutiu, M. J. Etok, M. R. Orenolu, R. Anyanwu, M. A. Abdullah, B. A. Saka, I. A. Abdus-Salam, R. M. Macaulay, K. S. Oyedejo, S. Omilabu","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the only hepatitis virus that replicates in humans and a wide range of animal hosts, is a significant public health enteric virus with a growing trend of infection globally. The public and environmental implications associated with HEV as a zoonotic transmitted virus remain to be fully elucidated. Thus, with the limited information on HEV in other species other than humans in Nigeria, this study aimed to detect by molecular methods HEV among some livestock in Lagos, Nigeria.Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 172 (42.0%) poultry birds aged between 5 and 18 months, and 238 (58.0%) swine aged between 2 and 18 months purposively selected from Ojo, Ikorodu and Agege Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Lagos State, Nigeria between November 2017 and July 2019 was conducted. A total of 410 non-repetitive stool samples collected were analysed by molecular technique for the detection of HEV RNA. Descriptive statistics were computed for all relevant data. The association between gender and age with HEV RNA positivity was tested using Chi-square. All significant associations were recorded at p≤0.05.Results: On the overall, 15 (3.7%) of the 410 stool samples were positive for HEV RNA with 5 (2.9%) and 10 (4.2%) of the 172 and 238 poultry birds and swine respectively. More female livestock (6.0%) had detectable HEV RNA than their male counterparts (1.0%) and the infection clustered majorly among age groups 1-6 months, and 7-12 months with a detection rate of 9.3%, 3.2% and 5.6%, 3.2% for both the swine and poultry birds respectively. Approximately 11.1% of the swine and 5.0% of the poultry birds’ samples from Ikorodu LGA were positive for HEV RNA. Only 3.0% of the swine samples from Ojo LGA had detected HEV RNA. No sample from Agege LGA had detectable HEV RNA.Conclusion: The detection of HEV in both the swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria further confirms the endemicity of HEV and a cause for public health concern regarding the epidemiology of HEV in Nigeria. There is an urgent need for active and continuous surveillance to further detect and subtype the circulating HEV among livestock to prevent the advent of virulent strains that may be transmitted to handlers and the community at large. \u0000Contexte: Le virus de l'hépatite E (VHE), le seul virus de l'hépatite qui se réplique chez l'homme et chez un large éventail d'hôtes animaux, est un virus entérique important pour la santé publique avec une tendance croissante d'infection à l'échelle mondiale. Les implications publiques et environnementales associées au VHE en tant que virus transmis par des zoonoses restent à élucider pleinement. Ainsi, compte tenu des informations limitées sur le VHE chez d'autres espèces autres que les humains au Nigeria, cette étude visait à détecter par des méthodes moléculaires le VHE chez certains animaux d'élevage à Lagos, au Nigeria. \u0000Méthodologie: Une étude transversale portant sur 172 (42,0%) volailles âgées de 5 à 18 mois et 238 (58,0","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"284 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. E. Ehidiamhen, U. M. Agwu, G. O. Eze, S. E. Ogbata, C. G. Chukwu, C. N. Akujobi, M. A. Nnoli
Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the host immune system, particularly the CD4 T cells. The host resistance to opportunistic and non-opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, fungal infections, severe bacterial infections, and several malignancies is weakened as a result of destruction of these CD4 cells by HIV. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV among individuals who participated in pre-employment medical screening at David Umahi Federal University Teaching Hospital Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, with the aim of connecting those who are HIV-positive to voluntary counseling and treatment programs. Methodology: This was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 537 eligible participants who underwent pre-employment medical screening exercise, and whose blood samples were tested for presence of HIV antibodies at the University Teaching Hospital, using the Determine HIV-1/2 (T1) and Unigold HIV-1/2 (T2), and the tie breaker Statpak HIV-1/2 (T3) tests. The serological results were interpreted according to the national HIV testing algorithm, with test result declared negative for HIV antibodies if T1 was negative or if only T1 was positive but T2 and T3 were both negative. Results: Of the total record of 756 pre-employment participants for the medical screening exercise, only 537 met the inclusion criteria for the study. The mean age of the 537 participants was 34.2±6.9 and age range of 18-67 years; 325 (61.0%) were females while 212 (39.0%) were males. The seroprevalence of HIV among the study participants was 2.4% (13/537), with 1.4% (3/212) in the males and 3.1% (10/325) in the females (x2=0.879, OR=0.45; 95% CI=0.12-1.60, p=0.3485). Only participants in the age range 26–35 and 36–45 years were HIV seropositive, with prevalence of 2.9% (9/310) and 2.4% (4/169) respectively but the HIV seroprevalence was not significantly associated with age and gender of the participants (p>0.05). Conclusion: The study findings provide useful information for the hospital administration of the HIV situation of its planned workforce, which will help with decisions on HIV positive participants to enrol in antiretroviral therapy program. Contexte: Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) cible le système immunitaire de l'hôte, en particulier les lymphocytes T CD4. La résistance de l'hôte aux infections opportunistes et non opportunistes telles que la tuberculose, les infections fongiques, les infections bactériennes graves et plusieurs tumeurs malignes est affaiblie en raison de la destruction de ces cellules CD4 par le VIH. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence du VIH chez les personnes ayant participé à un dépistage médical préalable à l'emploi à l'hôpital universitaire fédéral David Umahi d'Uburu, dans l'État d'Ebonyi, au Nigeria, dans le but de connecter les personnes séropositives à des conseils volontaires et des programmes de traitement. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'u
