R. K. Kabangwa, K. H. Mulasi, B. T. Moyengo, J. Byamungu, P. K. Mobile
Background: Cholera is an infectious disease characterized by severe watery diarrhea, frequently occurring in outbreaks which affects many communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). At the end of October 2022, a cholera outbreak was declared in the camp of internally displaced people (IDP) of Kanyaruchinya, 20 kilometers north of Goma, the provincial capital of the North-Kivu province in DRC, as well as in other IDP camps and settlements around the city of Goma. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize Vibrio cholerae isolates associated with this outbreak, and to determinate their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Methodology: Between October 31, 2022 and January 31, 2023, faecal swab samples were collected into Cary-Blair medium from 1604 and 538 patients with clinical signs of cholera at the Kanyaruchinya IDP, and IDPs camps and settlements around the city of Goma, respectively. After enrichment in 1% alkaline peptone water, the samples were cultured on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar for isolation and phenotypic characterization of V. cholerae O1 using conventional biochemical tests and serotyping technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of selected isolates was peformed to a panel of 8 antibiotics by the disk diffusion method in accordance with EUCAST and CLSI guidelines. Results: Vibrio cholerae was cultured from 807 samples (50.3%) of 1604 patients from the Kanyaruchinya IDP, and from 206 samples (38.3%) of 538 patients around the city of Goma (p<0.01). All the V. cholerae isolates from the Kanyaruchinya IDP (807/807, 100.0%) were serotyped as V. cholerae O1 Inaba whereas 136 (66.0%), 67 (32.5%), and 3 (1.5%) V. cholerae O1 isolates from around Goma were serotyped as V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, V. cholerae O1 Inaba, and Hikojima respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test on 174 and 62 isolates selected randomly from the 807 and 206 V. cholerae isolates from the Kanyaruchinya IDP camp, and from around the city of Goma respectively, showed that all the tested V. cholerae O1 isolates were resistant to polymyxin and cotrimoxazole, while being susceptible to tetracycline and azithromycin. All tested V. cholerae O1 isolates from Kanyaruchinya IDP camp displayed a unique antimicrobial susceptibility profile characterized by resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol, and susceptiblility to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline and doxycycline. Their counterparts from settlements around the city of Goma displayed a more variable antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a single V. cholerae O1 Inaba clone probably caused the cholera outbreak in the Kanyaruchinya IDP camp, whereas during the same period, several V. cholerae clones (Ogawa, Inaba and Hikojima) were associated with the cholera outbreak around the city of Goma.
{"title":"Phenotypic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Vibrio cholerae isolates during the October 2022 and January 2023 outbreak in North-Kivu province, The Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"R. K. Kabangwa, K. H. Mulasi, B. T. Moyengo, J. Byamungu, P. K. Mobile","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cholera is an infectious disease characterized by severe watery diarrhea, frequently occurring in outbreaks which affects many communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). At the end of October 2022, a cholera outbreak was declared in the camp of internally displaced people (IDP) of Kanyaruchinya, 20 kilometers north of Goma, the provincial capital of the North-Kivu province in DRC, as well as in other IDP camps and settlements around the city of Goma. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize Vibrio cholerae isolates associated with this outbreak, and to determinate their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. \u0000Methodology: Between October 31, 2022 and January 31, 2023, faecal swab samples were collected into Cary-Blair medium from 1604 and 538 patients with clinical signs of cholera at the Kanyaruchinya IDP, and IDPs camps and settlements around the city of Goma, respectively. After enrichment in 1% alkaline peptone water, the samples were cultured on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar for isolation and phenotypic characterization of V. cholerae O1 using conventional biochemical tests and serotyping technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of selected isolates was peformed to a panel of 8 antibiotics by the disk diffusion method in accordance with EUCAST and CLSI guidelines. \u0000Results: Vibrio cholerae was cultured from 807 samples (50.3%) of 1604 patients from the Kanyaruchinya IDP, and from 206 samples (38.3%) of 538 patients around the city of Goma (p<0.01). All the V. cholerae isolates from the Kanyaruchinya IDP (807/807, 100.0%) were serotyped as V. cholerae O1 Inaba whereas 136 (66.0%), 67 (32.5%), and 3 (1.5%) V. cholerae O1 isolates from around Goma were serotyped as V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, V. cholerae