Pub Date : 2017-03-28DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000236
F. D. Gennaro, D. Pizzol
Despite the years go by, Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top ten causes of death worldwide [1]. It has been estimated that in 2015 10.4 million people were diagnosed with TB worldwide, causing 1.8 million deaths. The incidence and mortality rates are significantly higher in low and middle income countries; in particular, over 90% global TB cases and deaths occur in developing countries. [2]. For these reasons, the entire healthcare communities of these countries are devoted to fighting TB, and the cooperation among various healthcare organizations play a key role in the process. The post-2015 global tuberculosis target aims to reduce TB incidence by 90% by 2035 [3]. The WHO urges the developing countries to provide integrated patient-centered care and prevention, bold policies, and supportive systems, research and innovation [3]. We believe these approaches are an effective means to achieve the goals in fighting TB, and healthcare cooperation is essential in driving these changes. But how can these goals are achieved? A rapid social and healthcare acceleration will surely bring forth challenges amongst the poor and socially excluded groups. Thus, many aspects in life, healthcare, economy and diseases are closely interwoven in fighting and eradicating TB [4].
{"title":"Development Cooperation: Which Role in Combating Tuberculosis?","authors":"F. D. Gennaro, D. Pizzol","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the years go by, Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top ten causes of death worldwide [1]. It has been estimated that in 2015 10.4 million people were diagnosed with TB worldwide, causing 1.8 million deaths. The incidence and mortality rates are significantly higher in low and middle income countries; in particular, over 90% global TB cases and deaths occur in developing countries. [2]. For these reasons, the entire healthcare communities of these countries are devoted to fighting TB, and the cooperation among various healthcare organizations play a key role in the process. The post-2015 global tuberculosis target aims to reduce TB incidence by 90% by 2035 [3]. The WHO urges the developing countries to provide integrated patient-centered care and prevention, bold policies, and supportive systems, research and innovation [3]. We believe these approaches are an effective means to achieve the goals in fighting TB, and healthcare cooperation is essential in driving these changes. But how can these goals are achieved? A rapid social and healthcare acceleration will surely bring forth challenges amongst the poor and socially excluded groups. Thus, many aspects in life, healthcare, economy and diseases are closely interwoven in fighting and eradicating TB [4].","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":" ","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44130439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-10DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000234
Mustafa Mr, El-Samahy Mh, Diab Hm, Bendary Se
Objective: Studying the incidence of different predisposing factors of onychomycosis and the ability of fungal isolates to form biofilms. Background: Onychomycosis chronicity is referred to difficulties in eliminating the causative pathogens. Biofilms have become focus of era and considered to be one of the globally important causes of chronic recalcitrant infections. Fungi implicated in onychomycosis have the ability to form biofilms ''surface-attached multi-cellular communities''. Biofilm associated fungi acquire higher adaptive ability to overcome stressful conditions, higher antifungal resistance and evasion of host defensive systems. Moreover, they express community-based differential genes and more virulence activities. Methods: Fifty-four military male patients with onychomycosis were enrolled in this study from March, 2015 to October, 2015. All patients participating signed an informed detailed consent, full history taking, general and local examination and clinical photography. Nail specimen were collected to be examined by using direct light microscopy of 20%KOH nail mounts, cultured on different fungal agars media and to evaluate the ability of isolates to form biofilms as well as quantity by using (RPMI)-1640 buffered with (MOPS) (HiMedia, India) and (XTT) solution (Sigmaaldrich, USA), respectively. Results: While fungal elements were observed only in 51% of 20%KOH nail mounts by direct light microscopy, all specimen gave positive culture results (26 C. albicans, 26 T. rubrum and 2 M. canis). Twenty-eight isolates (19 C. albicans and 9 T. rubrum) were able to form biofilms in vitro. Biofilm forming ability was significantly related to positive history of nail exposure to high humidity micro environments (p=0.05), repeated or rough nail trauma (p=0.006), diabetes mellitus (p=0.003) and past history of receiving antifungal agents before the present study (≥ 5 months according to the exclusion criteria) (p=0.006). Conclusions: We found significant relations between the ability of fungi to form biofilm and factors that paly role in recalcitrant onychomycosis infections such as repeated minor nail trauma, high micro environmental humidity, complications of diabetes mellitus and antifungal misuse (type, dose and/or duration).