{"title":"HIV status of individuals who underwent pre-employment medical screening at a federal tertiary health institution in southeast Nigeria","authors":"F. E. Ehidiamhen, U. M. Agwu, G. O. Eze, S. E. Ogbata, C. G. Chukwu, C. N. Akujobi, M. A. Nnoli","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the host immune system, particularly the CD4 T cells. The host resistance to opportunistic and non-opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, fungal infections, severe bacterial infections, and several malignancies is weakened as a result of destruction of these CD4 cells by HIV. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV among individuals who participated in pre-employment medical screening at David Umahi Federal University Teaching Hospital Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, with the aim of connecting those who are HIV-positive to voluntary counseling and treatment programs. \u0000Methodology: This was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 537 eligible participants who underwent pre-employment medical screening exercise, and whose blood samples were tested for presence of HIV antibodies at the University Teaching Hospital, using the Determine HIV-1/2 (T1) and Unigold HIV-1/2 (T2), and the tie breaker Statpak HIV-1/2 (T3) tests. The serological results were interpreted according to the national HIV testing algorithm, with test result declared negative for HIV antibodies if T1 was negative or if only T1 was positive but T2 and T3 were both negative. \u0000Results: Of the total record of 756 pre-employment participants for the medical screening exercise, only 537 met the inclusion criteria for the study. The mean age of the 537 participants was 34.2±6.9 and age range of 18-67 years; 325 (61.0%) were females while 212 (39.0%) were males. The seroprevalence of HIV among the study participants was 2.4% (13/537), with 1.4% (3/212) in the males and 3.1% (10/325) in the females (x2=0.879, OR=0.45; 95% CI=0.12-1.60, p=0.3485). Only participants in the age range 26–35 and 36–45 years were HIV seropositive, with prevalence of 2.9% (9/310) and 2.4% (4/169) respectively but the HIV seroprevalence was not significantly associated with age and gender of the participants (p>0.05). \u0000Conclusion: The study findings provide useful information for the hospital administration of the HIV situation of its planned workforce, which will help with decisions on HIV positive participants to enrol in antiretroviral therapy program. \u0000Contexte: Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) cible le système immunitaire de l'hôte, en particulier les lymphocytes T CD4. La résistance de l'hôte aux infections opportunistes et non opportunistes telles que la tuberculose, les infections fongiques, les infections bactériennes graves et plusieurs tumeurs malignes est affaiblie en raison de la destruction de ces cellules CD4 par le VIH. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence du VIH chez les personnes ayant participé à un dépistage médical préalable à l'emploi à l'hôpital universitaire fédéral David Umahi d'Uburu, dans l'État d'Ebonyi, au Nigeria, dans le but de connecter les personnes séropositives à des conseils volontaires et des programmes de traitement. \u0000Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'u","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140746385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Idé Amadou, Yacouba M. Mahamadou, B. Dodo, O. Boua Togola, S. Aboubacar, A. Ousmane, M. Garba, S. Mainassara
Background: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic affected all age groups. Although COVID-19 is generally benign in children, a diagnostic problem may arise due to clinical similarities with certain pathologies such as malaria, dengue fever and influenza. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile of COVID 19 in children seen at consultation and to determine the prevalence of influenza, malaria and dengue fever as differential diagnoses. Methodology: We conducted a prospective cohort analytical study from October 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021 in COVID-19 suspected children aged 0 to 15 years admitted to the pediatrics department at the hospital. We used EPI INFO 7.2.4. software for data entry and analysis. Frequencies and proportions were calculated. Results: A total of 570 suspected cases of COVID-19 were enrolled. Of the suspected cases, 53.2% were males and 46.9% were females, with a M/F ratio of 1.13. The median age was 2 years (IQR: 1- 3 years), with age range of 0 to 15 years, and 68,8% in the age range 1 to 5 years. Exposure factors were travel (3.7%), contact with a suspected case of COVID-19 (1.0%), while only 2.6 % (15/570) of suspected cases were confirmed positive for COVID-19. The median age of COVID-19 confirmed children was 2.7 years (IQR 0.33-5). There were more male positive cases, with a M/F ratio of 2. Fever (100%) and cough (53.3%) were the predominant symptoms. The prevalence of malaria, Dengue fever and influenza among suspected COVID-19 cases were 16.8%, 0% and 54.7% respectively, while the respective prevalence in COVID-19 confirmed cases were 66.7%, 0% and 33.3% Conclusion: COVID-19 should be investigated in children presenting with symptoms and signs of malaria, influenza or Dengue fever. Contexte: en 2020, la pandémie de COVID-19 a touché toutes les tranches d’âge. Bien que le COVID-19 soit généralement bénin chez l’enfant, un problème de diagnostic peut surgir en raison de similitudes cliniques avec certaines pathologies comme le paludisme, la dengue et la grippe. L'objectif de cette étude est de décrire le profil épidémiologique du COVID 19 chez les enfants vus en consultation et de déterminer la prévalence de la grippe, du paludisme et de la dengue comme diagnostics différentiels. Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude prospective descriptive de cohorte du 1er octobre 2020 au 28 février 2021, chez des enfants suspects de COVID-19 âgés de 0 à 15 ans admis au service de pédiatrie de l'hôpital. Nous avons utilisé EPI INFO 7.2.4. Logiciel de saisie et d'analyse de données. Les fréquences et les proportions ont été calculées. Résultats: Au total, 570 cas suspects de COVID-19 ont été recrutés. Parmi les cas suspects, 53,2% étaient des hommes et 46,9% des femmes, avec un ratio H/F de 1,13. L'âge médian était de 2 ans (IQR: 1-3 ans), avec une tranche d'âge de 0 à 15 ans, et 68,8% dans la tranche d'âge de 1 à 5 ans. Les facteurs d'exposition étaient les voyages (3,7%), le contact avec un cas suspect de CO