O1 Inaba, and Hikojima respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test on 174 and 62 isolates selected randomly from the 807 and 206 V. cholerae isolates from the Kanyaruchinya IDP camp, and from around the city of Goma respectively, showed that all the tested V. cholerae O1 isolates were resistant to polymyxin and cotrimoxazole, while being susceptible to tetracycline and azithromycin. All tested V. cholerae O1 isolates from Kanyaruchinya IDP camp displayed a unique antimicrobial susceptibility profile characterized by resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol, and susceptiblility to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline and doxycycline. Their counterparts from settlements around the city of Goma displayed a more variable antimicrobial susceptibility profile. \u0000Conclusion: Our results suggest that a single V. cholerae O1 Inaba clone probably caused the cholera outbreak in the Kanyaruchinya IDP camp, whereas during the same period, several V. cholerae clones (Ogawa, Inaba and Hikojima) were associated with the cholera outbreak around the city of Goma.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"42 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83637346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous infectious pulmonary and systemic disease caused mostly by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). It has variable clinical presentation and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the middle-and-low-income-countries (LMICs). Isolated axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis (ATL) is rare and is defined as the presence of axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis in the absence of previous or active pulmonary TB or evidence of extrapulmonary TB elsewhere. We present a case of isolated ATL in a 54-year-old HIV-negative Nigerian woman, whose diagnosis was made using histological evaluation that demonstrated typical Langhan’s giant cells and caseous necrosis, with the detection of mycobacterial DNA by GeneXpert TB test. Isolated ATL is a diagnostic enigma but should be considered in young and middle-aged women in TB endemic regions presenting with enlarged axillary lymph nodes in the absence of foci of infections or malignancy. Sex difference in immunological response to infection may account for this unique presentation among the female gender.
{"title":"Isolated axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis in a Nigerian female: A case report with review of the literature","authors":"J. Uchendu, D. Yovwin, O. Esemuede","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.12","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous infectious pulmonary and systemic disease caused mostly by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). It has variable clinical presentation and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the middle-and-low-income-countries (LMICs). Isolated axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis (ATL) is rare and is defined as the presence of axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis in the absence of previous or active pulmonary TB or evidence of extrapulmonary TB elsewhere. We present a case of isolated ATL in a 54-year-old HIV-negative Nigerian woman, whose diagnosis was made using histological evaluation that demonstrated typical Langhan’s giant cells and caseous necrosis, with the detection of mycobacterial DNA by GeneXpert TB test. Isolated ATL is a diagnostic enigma but should be considered in young and middle-aged women in TB endemic regions presenting with enlarged axillary lymph nodes in the absence of foci of infections or malignancy. Sex difference in immunological response to infection may account for this unique presentation among the female gender.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76134369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mohammed, M. F. Abdul-Wahab, J. Mohammed, I. M. Mohammed, R. Sani, H. Majiya
Low-temperature bacteria have potential to produce biohydrogen and are often considered a potential renewable energy generator for the future. However, the bacteria have presented poor hydrogen yield due to slow metabolic rate and prolonged lag phase often caused by their restricted growth temperature limit. The ineffective search for new biocatalysts from cold environments and the application of modification techniques almost jeopardize the economic viability of these strains in the biohydrogen production research. This article examined cold genetic and enzymatic adaptation potentials that led to the continuous expression of novel biocatalysts of biotechnological importance under the following headings; cold-adapted bacteria, biohydrogen-producing bacteria, strategies for adapting to stress in low temperatures, performance of cold-adapted bacteria in biohydrogen production, challenges of cold-adapted bacteria in biohydrogen production and future prospect. Finding new strains and studying their unique properties can improve the efficiency of hydrogen production by cold-adapted bacteria, as this new area has not yet been extensively studied.