{"title":"Clinico-Mycological Study of Fungal Biofilms in Recalcitrant Onychomycosis","authors":"Mustafa Mr, El-Samahy Mh, Diab Hm, Bendary Se","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000234","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Studying the incidence of different predisposing factors of onychomycosis and the ability of fungal \u0000 isolates to form biofilms. \u0000Background: Onychomycosis chronicity is referred to difficulties in eliminating the causative pathogens. Biofilms \u0000 have become focus of era and considered to be one of the globally important causes of chronic recalcitrant \u0000 infections. Fungi implicated in onychomycosis have the ability to form biofilms ''surface-attached multi-cellular \u0000 communities''. Biofilm associated fungi acquire higher adaptive ability to overcome stressful conditions, higher \u0000 antifungal resistance and evasion of host defensive systems. Moreover, they express community-based differential \u0000 genes and more virulence activities. \u0000Methods: Fifty-four military male patients with onychomycosis were enrolled in this study from March, 2015 to \u0000 October, 2015. All patients participating signed an informed detailed consent, full history taking, general and local \u0000 examination and clinical photography. Nail specimen were collected to be examined by using direct light microscopy \u0000 of 20%KOH nail mounts, cultured on different fungal agars media and to evaluate the ability of isolates to form \u0000 biofilms as well as quantity by using (RPMI)-1640 buffered with (MOPS) (HiMedia, India) and (XTT) solution (Sigmaaldrich, \u0000 USA), respectively. \u0000Results: While fungal elements were observed only in 51% of 20%KOH nail mounts by direct light microscopy, \u0000 all specimen gave positive culture results (26 C. albicans, 26 T. rubrum and 2 M. canis). Twenty-eight isolates (19 C. \u0000 albicans and 9 T. rubrum) were able to form biofilms in vitro. Biofilm forming ability was significantly related to \u0000 positive history of nail exposure to high humidity micro environments (p=0.05), repeated or rough nail trauma \u0000 (p=0.006), diabetes mellitus (p=0.003) and past history of receiving antifungal agents before the present study (≥ 5 \u0000 months according to the exclusion criteria) (p=0.006). \u0000Conclusions: We found significant relations between the ability of fungi to form biofilm and factors that paly role \u0000 in recalcitrant onychomycosis infections such as repeated minor nail trauma, high micro environmental humidity, \u0000 complications of diabetes mellitus and antifungal misuse (type, dose and/or duration).","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":" ","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47306553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-09DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000235
B. Salehi, S. Karimi
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is considered a major universal problem. Based on knowledge on certain mutations occurring in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, drug resistance could be detected timely. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of the most common mutations likely to result from resistance to streptomycin in M. tuberculosis isolates, as well as genetic patterns of rpsL and rrs genes, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. Clinical specimens were collected from individuals suspected of tuberculosis who referred to the Tuberculosis Center of Isfahan among whom 205 isolates were diagnosed with M. tuberculosis by conventional methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration of streptomycin in these isolates was determined with proportion method using Lowenstein- Jensen medium from which 10 isolates were recognized with streptomycin-resistant tuberculosis. The nucleotide sequence of rpsL and 530 loop of rrs genes were analyzed in all streptomycin-resistant isolates, in addition to five randomly selected streptomycin-susceptible isolates. Six (6/10, 60%) streptomycin-resistant isolates represented a mutation in either rpsL gene and/or rrs530 loop. Four (40%) isolates showed rpsL mutations (codons 43 and 88), and two (20%) of them alterations in rrs gene (A514C and C517T). However, no mutation was found in streptomycin-susceptible isolates in either of the genes. The study could successfully highlight the positive effects of rpsL and rrs mutations as molecular markers of streptomycin resistance in M. tuberculosis strains. Diversity and presence or absence of mutations suggested possible circulation of a variety of strains and the role of additional mechanisms contributing to strstreptomycin resistance in various regions.