{"title":"COVID-19 in children aged 0-15 years seen at Amirou Boubacar Diallo National Hospital in Niamey, Niger, 2020-2021","authors":"H. Idé Amadou, Yacouba M. Mahamadou, B. Dodo, O. Boua Togola, S. Aboubacar, A. Ousmane, M. Garba, S. Mainassara","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic affected all age groups. Although COVID-19 is generally benign in children, a diagnostic problem may arise due to clinical similarities with certain pathologies such as malaria, dengue fever and influenza. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile of COVID 19 in children seen at consultation and to determine the prevalence of influenza, malaria and dengue fever as differential diagnoses.\u0000Methodology: We conducted a prospective cohort analytical study from October 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021 in COVID-19 suspected children aged 0 to 15 years admitted to the pediatrics department at the hospital. We used EPI INFO 7.2.4. software for data entry and analysis. Frequencies and proportions were calculated.\u0000Results: A total of 570 suspected cases of COVID-19 were enrolled. Of the suspected cases, 53.2% were males and 46.9% were females, with a M/F ratio of 1.13. The median age was 2 years (IQR: 1- 3 years), with age range of 0 to 15 years, and 68,8% in the age range 1 to 5 years. Exposure factors were travel (3.7%), contact with a suspected case of COVID-19 (1.0%), while only 2.6 % (15/570) of suspected cases were confirmed positive for COVID-19. The median age of COVID-19 confirmed children was 2.7 years (IQR 0.33-5). There were more male positive cases, with a M/F ratio of 2. Fever (100%) and cough (53.3%) were the predominant symptoms. The prevalence of malaria, Dengue fever and influenza among suspected COVID-19 cases were 16.8%, 0% and 54.7% respectively, while the respective prevalence in COVID-19 confirmed cases were 66.7%, 0% and 33.3%\u0000Conclusion: COVID-19 should be investigated in children presenting with symptoms and signs of malaria, influenza or Dengue fever.\u0000Contexte: en 2020, la pandémie de COVID-19 a touché toutes les tranches d’âge. Bien que le COVID-19 soit généralement bénin chez l’enfant, un problème de diagnostic peut surgir en raison de similitudes cliniques avec certaines pathologies comme le paludisme, la dengue et la grippe. L'objectif de cette étude est de décrire le profil épidémiologique du COVID 19 chez les enfants vus en consultation et de déterminer la prévalence de la grippe, du paludisme et de la dengue comme diagnostics différentiels.\u0000Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude prospective descriptive de cohorte du 1er octobre 2020 au 28 février 2021, chez des enfants suspects de COVID-19 âgés de 0 à 15 ans admis au service de pédiatrie de l'hôpital. Nous avons utilisé EPI INFO 7.2.4. Logiciel de saisie et d'analyse de données. Les fréquences et les proportions ont été calculées.\u0000Résultats: Au total, 570 cas suspects de COVID-19 ont été recrutés. Parmi les cas suspects, 53,2% étaient des hommes et 46,9% des femmes, avec un ratio H/F de 1,13. L'âge médian était de 2 ans (IQR: 1-3 ans), avec une tranche d'âge de 0 à 15 ans, et 68,8% dans la tranche d'âge de 1 à 5 ans. Les facteurs d'exposition étaient les voyages (3,7%), le contact avec un cas suspect de CO","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"63 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. Zenoh, B. Josephus, N. Halley, Endurance Okpan, Henry Chukwuemeka, Akumbo Gemenen
Background: The prevalent utilization of medicinal plants in communities underscores their promise as antimicrobial agents amid rising antibiotic resistance. This study assesses five medicinal plants; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera, and Carica papaya against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Shigella dysenteriae. Methodology: Five medicinal plants were chosen based on traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical practices. Phytochemical analysis followed standard methods. Plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and hexane. Various concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc, D3 conc, and D4 conc) of the extracts were evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth dilution methods to ascertain antimicrobial properties, including minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed abundant saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, notably higher with ethanol extraction. Hibiscus sabdariffa demonstrated potent activity against S. Typhi with inhibition zone diameters of 29.00 mm (R conc), 27.00 mm (D1 conc), 14.00 mm (D2 conc), and 4.00 mm (D3 conc). Heteropogon contortus exhibited activity against S. dysenteriae with inhibition zone diameter of 25.05 mm (R conc), 15.00 mm (D1 conc), 10.00 mm (D2 conc), and 5.00 mm (D3 onc). The inhibition zone diameters of B. vulgaris were 18.50 mm (R conc), 17.00 mm (D1 conc), and 10.00 mm (D2 conc) against S. dysenteriae. The MIC and MBC were similar for both organisms, with H. sabdariffa (MIC: D3-4.27 mg/mL, MBC: D1-68.25 mg/mL) and H. contortus (MIC: D3-4.69 mg/mL, MBC: R-75.00 mg/mL), while M. oleifera, C. papaya, and B. vulgaris had negligible antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. contortus exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against Salmonella, with MICs of 4.27 mg/mL and 4.69 mg/mL, and MBCs of 68.25 mg/mL and 75.00 mg/mL respectively. Their consistent low MICs against Shigella suggest their potentials for antibiotic production. Contexte: L’utilisation répandue des plantes médicinales dans les communautés souligne leur promesse en tant qu’agents antimicrobiens dans un contexte de résistance croissante aux antibiotiques. Cette étude évalue cinq plantes médicinales; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera et Carica papaya contre les isolats cliniques de Salmonella Typhi et Shigella dysenteriae. Méthodologie: Cinq plantes médicinales ont été choisies sur la base des connaissances traditionnelles et des pratiques ethnobotaniques. L'analyse phytochimique a suivi les méthodes standard. Des extraits de plantes ont été préparés en utilisant de l'éthanol, de l'acétate d'éthyle, du dichlorométhane et de l'hexane. Diverses concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc., D3 conc et D4 conc) des extraits ont été évaluées à l'aide des méthodes de d