{"title":"Potentials and limitations of cold-adapted hydrogen producing bacteria: A mini review","authors":"A. Mohammed, M. F. Abdul-Wahab, J. Mohammed, I. M. Mohammed, R. Sani, H. Majiya","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Low-temperature bacteria have potential to produce biohydrogen and are often considered a potential renewable energy generator for the future. However, the bacteria have presented poor hydrogen yield due to slow metabolic rate and prolonged lag phase often caused by their restricted growth temperature limit. The ineffective search for new biocatalysts from cold environments and the application of modification techniques almost jeopardize the economic viability of these strains in the biohydrogen production research. This article examined cold genetic and enzymatic adaptation potentials that led to the continuous expression of novel biocatalysts of biotechnological importance under the following headings; cold-adapted bacteria, biohydrogen-producing bacteria, strategies for adapting to stress in low temperatures, performance of cold-adapted bacteria in biohydrogen production, challenges of cold-adapted bacteria in biohydrogen production and future prospect. Finding new strains and studying their unique properties can improve the efficiency of hydrogen production by cold-adapted bacteria, as this new area has not yet been extensively studied.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74489791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. C. Ekwealor, C. Nweke, C. Anaukwu, V. Anakwenze, C. M. Ogbukagu, A. Mba
Background: Oral candidiasis is an infection that follows colonization of oral cavity by Candida species mostly Candida albicans. About 90% of HIV-infected persons develop this disease during the course of HIV infection and could serve as early sign of HIV-related immunodeficiency. Treatment involves the use of antifungal drugs. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis and the susceptibility of isolated Candida species to available antifungal agents among selected HIV-infected patients in a mission hospital, southeast Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 150 consecutively selected HIV-infected patients attending the Heart-to-Heart clinic of Iyi-Enu mission hospital Ogidi, Anambra State, Nigeria, between December 2022 and February 2023. Demographic information of each participant was obtained using structured questionnaire. Five milliliters of whole blood were drawn from the antecubital vein of each participant for CD4+ estimation. Mouth specimens were collected using two sterile cotton swabs for microscopy and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and Candida species were identified after subculture on CHROMAgar. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using fluconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin disks, and results interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: A total of 98 (65.3%) HIV-infected participants were positive for oral candidiasis, with 4 species of Candida isolated; Candida albicans (62.2%), Candida glabrata (18.4%), Candida tropicalis (12.2%) and Candida krusei (7.1%). Fifty-nine (60.2%) of the 98 participants had CD4+ cell count ˂ 200, 33 (33.7%) had counts in the range of 200-399, and 6 (6.1%) had counts in the range of 400-499 cells/μL (p=0.001). The prevalence of candi- diasis was not significantly different between the female (67.0%, 65/97) and male (62.3%, 33/53) participants (p=0.6598), but the prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) in participants age group 21-30 years (80.7%, 42/52), divorced (100%, 1/1) and married (75%, 45/60), those with primary school level education (73.7%, 42/57), civil servants (85.7%, 18/21), and those who performed mouth hygiene once daily (71.9%, 69/96). Nystatin (77.6%, 76/98) showed the highest while fluconazole and ketoconazole (68.4%, 62/98) showed the lowest in vitro antifungal activity Conclusion: Oral candidiasis is prevalent among HIV-infected patients in the study population, with evidence of in vitro resistance of the Candida isolates to available antifungal drugs. Proper diagnosis, susceptibility testing and treatment of infection will be helpful in managing oral candidiasis infection among HIV infected patients.
{"title":"Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility pattern of oral candidiasis among HIV-infected patients in a Mission Hospital, southeast Nigeria","authors":"C. C. Ekwealor, C. Nweke, C. Anaukwu, V. Anakwenze, C. M. Ogbukagu, A. Mba","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oral candidiasis is an infection that follows colonization of oral cavity by Candida species mostly Candida albicans. About 90% of HIV-infected persons develop this disease during the course of HIV infection and could serve as early sign of HIV-related immunodeficiency. Treatment involves the use of antifungal drugs. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis and the susceptibility of isolated Candida species to available antifungal agents among selected HIV-infected patients in a mission hospital, southeast Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 150 consecutively selected HIV-infected patients attending the Heart-to-Heart clinic of Iyi-Enu mission hospital Ogidi, Anambra State, Nigeria, between December 2022 and February 2023. Demographic information of each participant was obtained using structured questionnaire. Five milliliters of whole blood were drawn from the antecubital vein of each participant for CD4+ estimation. Mouth specimens were collected using two sterile cotton swabs for microscopy and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and Candida species were identified after subculture on CHROMAgar. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using fluconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin disks, and results interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. \u0000Results: A total of 98 (65.3%) HIV-infected participants were positive for oral candidiasis, with 4 species of Candida isolated; Candida albicans (62.2%), Candida glabrata (18.4%), Candida tropicalis (12.2%) and Candida krusei (7.1%). Fifty-nine (60.2%) of the 98 participants had CD4+ cell count ˂ 200, 33 (33.7%) had counts in the range of 200-399, and 6 (6.1%) had counts in the range of 400-499 cells/μL (p=0.001). The prevalence of candi- diasis was not significantly different between the female (67.0%, 65/97) and male (62.3%, 33/53) participants (p=0.6598), but the prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) in participants age group 21-30 years (80.7%, 42/52), divorced (100%, 1/1) and married (75%, 45/60), those with primary school level education (73.7%, 42/57), civil servants (85.7%, 18/21), and those who performed mouth hygiene once daily (71.9%, 69/96). Nystatin (77.6%, 76/98) showed the highest while fluconazole and ketoconazole (68.4%, 62/98) showed the lowest in vitro antifungal activity \u0000Conclusion: Oral candidiasis is prevalent among HIV-infected patients in the study population, with evidence of in vitro resistance of the Candida isolates to available antifungal drugs. Proper diagnosis, susceptibility testing and treatment of infection will be helpful in managing oral candidiasis infection among HIV infected patients.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88053240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Medugu, J. Imran, T. Musa-Booth, B. Makun, B. Adegboro
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is characterized by widespread epithelial necrosis and/or superficial blistering of the skin following infection by some toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The disease primarily affects children under the age of 5 years, but it can also occur in adults. Due to the recent increase in reported cases of SSSS, we have reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, including the development of vaccines for S. aureus infections. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and websites of the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO), were searched for publications on SSSS written in English language. Our review showed that SSSS is more common in children, amongst whom it carries a mortality rate of <5%, as opposed to mortality rate of >50% in affected adults. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are recommended for the treatment of SSSS, and administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) may aid early recovery. Important staphylococcal vaccine candidates are also highlighted in the review.