{"title":"Genetic Patterns of rpsL and rrs Genes in Clinical Isolates of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Isfahanâ Iran","authors":"B. Salehi, S. Karimi","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000235","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis is considered a major universal problem. Based on knowledge on certain mutations \u0000 occurring in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, drug resistance could be detected timely. The goal of this study \u0000 was to determine the prevalence of the most common mutations likely to result from resistance to streptomycin in M. \u0000 tuberculosis isolates, as well as genetic patterns of rpsL and rrs genes, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. \u0000Clinical specimens were collected from individuals suspected of tuberculosis who referred to the Tuberculosis \u0000 Center of Isfahan among whom 205 isolates were diagnosed with M. tuberculosis by conventional methods. The \u0000 minimum inhibitory concentration of streptomycin in these isolates was determined with proportion method using \u0000 Lowenstein- Jensen medium from which 10 isolates were recognized with streptomycin-resistant tuberculosis. The \u0000 nucleotide sequence of rpsL and 530 loop of rrs genes were analyzed in all streptomycin-resistant isolates, in \u0000 addition to five randomly selected streptomycin-susceptible isolates. \u0000Six (6/10, 60%) streptomycin-resistant isolates represented a mutation in either rpsL gene and/or rrs530 loop. \u0000 Four (40%) isolates showed rpsL mutations (codons 43 and 88), and two (20%) of them alterations in rrs gene \u0000 (A514C and C517T). However, no mutation was found in streptomycin-susceptible isolates in either of the genes. \u0000The study could successfully highlight the positive effects of rpsL and rrs mutations as molecular markers of \u0000 streptomycin resistance in M. tuberculosis strains. Diversity and presence or absence of mutations suggested \u0000 possible circulation of a variety of strains and the role of additional mechanisms contributing to strstreptomycin \u0000 resistance in various regions.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43173268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-06DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000233
Pleskunas Ja, K. Shea, T. Heeren, Horsburgh Cr
Rationale and Background: Screening for and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among foreignborn persons living in the United States (U.S.) has been identified as an important public health priority. In order to reach the goal of tuberculosis (TB) elimination in the U.S., screening and treatment of LTBI will need to be expanded. Objectives: To estimate the relationship between age at arrival in the U.S., among foreign-born persons, duration of U.S. residence and risk for LTBI, simultaneously. Methods: We examined participants in the 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 NHANES surveys to assess the association between foreign birth, age, and length of time in the U.S. and prevalence of LTBI. Results: Overall, 1.7% of U.S-born and 19.2% of foreign-born persons had LTBI. In unadjusted regression models, increasing age and shorter length of time in the U.S. were associated with increased prevalence of LTBI: OR=1.3 (1.2, 1.4) for every 10 year increase in age and OR=0.97 (0.84, 1.1) for every 10 year increase in of duration of years in U.S. Conclusions: Both of these factors should be considered when prioritizing foreign-born populations for LTBI screening and treatment in the U.S.
{"title":"The Influence of Age at Arrival and Duration of Residence in US on Prevalence of Latent TB Infection","authors":"Pleskunas Ja, K. Shea, T. Heeren, Horsburgh Cr","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000233","url":null,"abstract":"Rationale and Background: Screening for and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among foreignborn \u0000 persons living in the United States (U.S.) has been identified as an important public health priority. In order to \u0000 reach the goal of tuberculosis (TB) elimination in the U.S., screening and treatment of LTBI will need to be \u0000 expanded. \u0000Objectives: To estimate the relationship between age at arrival in the U.S., among foreign-born persons, duration \u0000 of U.S. residence and risk for LTBI, simultaneously. \u0000Methods: We examined participants in the 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 NHANES surveys to assess the \u0000 association between foreign birth, age, and length of time in the U.S. and prevalence of LTBI. \u0000Results: Overall, 1.7% of U.S-born and 19.2% of foreign-born persons had LTBI. In unadjusted regression \u0000 models, increasing age and shorter length of time in the U.S. were associated with increased prevalence of LTBI: \u0000 OR=1.3 (1.2, 1.4) for every 10 year increase in age and OR=0.97 (0.84, 1.1) for every 10 year increase in of \u0000 duration of years in U.S. \u0000Conclusions: Both of these factors should be considered when prioritizing foreign-born populations for LTBI \u0000 screening and treatment in the U.S.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":" ","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47623773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000232
A. Bhawsar, R. Garg, Jasbeer Chhabra, R. Prasad, A. Thatai, R. Bhatnagar
Background: Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has crossed the borders of developing nations and has now emerged as disease of global emergency due to an alarming increase in cases of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Conventional diagnostics used for TB diagnosis like microscopy and culture although reliable are time consuming. Rapid diagnosis of the disease is required for early commencement of treatment of TB patients. The diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is more troublesome due to limited accessibility of infection sites and lack of accurate differentiation from other granulomatous diseases. Currently, WHO advises use of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for EPTB diagnosis, but this assay cannot be used in resource constrained settings prevalent in most of parts of India. Aim: We aimed to develop a multiplex real-time PCR assay which not only detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) but also differentiates them from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Methods: For development and validation of TBSURE, we included 3, 709 EPTB samples from adult Indian patients suspected for TB. TBSURE is a real time PCR diagnostic which uses three Taqman probes based on IS6110, MPB64 and 16S rRNA genes. The sensitivity and specificity of TBSURE was compared with the goldstandard culture test and XpertMTB/RIF assay for TB detection. Results and Conclusion: TBSURE gave a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 91% as compared to Xpert MTB/RIF assay, when samples from TB suspected individuals were subjected to both the tests. As compared to AFB culture, TBSURE gave a sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 96.5%. Thus, TBSURE is an in-house efficient and affordable diagnostic test for EPTB diagnosis.