背景：在抗生素耐药性不断增加的情况下，药用植物在社区中的广泛使用凸显了其作为抗菌剂的前景。本研究评估了五种药用植物：簕杜鹃、木槿、紫菀、油辣木和木瓜对伤寒沙门氏菌和痢疾志贺氏菌临床分离株的作用。植物化学分析采用标准方法。使用乙醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和正己烷制备植物提取物。结果：植物化学分析显示了丰富的皂苷、强心苷、萜类、甾体、黄酮类、酚类和单宁酸，其中乙醇萃取的含量更高。木槿对伤寒杆菌具有很强的抑制作用，抑制区直径分别为 29.00 毫米（R 浓度）、27.00 毫米（D1 浓度）、14.00 毫米（D2 浓度）和 4.00 毫米（D3 浓度）。紫菀对痢疾杆菌的抑制区直径分别为 25.05 毫米（R 浓度）、15.00 毫米（D1 浓度）、10.00 毫米（D2 浓度）和 5.00 毫米（D3 浓度）。B. vulgaris 对痢疾杆菌的抑制区直径分别为 18.50 毫米（R 浓度）、17.00 毫米（D1 浓度）和 10.00 毫米（D2 浓度）。对这两种生物的 MIC 和 MBC 相似，分别为 H. sabdariffa（MIC：D3-4.27 mg/mL，MBC：D1-68.25 mg/mL）和 H. contortus（MIC：D3-4.69 mg/mL，MBC：R-75.00 mg/mL），而 M. oleifera、C. papaya 和 B. vulgaris 的抗菌作用可忽略不计。结论：木槿和轮虫对沙门氏菌有很强的抗菌作用，其 MIC 值分别为 4.27 毫克/毫升和 4.69 毫克/毫升，MBC 值分别为 68.25 毫克/毫升和 75.00 毫克/毫升。背景：在抗生素耐药性不断增加的背景下，药用植物在社区中的广泛使用凸显了其作为抗菌剂的前景。本研究评估了五种药用植物：簕杜鹃（Bambusa vulgaris）、木槿（Hibiscus sabdariffa）、紫菀（Heteropogon contortus）、辣木（Moringa oleifera）和木瓜（Carica papaya）对伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella Typhi）和痢疾志贺氏菌（Shigella dysenteriae）临床分离株的抗菌效果。植物化学分析采用标准方法。使用乙醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和正己烷制备植物提取物。采用柯比鲍尔盘扩散法和肉汤稀释法对不同浓度（R 浓度、D1 浓度、D2 浓度、D3 浓度和 D4 浓度）的提取物进行了评估，以验证其抗菌特性，包括最低抑菌浓度（MICs）和最低杀菌浓度（MBCs）：植物化学分析显示，木槿含有丰富的皂苷、强心苷、萜类化合物、类固醇、黄酮类化合物、酚类化合物和单宁酸，其中乙醇提取物的含量更高。木槿对伤寒杆菌有很强的抑制作用。抑制区直径分别为 29.00 毫米（浓度 R）、27.00 毫米（浓度 D1）、14.00 毫米（浓度 D2）和 4.00 毫米（浓度 D3）。紫菀对痢疾杆菌具有活性，抑制区直径分别为 25.05 毫米（R 浓度）、15.00 毫米（D1 浓度）、10.00 毫米（D2 浓度）和 5.00 毫米（D3 浓度）。B. vulgaris 对痢疾杆菌的抑制区直径分别为 18.50 毫米（R 浓度）、17.00 毫米（D1 浓度）和 10.00 毫米（D2 浓度）。对这两种生物的 MIC 和 MBC 相似，分别是木槿（MIC：D3-4.27 毫克/毫升，MBC：D1-68.25 毫克/毫升）和 H. contortus（MIC：D3-4.69 毫克/毫升，MBC：R -75.00 毫克/毫升），而 M. oleifera、C. papaya 和 B. vulgaris（MIC：D1-68.25 毫克/毫升，MBC：R -75.00 毫克/毫升）。结论：木槿和蛇床子对沙门氏菌有很强的抗菌作用，其 MIC 值分别为 4.27 毫克/毫升和 4.69 毫克/毫升，MBC 值分别为 68.25 毫克/毫升和 75.00 毫克/毫升。它们对志贺氏杆菌的 MIC 值一直很低，这表明它们具有生产抗生素的潜力。
{"title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of five medicinal plants used against bacterial infections in Jalingo, Nigeria","authors":"D. A. Zenoh, B. Josephus, N. Halley, Endurance Okpan, Henry Chukwuemeka, Akumbo Gemenen","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The prevalent utilization of medicinal plants in communities underscores their promise as antimicrobial agents amid rising antibiotic resistance. This study assesses five medicinal plants; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera, and Carica papaya against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Shigella dysenteriae.\u0000Methodology: Five medicinal plants were chosen based on traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical practices. Phytochemical analysis followed standard methods. Plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and hexane. Various concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc, D3 conc, and D4 conc) of the extracts were evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth dilution methods to ascertain antimicrobial properties, including minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC).\u0000Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed abundant saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, notably higher with ethanol extraction. Hibiscus sabdariffa demonstrated potent activity against S. Typhi with inhibition zone diameters of 29.00 mm (R conc), 27.00 mm (D1 conc), 14.00 mm (D2 conc), and 4.00 mm (D3 conc). Heteropogon contortus exhibited activity against S. dysenteriae with inhibition zone diameter of 25.05 mm (R conc), 15.00 mm (D1 conc), 10.00 mm (D2 conc), and 5.00 mm (D3 onc). The inhibition zone diameters of B. vulgaris were 18.50 mm (R conc), 17.00 mm (D1 conc), and 10.00 mm (D2 conc) against S. dysenteriae. The MIC and MBC were similar for both organisms, with H. sabdariffa (MIC: D3-4.27 mg/mL, MBC: D1-68.25 mg/mL) and H. contortus (MIC: D3-4.69 mg/mL, MBC: R-75.00 mg/mL), while M. oleifera, C. papaya, and B. vulgaris had negligible antimicrobial activity.\u0000Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. contortus exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against Salmonella, with MICs of 4.27 mg/mL and 4.69 mg/mL, and MBCs of 68.25 mg/mL and 75.00 mg/mL respectively. Their consistent low MICs against Shigella suggest their potentials for antibiotic production.\u0000Contexte: L’utilisation répandue des plantes médicinales dans les communautés souligne leur promesse en tant qu’agents antimicrobiens dans un contexte de résistance croissante aux antibiotiques. Cette étude évalue cinq plantes médicinales; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera et Carica papaya contre les isolats cliniques de Salmonella Typhi et Shigella dysenteriae.\u0000Méthodologie: Cinq plantes médicinales ont été choisies sur la base des connaissances traditionnelles et des pratiques ethnobotaniques. L'analyse phytochimique a suivi les méthodes standard. Des extraits de plantes ont été préparés en utilisant de l'éthanol, de l'acétate d'éthyle, du dichlorométhane et de l'hexane. Diverses concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc., D3 conc et D4 conc) des extraits ont été évaluées à l'aide des méthodes de d","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. O. Okoye, A. T. Basil, O. Okoli, P. O. Achebe, C. M. Obi, N. E. Ekekwe
Background: In Nigeria, immunocompromised persons, particularly those living with HIV, are at an increased risk of developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Interestingly, this condition produces symptoms that can be easily mistaken for those of COVID-19. This misdiagnosis results in their treatment with zinc and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). To better understand the pathophysiology of aspergillosis and determine the therapeutic and toxic effects of zinc and HCQ, this study examined liver and renal functions in experimental rat models. Methodology: Twenty-eight Albino rats, randomised into 7 groups (n=4 each) designated A to G, were used for this study. Group A rats received standardized rat chow and distilled water only. Group B rats received moderate dose of HCQ only. Group C to G rats received immunosuppressive agents (an alkylating agent: cyclo- phosphamide and a steroid: hydrocortisone) to simulate an immunocompromised state before being infected with A. fumigatus suspension (AFS). Group C rats received AFS without treatment. Group D rats simultaneously received AFS and low dose of HCQ. Group E rats simultaneously received AFS and moderate dose of HCQ. Group F rats simultaneously received AFS and high dose of HCQ, and Group G rats simultaneously received AFS and moderate dose of HCQ and zinc. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, liver enzymes, and renal parameters were measured using standard methods. The weights of the lungs, liver, and kidneys of each rat were measured after being sacrificed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means (±SD) of the biochemical variables and relative weight of the organs, while Post Hoc test was used for group comparison. Pearson's correlation was used to determine relationship between parameters, with significant levels established at p<0.05. Results: Higher levels of serum alanine transaminase, creatinine, and urea and lower relative lung weight were observed in group C rats (infected but untreated) compared to rats in other groups (p<0.001). Higher IL-6 levels and IL-6/IL-10 ratio were also observed in group C rats compared to rats in other groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that HCQ and zinc ameliorate oxidative stress and hepato-renal damage induced by A. fumigatus in Albino rats. Contexte: Au Nigeria, les personnes immunodéprimées, en particulier celles vivant avec le VIH, courent un risque accru de développer une aspergillose pulmonaire invasive causée par Aspergillus fumigatus. Il est intéressant de noter que cette maladie produit des symptômes qui peuvent facilement être confondus avec ceux du COVID-19. Cette erreur de diagnostic entraîne leur traitement au zinc et à l'hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Pour mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de l'aspergillose et déterminer les effets thérapeutiques et toxiques du zinc et de l'HCQ, cette étude a examiné les fonctions hépatiques et rénales dans des modèles expérimentaux de rats
{"title":"Hydroxychloroquine and zinc ameliorate interleukin-6 associated hepato-renal toxicity induced by Aspergillus fumigatus in experimental rat models","authors":"J. O. Okoye, A. T. Basil, O. Okoli, P. O. Achebe, C. M. Obi, N. E. Ekekwe","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Nigeria, immunocompromised persons, particularly those living with HIV, are at an increased risk of developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Interestingly, this condition produces symptoms that can be easily mistaken for those of COVID-19. This misdiagnosis results in their treatment with zinc and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). To better understand the pathophysiology of aspergillosis and determine the therapeutic and toxic effects of zinc and HCQ, this study examined liver and renal functions in experimental rat models. \u0000Methodology: Twenty-eight Albino rats, randomised into 7 groups (n=4 each) designated A to G, were used for this study. Group A rats received standardized rat chow and distilled water only. Group B rats received moderate dose of HCQ only. Group C to G rats received immunosuppressive agents (an alkylating agent: cyclo- phosphamide and a steroid: hydrocortisone) to simulate an immunocompromised state before being infected with A. fumigatus suspension (AFS). Group C rats received AFS without treatment. Group D rats simultaneously received AFS and low dose of HCQ. Group E rats simultaneously received AFS and moderate dose of HCQ. Group F rats simultaneously received AFS and high dose of HCQ, and Group G rats simultaneously received AFS and moderate dose of HCQ and zinc. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, liver enzymes, and renal parameters were measured using standard methods. The weights of the lungs, liver, and kidneys of each rat were measured after being sacrificed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means (±SD) of the biochemical variables and relative weight of the organs, while Post Hoc test was used for group comparison. Pearson's correlation was used to determine relationship between parameters, with significant levels established at p<0.05. Results: Higher levels of serum alanine transaminase, creatinine, and urea and lower relative lung weight were observed in group C rats (infected but untreated) compared to rats in other groups (p<0.001). Higher IL-6 levels and IL-6/IL-10 ratio were also observed in group C rats compared to rats in other groups (p>0.05). \u0000Conclusion: This study revealed that HCQ and zinc ameliorate oxidative stress and hepato-renal damage induced by A. fumigatus in Albino rats. \u0000Contexte: Au Nigeria, les personnes immunodéprimées, en particulier celles vivant avec le VIH, courent un risque accru de développer une aspergillose pulmonaire invasive causée par Aspergillus fumigatus. Il est intéressant de noter que cette maladie produit des symptômes qui peuvent facilement être confondus avec ceux du COVID-19. Cette erreur de diagnostic entraîne leur traitement au zinc et à l'hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Pour mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de l'aspergillose et déterminer les effets thérapeutiques et toxiques du zinc et de l'HCQ, cette étude a examiné les fonctions hépatiques et rénales dans des modèles expérimentaux de rats","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"93 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mbah, V. O. Nwabunike, S. S. Akpan, E. E. Tangban, E. E. Bassey
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem and continues to be a major disease burden in the world, associated with serious health challenges including liver cirrhosis, cancer, lymphomas and death. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HCV infection among students of the University of Calabar. Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, 200 students were tested for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies using a rapid immunochromatographic (ICT) assay (CTK Biotech, Inc. USA). Seropositive samples were confirmed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for detection of HCV RNA. Structured questionnaires were used to collect subjects’ socio-demographic data and risk factors of infection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 200 students screened, the seroprevalence of HCV was 15.0% (n=30) and 9.5% (n=19) was positive for HCV RNA by RT-PCR assay. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibody was significantly higher in females (18.8%, 12/64) than males (13.2%, 18/136) (x2=3.84, p=0.036). Alcohol consumption (OR=4.67, 95% CI=2.04-10.67, p=0.002), skin piercing (OR=32.99, 95% CI=5.95-72.37, p<0.0001), multiple sexual partners (OR=4.03, 95% CI=1.7-9.6, p=0.0018), and history of blood transfusion (OR=8.00, 95% CI=2.97-21.58, p<0.001) were risk factors significantly associated with HCV infection in the study participants. Conclusion: The findings of 15.0% and 9.5% prevalence of HCV infection by anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA, respectively in this study, showed that there is relatively high prevalence of HCV infection among the students’ population in University of Calabar, Nigeria. Hence, routine medical screening of students for HCV infection using rapid ICT and RT-PCR techniques is hereby recommended. Contexte: L'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est un problème de santé mondial et continue de représenter un fardeau de morbidité majeur dans le monde, associé à de graves problèmes de santé, notamment la cirrhose du foie, le cancer, les lymphomes et la mort. Cette étude a été réalisée pour déterminer la prévalence de l'infection par le VHC parmi les étudiants de l'Université de Calabar. Méthodologie: Dans une étude transversale, 200 étudiants ont été testés pour la présence d'anticorps anti-VHC à l'aide d'un test immunochromatographique rapide (ICT) (CTK Biotech, Inc., USA). Les échantillons séropositifs ont été confirmés à l’aide d’un test de réaction en chaîne par transcriptase inverse-polymérase (RT-PCR) pour la détection de l’ARN du VHC. Des questionnaires structurés ont été utilisés pour collecter les données sociodémographiques des sujets et les facteurs de risque d’infection. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 16.0, avec le niveau de signification fixé à p<0,05. Résultats: Parmi les 200 étudiants dépistés, la séroprévalence du VHC était de 15,0% (n=30) et 9,5% (n=19) étaient positifs à l'AR
{"title":"Serological and molecular detection of hepatitis C virus among students in a tertiary educational institution in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"M. Mbah, V. O. Nwabunike, S. S. Akpan, E. E. Tangban, E. E. Bassey","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem and continues to be a major disease burden in the world, associated with serious health challenges including liver cirrhosis, cancer, lymphomas and death. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HCV infection among students of the University of Calabar.\u0000Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, 200 students were tested for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies using a rapid immunochromatographic (ICT) assay (CTK Biotech, Inc. USA). Seropositive samples were confirmed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for detection of HCV RNA. Structured questionnaires were used to collect subjects’ socio-demographic data and risk factors of infection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0, with the level of significance set at p<0.05.\u0000Results: Of the 200 students screened, the seroprevalence of HCV was 15.0% (n=30) and 9.5% (n=19) was positive for HCV RNA by RT-PCR assay. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibody was significantly higher in females (18.8%, 12/64) than males (13.2%, 18/136) (x2=3.84, p=0.036). Alcohol consumption (OR=4.67, 95% CI=2.04-10.67, p=0.002), skin piercing (OR=32.99, 95% CI=5.95-72.37, p<0.0001), multiple sexual partners (OR=4.03, 95% CI=1.7-9.6, p=0.0018), and history of blood transfusion (OR=8.00, 95% CI=2.97-21.58, p<0.001) were risk factors significantly associated with HCV infection in the study participants.\u0000Conclusion: The findings of 15.0% and 9.5% prevalence of HCV infection by anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA, respectively in this study, showed that there is relatively high prevalence of HCV infection among the students’ population in University of Calabar, Nigeria. Hence, routine medical screening of students for HCV infection using rapid ICT and RT-PCR techniques is hereby recommended.\u0000Contexte: L'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est un problème de santé mondial et continue de représenter un fardeau de morbidité majeur dans le monde, associé à de graves problèmes de santé, notamment la cirrhose du foie, le cancer, les lymphomes et la mort. Cette étude a été réalisée pour déterminer la prévalence de l'infection par le VHC parmi les étudiants de l'Université de Calabar.\u0000Méthodologie: Dans une étude transversale, 200 étudiants ont été testés pour la présence d'anticorps anti-VHC à l'aide d'un test immunochromatographique rapide (ICT) (CTK Biotech, Inc., USA). Les échantillons séropositifs ont été confirmés à l’aide d’un test de réaction en chaîne par transcriptase inverse-polymérase (RT-PCR) pour la détection de l’ARN du VHC. Des questionnaires structurés ont été utilisés pour collecter les données sociodémographiques des sujets et les facteurs de risque d’infection. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 16.0, avec le niveau de signification fixé à p<0,05.\u0000Résultats: Parmi les 200 étudiants dépistés, la séroprévalence du VHC était de 15,0% (n=30) et 9,5% (n=19) étaient positifs à l'AR","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prematurity significantly increases neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Underdeveloped immune systems and prolonged hospitalization elevate the risk of secondary immunodeficiency leading to heightened vulnerability to healthcare-associated infections, including neonatal sepsis from various sources like intrauterine, intrapartum, and postnatal agents. This review explores the impact of prematurity on infection susceptibility and the role of immature immunity. A literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar identified relevant articles published between January 1980 and December 2022, focusing on terms such as "preterm," "prematurity," "neonatal sepsis," and "secondary immunodeficiency." Despite neonatal susceptibility to sepsis, accurate incidence estimates are lacking in many countries, and preterm infants face higher morbidity and mortality risks compared to full-term babies. Early-onset infections usually manifest within the first 72 hours post-delivery, while late-onset neonatal sepsis occurs after this period. Immaturity affects various immune system components, with gestational age influencing functionality. The compromised innate immune response in preterm infants involves factors such as fragile skin, reduced tear/mucus production, and low antimicrobial peptide levels. Complement deficiencies and impaired neutrophil function increase susceptibility to infections. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells exhibit reduced activity, impacting viral clearance. Preterm infants also have lower immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels, contributing to a weakened adaptive immune response. Hypogammaglobulinaemia heightens susceptibility to infections relying on antibody-mediated protection, while low secretory IgA production and delayed antibody response predispose to gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. The combined effect of immature immunity and medical interventions heightens preterm infants' susceptibility to pathogens. Recommendations for mitigating infection risks include antimicrobial stewardship, prompt initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, and timely administration of routine vaccinations. La prématurité augmente considérablement la mortalité néonatale en Afrique subsaharienne. Un système immunitaire sous-développé et une hospitalisation prolongée augmentent le risque d'immunodéficience secondaire conduisant à une vulnérabilité accrue aux infections nosocomiales, y compris la septicémie néonatale provenant de diverses sources telles que les agents intra-utérins, intrapartum et postnatals. Cette revue explore l'impact de la prématurité sur la susceptibilité aux infections et le rôle d’une immunité immature. Une recherche documentaire utilisant PubMed et Google Scholar a identifié des articles pertinents publiés entre janvier 1980 et décembre 2022, se concentrant sur des termes tels que “prématuré", “prématurité ”, “septicémie néonatale” et “immunodéficience secondaire”. Malgré la susceptibilité néonatale au sepsis, des
早产大大增加了撒哈拉以南非洲地区的新生儿死亡率。免疫系统发育不全和住院时间过长增加了继发性免疫缺陷的风险，导致更容易受到与医疗相关的感染，包括来自宫内、产时和产后等不同来源的新生儿败血症。本综述探讨了早产对感染易感性的影响以及未成熟免疫的作用。通过使用 PubMed 和 Google Scholar 进行文献检索，找到了 1980 年 1 月至 2022 年 12 月间发表的相关文章，重点关注 "早产"、"早产儿"、"新生儿败血症 "和 "继发性免疫缺陷 "等术语。尽管新生儿易患败血症，但许多国家都缺乏准确的发病率估计，与足月儿相比，早产儿面临着更高的发病率和死亡率风险。早产儿感染通常发生在产后 72 小时内，而晚产儿败血症则发生在产后 72 小时之后。不成熟会影响免疫系统的各种成分，胎龄也会影响其功能。早产儿先天性免疫反应受损的因素包括皮肤脆弱、泪液/粘液分泌减少、抗菌肽水平低等。补体缺乏和中性粒细胞功能受损会增加感染的易感性。巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞的活性降低，从而影响病毒的清除。早产儿的免疫球蛋白 (Ig) G 水平也较低，导致适应性免疫反应减弱。低丙种球蛋白血症使婴儿更容易受到依靠抗体介导的保护的感染，而分泌型 IgA 生成量低和抗体反应延迟则容易导致胃肠道和呼吸道感染。不成熟的免疫力和医疗干预措施的共同作用增加了早产儿对病原体的易感性。降低感染风险的建议包括抗菌药物管理、及时开始纯母乳喂养和及时接种常规疫苗。早产大大增加了撒哈拉以南非洲地区的新生儿死亡率。发育不全的免疫系统和长期住院会增加继发性免疫缺陷的风险，导致更容易发生院内感染，包括来自宫内、产时和产后等各种原因的新生儿败血症。本综述探讨了早产对感染易感性的影响以及未成熟免疫的作用。通过使用 PubMed 和 Google Scholar 进行文献检索，找到了 1980 年 1 月至 2022 年 12 月间发表的相关文章，重点关注 "早产"、"早产儿"、"新生儿败血症 "和 "继发性免疫缺陷 "等术语。尽管新生儿易患败血症，但许多国家都缺乏对发病率的准确估计，早产儿比足月儿面临更高的发病和死亡风险。早期感染一般发生在产后 72 小时内，而晚期新生儿感染则发生在产后 72 小时之后。早产儿免疫系统的各个组成部分都会受到影响，胎龄也会影响免疫系统的功能。早产儿先天性免疫反应受损的因素包括皮肤脆弱、泪液/粘液分泌减少和抗菌肽水平低。补体缺乏和中性粒细胞功能受损会增加感染的易感性。巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞的活性降低，从而影响病毒的清除。早产儿的免疫球蛋白 G 水平也较低，从而导致适应性免疫反应减弱。低丙种球蛋白血症会在抗体介导保护的基础上增加感染的易感性，而分泌型 IgA 的低分泌和抗体反应的延迟则容易导致胃肠道和呼吸道感染。不成熟的免疫力和医疗干预的共同作用增加了早产儿对病原体的易感性。降低感染风险的建议包括抗菌管理、尽早开始纯母乳喂养和及时接种常规疫苗。
{"title":"Prematurity as a secondary immunodeficiency disorder with increased risk of infections: A mini-review","authors":"R. M. Ibraheem, A. Issa","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Prematurity significantly increases neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Underdeveloped immune systems and prolonged hospitalization elevate the risk of secondary immunodeficiency leading to heightened vulnerability to healthcare-associated infections, including neonatal sepsis from various sources like intrauterine, intrapartum, and postnatal agents. This review explores the impact of prematurity on infection susceptibility and the role of immature immunity. A literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar identified relevant articles published between January 1980 and December 2022, focusing on terms such as \"preterm,\" \"prematurity,\" \"neonatal sepsis,\" and \"secondary immunodeficiency.\" Despite neonatal susceptibility to sepsis, accurate incidence estimates are lacking in many countries, and preterm infants face higher morbidity and mortality risks compared to full-term babies. Early-onset infections usually manifest within the first 72 hours post-delivery, while late-onset neonatal sepsis occurs after this period. Immaturity affects various immune system components, with gestational age influencing functionality. The compromised innate immune response in preterm infants involves factors such as fragile skin, reduced tear/mucus production, and low antimicrobial peptide levels. Complement deficiencies and impaired neutrophil function increase susceptibility to infections. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells exhibit reduced activity, impacting viral clearance. Preterm infants also have lower immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels, contributing to a weakened adaptive immune response. Hypogammaglobulinaemia heightens susceptibility to infections relying on antibody-mediated protection, while low secretory IgA production and delayed antibody response predispose to gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. The combined effect of immature immunity and medical interventions heightens preterm infants' susceptibility to pathogens. Recommendations for mitigating infection risks include antimicrobial stewardship, prompt initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, and timely administration of routine vaccinations. \u0000La prématurité augmente considérablement la mortalité néonatale en Afrique subsaharienne. Un système immunitaire sous-développé et une hospitalisation prolongée augmentent le risque d'immunodéficience secondaire conduisant à une vulnérabilité accrue aux infections nosocomiales, y compris la septicémie néonatale provenant de diverses sources telles que les agents intra-utérins, intrapartum et postnatals. Cette revue explore l'impact de la prématurité sur la susceptibilité aux infections et le rôle d’une immunité immature. Une recherche documentaire utilisant PubMed et Google Scholar a identifié des articles pertinents publiés entre janvier 1980 et décembre 2022, se concentrant sur des termes tels que “prématuré\", “prématurité ”, “septicémie néonatale” et “immunodéficience secondaire”. Malgré la susceptibilité néonatale au sepsis, des","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"43 1‐10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. I. Ogban, A. A. Iwuafor, C. U. Idemudo, S. A. Ben, S. Ushie, U. Emanghe