{"title":"A review of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome","authors":"N. Medugu, J. Imran, T. Musa-Booth, B. Makun, B. Adegboro","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is characterized by widespread epithelial necrosis and/or superficial blistering of the skin following infection by some toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The disease primarily affects children under the age of 5 years, but it can also occur in adults. Due to the recent increase in reported cases of SSSS, we have reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, including the development of vaccines for S. aureus infections. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and websites of the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO), were searched for publications on SSSS written in English language. Our review showed that SSSS is more common in children, amongst whom it carries a mortality rate of <5%, as opposed to mortality rate of >50% in affected adults. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are recommended for the treatment of SSSS, and administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) may aid early recovery. Important staphylococcal vaccine candidates are also highlighted in the review.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85250652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Obaro, M. Suleiman, S. A. Yekinni, A. Sanda, B. Aminu
Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, predominantly in developing countries. The bacterial causes of neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are however dynamic. Globicatella sanguinis is a streptococcus-like bacterial agent capable of causing serious infection in humans that has been rarely isolated from clinical samples, and is an uncommon pathogen that is difficult to identify. Identification based on phenotypic methods alone can misidentify many bacteria, and this may affect precise antibiotic treatment. We report the isolation of a rare bacterial pathogen, G. sanguinis from a three-hour-old preterm female neonate (28 weeker, extremely low birth weight) with sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) at Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria, and to the best of our knowledge, one of the very few reported cases all over the world. Blood sample was aseptically collected from the neonate and cultured on BacT/Alert automated system (BioMérieux, Mercy-Etoile, France). A rare bacterium was identified from a positive culture, and in vitro susceptibility test using VITEK-2 compact system showed the isolate to be sensitive to gentamicin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Despite antibiotic treatment and other standards of care, on day 9 of admission, the baby developed apnea and all resuscitative measures proved abortive. In a developing country like Nigeria where child mortality due to infection is high, the inclusion of advanced technologies such as improved VITEK-2 compact system, PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, and next-generation sequencing, could play a significant role in its reduction.
{"title":"Isolation of Globicatella sanguinis from a neonate with sepsis using BacT/Alert and VITEK-2 compact system at Federal Teaching Hospital, Katsina, northwest Nigeria: A case report","authors":"H. Obaro, M. Suleiman, S. A. Yekinni, A. Sanda, B. Aminu","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, predominantly in developing countries. The bacterial causes of neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are however dynamic. Globicatella sanguinis is a streptococcus-like bacterial agent capable of causing serious infection in humans that has been rarely isolated from clinical samples, and is an uncommon pathogen that is difficult to identify. Identification based on phenotypic methods alone can misidentify many bacteria, and this may affect precise antibiotic treatment. We report the isolation of a rare bacterial pathogen, G. sanguinis from a three-hour-old preterm female neonate (28 weeker, extremely low birth weight) with sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) at Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria, and to the best of our knowledge, one of the very few reported cases all over the world. Blood sample was aseptically collected from the neonate and cultured on BacT/Alert automated system (BioMérieux, Mercy-Etoile, France). A rare bacterium was identified from a positive culture, and in vitro susceptibility test using VITEK-2 compact system showed the isolate to be sensitive to gentamicin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Despite antibiotic treatment and other standards of care, on day 9 of admission, the baby developed apnea and all resuscitative measures proved abortive. In a developing country like Nigeria where child mortality due to infection is high, the inclusion of advanced technologies such as improved VITEK-2 compact system, PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, and next-generation sequencing, could play a significant role in its reduction.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73310039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Otaigbe, E. Ebeigbe, H. Okunbor, T. Oluwole, C. J. Elikwu, Prof. S. S. Taiwo
Background: Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance have made it necessary to regularly monitor antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram negative bacterial uropathogens in order to optimize antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens in Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, southwest Nigeria. Methodology: This study was a retrospective review of the Medical Microbiology Laboratory records of the hospital to analyze the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative urinary bacterial isolates between May 2016 and April 2022. The bacteria were isolated and identified from routine urine samples using standard bacteriological methods. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) to amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem was routinely performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and susceptibility break points determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: A total number of 3,549 urine samples were processed during the period of review, and 808 (22.8%) samples yielded positive bacterial cultures. Of the 808 isolates, 604 (74.8%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (41.9 %) and Klebsiella spp (27.5%) while Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp accounted for 4.3% and 1.0% of all isolates respectively. Meropenem had the highest in vitro antibacterial activity (74.3% to 90.3% of isolates were sensitive) for all isolates. Overall, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. showed high resistance rates to amoxicillin-clavulanate (65.3% to 97.1%). Conclusion: Effective antimicrobial stewardship programs must be in place in order to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics for treating urinary tract infections.