{"title":"TBSURE: An Improved Multiplex Real-Time PCR for TB Detection and Differentiation from Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases in Adult Indian Population","authors":"A. Bhawsar, R. Garg, Jasbeer Chhabra, R. Prasad, A. Thatai, R. Bhatnagar","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000232","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has \u0000 crossed the borders of developing nations and has now emerged as disease of global emergency due to an \u0000 alarming increase in cases of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Conventional diagnostics used \u0000 for TB diagnosis like microscopy and culture although reliable are time consuming. Rapid diagnosis of the disease is \u0000 required for early commencement of treatment of TB patients. The diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) \u0000 is more troublesome due to limited accessibility of infection sites and lack of accurate differentiation from other \u0000 granulomatous diseases. Currently, WHO advises use of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for EPTB diagnosis, but this assay \u0000 cannot be used in resource constrained settings prevalent in most of parts of India. \u0000Aim: We aimed to develop a multiplex real-time PCR assay which not only detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) but also differentiates them from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). \u0000Methods: For development and validation of TBSURE, we included 3, 709 EPTB samples from adult Indian \u0000 patients suspected for TB. TBSURE is a real time PCR diagnostic which uses three Taqman probes based on \u0000 IS6110, MPB64 and 16S rRNA genes. The sensitivity and specificity of TBSURE was compared with the goldstandard \u0000 culture test and XpertMTB/RIF assay for TB detection. \u0000Results and Conclusion: TBSURE gave a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 91% as compared to Xpert \u0000 MTB/RIF assay, when samples from TB suspected individuals were subjected to both the tests. As compared to \u0000 AFB culture, TBSURE gave a sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 96.5%. Thus, TBSURE is an in-house efficient \u0000 and affordable diagnostic test for EPTB diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43182182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000251
B. Nikonenko, I. Bocharova, M. Korotetskaya, M. Averbakh, A. Apt
The question about possible influence of genetic susceptibility to Tuberculosis (TB) infection on the efficacy of its antibiotic treatment remains unanswered, and the results of scarce studies on the topic look contradictory. In the present work we studied the efficacy of short-term INH therapy against M. tuberculosis in hyper-susceptible I/St, relatively resistant BALB/c and highly resistant (I/St x BALB/c) F1 mice by comparing lung and spleen CFU counts and lung histopathology after 1- and 2-mo therapy. Our results indicate that the efficacy of INH therapy, as evaluated at the early phase of infection, is more effective in genetically susceptible hosts. Possible reasons for contradictions between studies applying early VS. late evaluation of the efficacy of treatment are discussed.
关于结核病(TB)感染的遗传易感性可能影响其抗生素治疗效果的问题仍然没有答案，关于该主题的稀少研究的结果看起来相互矛盾。在本工作中，我们通过比较治疗1个月和2个月后肺和脾脏CFU计数和肺组织病理学，研究了短期INH治疗对超易感I/St、相对耐药BALB/c和高耐药(I/St x BALB/c) F1小鼠的疗效。我们的研究结果表明，在感染早期阶段评估的INH治疗效果在遗传易感宿主中更有效。讨论了早期评价和晚期评价治疗效果的研究之间可能存在矛盾的原因。
{"title":"Efficacy of Isoniazid Therapy in Mice with Different Genetic Susceptibility to Infection","authors":"B. Nikonenko, I. Bocharova, M. Korotetskaya, M. Averbakh, A. Apt","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000251","url":null,"abstract":"The question about possible influence of genetic susceptibility to Tuberculosis (TB) infection on the efficacy of its antibiotic treatment remains unanswered, and the results of scarce studies on the topic look contradictory. In the present work we studied the efficacy of short-term INH therapy against M. tuberculosis in hyper-susceptible I/St, relatively resistant BALB/c and highly resistant (I/St x BALB/c) F1 mice by comparing lung and spleen CFU counts and lung histopathology after 1- and 2-mo therapy. Our results indicate that the efficacy of INH therapy, as evaluated at the early phase of infection, is more effective in genetically susceptible hosts. Possible reasons for contradictions between studies applying early VS. late evaluation of the efficacy of treatment are discussed.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000252
S. Hazra, Supratik Ghosh, Santanu Karmakar, Sandip Roy, B. Saha, Santanu Halder, A. Banerjee
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease worldwide. India remains to be the country carrying highest burden of the disease. One of the potent problems of present days, in this field, is the emergence of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MDR is defined as resistance to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF). The spread of MDR-TB is one of the biggest challenges to global public health system. Thus, detection of MDR-TB strains is critically important for containment of global TB epidemics. In this study, we are determining the MDR incidence rate in the West Bengal state of India, which is one of the most TB prone areas of the world. The RIF-resistant mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) were shown to map in the rpoB locus and INH-resistant mutations of MTB were shown to map in inhA and katG loci. Therefore, in the present study, we have detected MDR-TB strains by mapping rpoB, katG & inhA mutations. Our Line Probe Assay (LPA) based results from a vast pool of MTB organisms (carrying 3653 bonafide sputum positive patient isolates) indicated the presence of 14.37% MDR isolates which matches in general with the previously reported results from various parts of the world (approx. 12-16%). Therefore, we conclude that our MDR rate is generally comparable to that of the other investigations performed in the rest of the world. We also found that the male patients are more likely to contract the MDR strains than the female patients (1.97:1.0). This data also conforms to the global statistics.