Background: Severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have mortality rate exceeding 50%. On the strength of this, this study sought to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy caused by CRE and associated risk factors in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Nigeria, with the aim of making recommendations that can stem the tide of UTI caused by this bacterial strain in the hospital.Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 349 consecutively selected pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of UCTH, Calabar, Nigeria, between September 2020 and August 2021. Demographic/ clinical data and risk factors were collected with semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Voided mid-stream urine (MSU) sample was collected from each participant and transported to the medical microbiology laboratory of the hospital for microbiological analysis using conventional culture and biochemical identification methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) on each isolate was performed by the disk diffusion technique against selected antibiotics. Phenotypic carbapenemase production from presumptive carbapenem resistant isolates following AST was confirmed by the modified Hodge test (MHT). Data analysis was done on SPSS version 19.0. Association of risk factors with prevalence of UTI caused by CRE was determined using Chi square or Fisher Exact test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: The prevalence of UTI among the pregnant women was 10.0% (35/349), with prevalence of 6.6% for Escherichia coli (23/349) and 3.5% (12/349) for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility test result showed that piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active antibiotic in vitro, with 82.9% isolates sensitive to it while sensitivity to imipenem (60.0%) and meropenem (40.0%) was low. A total 17 (48.6%) of the 35 isolates were resistant to carbapenems in the AST and 12 (34.3%) were carbapenemase-producing strains on MHT while 5 (14.3%) were non-carbapenemase-mediated resistance (NCMR). None of the demographic characteristics or risk factors analysed was significantly associated with UTI caused by CRE in the pregnant women (p>0.05).Conclusion: To stem the rising trend of UTIs in pregnancy caused by carbapenem resistant uropathogens,pregnant women receiving antenatal care in UCTH, Calabar should be routinely screened for UTI and offeredappropriate treatment if indicated based on microbiological test results. Contexte: Les infections graves causées par des entérobactéries résistantes aux carbapénèmes (CRE) ont un taux de mortalité supérieur à 50 %. Forte de ces éléments, cette étude a cherché à déterminer la prévalence des infections des voies urinaires (IVU) pendant la grossesse causée par la CRE et les facteurs de risque associés à l'hôpital universitaire de Calabar (UCTH), au Nigeria, dans le but de formuler des recommandations qui peuvent endiguer la marée d'infe
{"title":"Urinary tract infections in pregnancy caused by carbapenemresistant Enterobacteriaceae in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: An emerging therapeutic threat","authors":"G. I. Ogban, A. A. Iwuafor, C. U. Idemudo, S. A. Ben, S. Ushie, U. Emanghe","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have mortality rate exceeding 50%. On the strength of this, this study sought to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy caused by CRE and associated risk factors in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Nigeria, with the aim of making recommendations that can stem the tide of UTI caused by this bacterial strain in the hospital.Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 349 consecutively selected pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of UCTH, Calabar, Nigeria, between September 2020 and August 2021. Demographic/ clinical data and risk factors were collected with semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Voided mid-stream urine (MSU) sample was collected from each participant and transported to the medical microbiology laboratory of the hospital for microbiological analysis using conventional culture and biochemical identification methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) on each isolate was performed by the disk diffusion technique against selected antibiotics. Phenotypic carbapenemase production from presumptive carbapenem resistant isolates following AST was confirmed by the modified Hodge test (MHT). Data analysis was done on SPSS version 19.0. Association of risk factors with prevalence of UTI caused by CRE was determined using Chi square or Fisher Exact test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: The prevalence of UTI among the pregnant women was 10.0% (35/349), with prevalence of 6.6% for Escherichia coli (23/349) and 3.5% (12/349) for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility test result showed that piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active antibiotic in vitro, with 82.9% isolates sensitive to it while sensitivity to imipenem (60.0%) and meropenem (40.0%) was low. A total 17 (48.6%) of the 35 isolates were resistant to carbapenems in the AST and 12 (34.3%) were carbapenemase-producing strains on MHT while 5 (14.3%) were non-carbapenemase-mediated resistance (NCMR). None of the demographic characteristics or risk factors analysed was significantly associated with UTI caused by CRE in the pregnant women (p>0.05).Conclusion: To stem the rising trend of UTIs in pregnancy caused by carbapenem resistant uropathogens,pregnant women receiving antenatal care in UCTH, Calabar should be routinely screened for UTI and offeredappropriate treatment if indicated based on microbiological test results. \u0000Contexte: Les infections graves causées par des entérobactéries résistantes aux carbapénèmes (CRE) ont un taux de mortalité supérieur à 50 %. Forte de ces éléments, cette étude a cherché à déterminer la prévalence des infections des voies urinaires (IVU) pendant la grossesse causée par la CRE et les facteurs de risque associés à l'hôpital universitaire de Calabar (UCTH), au Nigeria, dans le but de formuler des recommandations qui peuvent endiguer la marée d'infe","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"348 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140750219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：