{"title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens in a tertiary hospital, southwest Nigeria","authors":"I. Otaigbe, E. Ebeigbe, H. Okunbor, T. Oluwole, C. J. Elikwu, Prof. S. S. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance have made it necessary to regularly monitor antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram negative bacterial uropathogens in order to optimize antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens in Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, southwest Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: This study was a retrospective review of the Medical Microbiology Laboratory records of the hospital to analyze the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative urinary bacterial isolates between May 2016 and April 2022. The bacteria were isolated and identified from routine urine samples using standard bacteriological methods. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) to amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem was routinely performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and susceptibility break points determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. \u0000Results: A total number of 3,549 urine samples were processed during the period of review, and 808 (22.8%) samples yielded positive bacterial cultures. Of the 808 isolates, 604 (74.8%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (41.9 %) and Klebsiella spp (27.5%) while Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp accounted for 4.3% and 1.0% of all isolates respectively. Meropenem had the highest in vitro antibacterial activity (74.3% to 90.3% of isolates were sensitive) for all isolates. Overall, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. showed high resistance rates to amoxicillin-clavulanate (65.3% to 97.1%). \u0000Conclusion: Effective antimicrobial stewardship programs must be in place in order to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics for treating urinary tract infections.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88575697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Nwankwo, Y. Obazee, E. Sanni, N. K. Ezike, B. Adegboro, Prof. S. S. Taiwo
Background: Blood transfusion saves lives, but it is associated with many complications which include transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs). The major objectives of this study were to determine; the prevalence of TTIs in the blood donated at Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria from 01 January to 31 December 2019; investigate the accuracy of rapid immunochromatographic (ICT) tests for preliminary TTIs screening of blood donors’ samples and confirmed by ELISA test; and establish baseline data that will provide the impetus for improvement in equipment, infrastructure, and health system management, with the ultimate goal of ensuring safer blood transfusion practice. Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of records of blood donors at the Blood Bank of Asokoro District Hospital, a quasi-tertiary centre situated at Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), northcentral Nigeria, between 01 January to 31 December 2019. The socio-demographic biodata (age and gender), blood parameters (PCV and blood groups), and TTIs test results (by rapid ICT kit and ELISA) of donors were manually extracted from the record books of the hospital’s blood bank. Only donor blood samples that initially tested negative for TTIs met the inclusion criteria. The data were entered into the spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel, and analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 23.0. Chi square test was used to determine association between variables and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance. Results: A total of 1400 blood samples of donors, received within the study period, met the inclusion criteria of testing negative for TTIs on rapid ICT kit test. The mean age (± SD) of the donors was 35.6±6.7 years with age range of 18-67 years. The median age was 35 years, and the predominant age group was 30-39 years, accounting for 55.4% (775/1400). Majority of the donors (97.1%, 1359/1400) were males. In terms of ABO blood group distribution, group O Rh D positive was the commonest, followed by group A Rh D positive, while the least is group AB Rh D positive. The overall prevalence of TTIs by ELISA test was 4.9% (68/1400). This prevalence was highest for HCV (1.9%, 26/1400), followed by HIV (1.2%, 17/1400), HBV (0.9%, 13/1400) and syphilis (0.9%, 12/1400). Conclusion: The detection of TTIs by ELISA test from false negative donor samples preliminarily screened with rapid ICT kit highlighted by our study speaks to the unreliability of rapid ICT kits in screening of blood donors for TTIs. There is need therefore for health authorities in Nigeria and other LMICs to ensure widespread availability of highly sensitive blood screening methods such as ELISA to the point where it will be possible to enforce legislation against the use of the less accurate rapid ICT screening kits.