{"title":"Molecular Genetic Determination of MDR–TB Isolates from West Bengal, India","authors":"S. Hazra, Supratik Ghosh, Santanu Karmakar, Sandip Roy, B. Saha, Santanu Halder, A. Banerjee","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000252","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease worldwide. India remains to be the country carrying highest burden of the disease. One of the potent problems of present days, in this field, is the emergence of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MDR is defined as resistance to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF). The spread of MDR-TB is one of the biggest challenges to global public health system. Thus, detection of MDR-TB strains is critically important for containment of global TB epidemics. In this study, we are determining the MDR incidence rate in the West Bengal state of India, which is one of the most TB prone areas of the world. The RIF-resistant mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) were shown to map in the rpoB locus and INH-resistant mutations of MTB were shown to map in inhA and katG loci. Therefore, in the present study, we have detected MDR-TB strains by mapping rpoB, katG & inhA mutations. Our Line Probe Assay (LPA) based results from a vast pool of MTB organisms (carrying 3653 bonafide sputum positive patient isolates) indicated the presence of 14.37% MDR isolates which matches in general with the previously reported results from various parts of the world (approx. 12-16%). Therefore, we conclude that our MDR rate is generally comparable to that of the other investigations performed in the rest of the world. We also found that the male patients are more likely to contract the MDR strains than the female patients (1.97:1.0). This data also conforms to the global statistics.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70584033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000239
J. Lim, Doyoung Kim, Kwang‐Jae Cho, B. Kim
{"title":"A Case Report of Untypical Manifestation of Tuberculosis in Oral Cavity Accompanying with Fistula of Soft Palate","authors":"J. Lim, Doyoung Kim, Kwang‐Jae Cho, B. Kim","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70584148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000222
L. Malinga, A. Stoltz, M. Walt
The burden and spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis disease is a major public health problem worldwide. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses several mechanisms to counteract therapy through drugresistance. A major and most common mechanism of drug-resistance is mediated through target mutations. Efflux pumps are emerging as potential agents of drug-resistance and treatment failure. In this review we explore the origin and principles of efflux pump-mediated resistance and determine their impact on second-line drugs used against extensively drug resistant tuberculosis. Inhibition of efflux pumps as a therapeutic intervention is also discussed.
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Pub Date : 2016-07-28DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000E132
J. Actor
Lai et al. concluded that Ultra Sonic-guided synovial SuperCore biopsy instrument is a fruitful method to conduct synovial research [1]. They discussed the advantages of simple, micro invasiveness that correlates well with a relatively high rate of success. They further continued that the complications due to biopsy methodologies are rare. Authors were optimistic about future refinements of this technique where simplified biopsy methods may be used to investigate the pathogenesis of early rheumatoid arthritis. This would be helpful for the biologists in identifying the cause of infectious pathogens.
{"title":"Effective Screening for Tuberculosis: The Need of the Hour","authors":"J. Actor","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000E132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000E132","url":null,"abstract":"Lai et al. concluded that Ultra Sonic-guided synovial SuperCore biopsy instrument is a fruitful method to conduct synovial research [1]. They discussed the advantages of simple, micro invasiveness that correlates well with a relatively high rate of success. They further continued that the complications due to biopsy methodologies are rare. Authors were optimistic about future refinements of this technique where simplified biopsy methods may be used to investigate the pathogenesis of early rheumatoid arthritis. This would be helpful for the biologists in identifying the cause of infectious pathogens.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000E132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70586997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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