背景:输血可以挽救生命，但它与许多并发症相关，包括输血传播感染(tti)。本研究的主要目的是确定;2019年1月1日至12月31日在尼日利亚阿布贾Asokoro地区医院献血的血液中传播感染的流行情况;研究快速免疫层析(ICT)试验对献血者样本进行初步tti筛查并经ELISA试验证实的准确性;并建立基线数据，为改进设备、基础设施和卫生系统管理提供动力，最终目标是确保更安全的输血做法。方法:这是一项回顾性横断面研究，对2019年1月1日至12月31日期间位于尼日利亚中北部联邦首都直辖区(FCT)阿布贾的准三级中心Asokoro地区医院血库的献血者记录进行研究。献血者的社会人口统计学生物数据(年龄和性别)、血液参数(PCV和血型)和TTIs检测结果(通过快速ICT试剂盒和ELISA)从医院血库的记录簿中人工提取。只有最初对tti检测呈阴性的献血者血液样本才符合纳入标准。将数据输入到Microsoft Excel电子表格中，并使用SPSS for Windows version 23.0进行分析。采用卡方检验确定变量之间的相关性，p值小于0.05认为有统计学意义。结果:研究期间共收到1400份献血者血样，符合快速ICT试剂盒检测TTIs阴性的纳入标准。供体平均年龄(±SD)为35.6±6.7岁，年龄范围18 ~ 67岁。年龄中位数为35岁，30 ~ 39岁为优势年龄组，占55.4%(775/1400)。绝大多数献血者为男性(97.1%，1359/1400)。在ABO血型分布上，O组Rh D阳性最常见，其次是A组Rh D阳性，而AB组Rh D阳性最少。ELISA检测tti总患病率为4.9%(68/1400)。HCV感染率最高(1.9%，26/1400)，其次是HIV(1.2%， 17/1400)、HBV(0.9%， 13/1400)和梅毒(0.9%，12/1400)。结论:本研究突出显示，在用快速ICT试剂盒初步筛选的假阴性献血者样本中，ELISA检测出TTIs，说明快速ICT试剂盒筛查献血者TTIs的不可靠性。因此，尼日利亚和其他中低收入国家的卫生当局有必要确保广泛使用ELISA等高度敏感的血液筛查方法，以便有可能实施立法，禁止使用准确性较低的信息和通信技术快速筛查试剂盒。
{"title":"Seroprevalence of transfusion transmissible infections by ELISA in donors testing negative with rapid ICT in Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"C. Nwankwo, Y. Obazee, E. Sanni, N. K. Ezike, B. Adegboro, Prof. S. S. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Blood transfusion saves lives, but it is associated with many complications which include transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs). The major objectives of this study were to determine; the prevalence of TTIs in the blood donated at Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria from 01 January to 31 December 2019; investigate the accuracy of rapid immunochromatographic (ICT) tests for preliminary TTIs screening of blood donors’ samples and confirmed by ELISA test; and establish baseline data that will provide the impetus for improvement in equipment, infrastructure, and health system management, with the ultimate goal of ensuring safer blood transfusion practice. \u0000Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of records of blood donors at the Blood Bank of Asokoro District Hospital, a quasi-tertiary centre situated at Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), northcentral Nigeria, between 01 January to 31 December 2019. The socio-demographic biodata (age and gender), blood parameters (PCV and blood groups), and TTIs test results (by rapid ICT kit and ELISA) of donors were manually extracted from the record books of the hospital’s blood bank. Only donor blood samples that initially tested negative for TTIs met the inclusion criteria. The data were entered into the spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel, and analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 23.0. Chi square test was used to determine association between variables and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance. \u0000Results: A total of 1400 blood samples of donors, received within the study period, met the inclusion criteria of testing negative for TTIs on rapid ICT kit test. The mean age (± SD) of the donors was 35.6±6.7 years with age range of 18-67 years. The median age was 35 years, and the predominant age group was 30-39 years, accounting for 55.4% (775/1400). Majority of the donors (97.1%, 1359/1400) were males. In terms of ABO blood group distribution, group O Rh D positive was the commonest, followed by group A Rh D positive, while the least is group AB Rh D positive. The overall prevalence of TTIs by ELISA test was 4.9% (68/1400). This prevalence was highest for HCV (1.9%, 26/1400), followed by HIV (1.2%, 17/1400), HBV (0.9%, 13/1400) and syphilis (0.9%, 12/1400). \u0000Conclusion: The detection of TTIs by ELISA test from false negative donor samples preliminarily screened with rapid ICT kit highlighted by our study speaks to the unreliability of rapid ICT kits in screening of blood donors for TTIs. There is need therefore for health authorities in Nigeria and other LMICs to ensure widespread availability of highly sensitive blood screening methods such as ELISA to the point where it will be possible to enforce legislation against the use of the less accurate rapid ICT screening kits.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"282 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76810761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Worldwide, an estimated 58 million people have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with about 1.5 million new infections occurring per year. About 2.3 million people living with HIV globally have serological evidence of past or present HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of active HCV infection and associated risk factors among HIV positive patients attending the HIV clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for HCV infection among randomly selected HIV positive patients at the LUTH HIV clinic. Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the participants using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and tested for HCV antibodies with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (CTK Biotech USA) and HCV RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: One hundred and ninety-five HIV infected participants were recruited into the study of which 134 (68.7%) were females and 61 (31.3%) were males. The mean age of participants was 40.1±7.8 years. Of the 195 participants, 5 tested positive for antibody to HCV, giving a seroprevalence rate of 2.6% (95% CI = 0.8-5.9%). Of the 5 seropositive participants, HCV RNA was detected in 1 (20.0%), giving a prevalence of 0.5% (1/195) for active HCV infection. The seroprevalence of HCV in males of 4.9% (3/61) and females of 1.5% (2/134) was not significantly different (OR=3.41, 95% CI=0.56-20.98%, p=0.18). The mean log10 HIV viral load was significantly higher among participants seropositive for HCV (5.1±0.9 log copies/ml) than those seronegative (2.7±1.2 log copies/ml) (p < 0.001). The mean duration of antiretroviral therapy was significantly lower among participants seropositive for HCV (2.6±1.3 years) than those seronegative (5.6±3.1 years) (p=0.004). The seroprevalence of HCV was significantly higher in those with CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 (8.5%) than those with CD4 count >350cells/mm3 (p=0.02). The seroprevalence of HCV in the HIV-positive participants was significantly associated with sexual partners (p=0.0473), with highest seroprevalence in those with ≥ 3 sexual partners (OR=11.625, 95% CI=1.049-128.83). Other risk factors were not significantly associated with seroprevalence of HCV (p>0.05), while risk factors associated with active HCV infection could not be evaluated with the only one HCV RNA positive participant Conclusion: Although the prevalence of active HCV infection in HIV infected individuals in this study was apparently low (0.5%), screening with HCV antibody test and confirmation with HCV RNA PCR assay are recommended.
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among HIV positive patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria","authors":"P. Oshun, O. Salu, S. Omilabu","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Worldwide, an estimated 58 million people have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with about 1.5 million new infections occurring per year. About 2.3 million people living with HIV globally have serological evidence of past or present HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of active HCV infection and associated risk factors among HIV positive patients attending the HIV clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for HCV infection among randomly selected HIV positive patients at the LUTH HIV clinic. Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the participants using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and tested for HCV antibodies with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (CTK Biotech USA) and HCV RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. \u0000Results: One hundred and ninety-five HIV infected participants were recruited into the study of which 134 (68.7%) were females and 61 (31.3%) were males. The mean age of participants was 40.1±7.8 years. Of the 195 participants, 5 tested positive for antibody to HCV, giving a seroprevalence rate of 2.6% (95% CI = 0.8-5.9%). Of the 5 seropositive participants, HCV RNA was detected in 1 (20.0%), giving a prevalence of 0.5% (1/195) for active HCV infection. The seroprevalence of HCV in males of 4.9% (3/61) and females of 1.5% (2/134) was not significantly different (OR=3.41, 95% CI=0.56-20.98%, p=0.18). The mean log10 HIV viral load was significantly higher among participants seropositive for HCV (5.1±0.9 log copies/ml) than those seronegative (2.7±1.2 log copies/ml) (p < 0.001). The mean duration of antiretroviral therapy was significantly lower among participants seropositive for HCV (2.6±1.3 years) than those seronegative (5.6±3.1 years) (p=0.004). The seroprevalence of HCV was significantly higher in those with CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 (8.5%) than those with CD4 count >350cells/mm3 (p=0.02). The seroprevalence of HCV in the HIV-positive participants was significantly associated with sexual partners (p=0.0473), with highest seroprevalence in those with ≥ 3 sexual partners (OR=11.625, 95% CI=1.049-128.83). Other risk factors were not significantly associated with seroprevalence of HCV (p>0.05), while risk factors associated with active HCV infection could not be evaluated with the only one HCV RNA positive participant \u0000Conclusion: Although the prevalence of active HCV infection in HIV infected individuals in this study was apparently low (0.5%), screening with HCV antibody test and confirmation with HCV RNA PCR assay are recommended.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84338658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Abdulrahim, D. Oche, M. Kachallah, G. Adeshina, B. Olayinka
Background: The increasing prevalence of multi drug resistance (MDR) in strains of Staphylococcus aureus is a major challenge in the selection of an appropriate therapeutic agents, especially in persistent orthopaedic infections. This study investigated the patterns of antimicrobial resistance and identified the genetic determinants of resistance in S. aureus isolates from orthopaedic patients. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients at National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano, Nigeria from whom urine samples, and nasal and wound swabs were collected for isolation of S. aureus. Samples were cultured on standard media and S. aureus isolated and identified using both conventional biochemical tests and a standard rapid diagnostic kit. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined to a panel of 15 antibiotics using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each isolate was determined using vancomycin Epsilon-test strip. mecA and vanA were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: From the total of 134 samples, S. aureus was isolated from 36 (26.8%); 10 (7.4%) from urine, 13 (9.7%) from nasal swab, and 13 (9.7%) from wound swab. Thirty-four (94.4%) isolates were phenotypically methicillin (cefoxitin) resistant (MRSA), while 2 (5.6%) isolates were methicillin sensitive (MSSA). Phenotypic resistance rate of the S. aureus isolates was highest to gentamicin (94.4%), followed by penicillin (88.8%), cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones (87.4%), while rate was lowest to vancomycin (11.1%, 4/36). Seventeen (47.2%) were MDR, 16 (44.4%) were extensively drug resistant (XDR), and 2 (5.6%) were pan-drug resistant (PDR) S. aureus isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 4 (11.8%) of the 34 phenotypic MRSA isolates and vanA genes in 2 (50.0%) of the 4 phenotypic VRSA isolates. Conclusion: The detection of vanA and mecA in clinical S. aureus isolates in this study is an indication that clinical VRSA has emerged in MRSA population in Nigeria. This emergence can pose a major threat to primary care-givers and a public health challenge among the daily inhabitants of National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano and the community at large.
{"title":"Emergence of clinical vanA-type vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala, Kano, Nigeria","authors":"U. Abdulrahim, D. Oche, M. Kachallah, G. Adeshina, B. Olayinka","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The increasing prevalence of multi drug resistance (MDR) in strains of Staphylococcus aureus is a major challenge in the selection of an appropriate therapeutic agents, especially in persistent orthopaedic infections. This study investigated the patterns of antimicrobial resistance and identified the genetic determinants of resistance in S. aureus isolates from orthopaedic patients. \u0000Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients at National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano, Nigeria from whom urine samples, and nasal and wound swabs were collected for isolation of S. aureus. Samples were cultured on standard media and S. aureus isolated and identified using both conventional biochemical tests and a standard rapid diagnostic kit. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined to a panel of 15 antibiotics using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each isolate was determined using vancomycin Epsilon-test strip. mecA and vanA were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. \u0000Results: From the total of 134 samples, S. aureus was isolated from 36 (26.8%); 10 (7.4%) from urine, 13 (9.7%) from nasal swab, and 13 (9.7%) from wound swab. Thirty-four (94.4%) isolates were phenotypically methicillin (cefoxitin) resistant (MRSA), while 2 (5.6%) isolates were methicillin sensitive (MSSA). Phenotypic resistance rate of the S. aureus isolates was highest to gentamicin (94.4%), followed by penicillin (88.8%), cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones (87.4%), while rate was lowest to vancomycin (11.1%, 4/36). Seventeen (47.2%) were MDR, 16 (44.4%) were extensively drug resistant (XDR), and 2 (5.6%) were pan-drug resistant (PDR) S. aureus isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 4 (11.8%) of the 34 phenotypic MRSA isolates and vanA genes in 2 (50.0%) of the 4 phenotypic VRSA isolates. \u0000Conclusion: The detection of vanA and mecA in clinical S. aureus isolates in this study is an indication that clinical VRSA has emerged in MRSA population in Nigeria. This emergence can pose a major threat to primary care-givers and a public health challenge among the daily inhabitants of National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano and the community at large.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91516623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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