Pub Date : 2018-05-07DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000260
K. Niitsuma, S. Koshiba, M. Saitou, Tomoko Suzuki, K. Chikamatsu, Akiko Takagi, S. Mitarai
Background: In Japan, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is used as a simple and accurate method for mycobacterial identification, but existing pretreatment techniques are time-consuming and laborious.Objective: We characterized a new pretreatment technique that extracts proteins using ultrasonic disruption.Methods: We compared this new technique with the current pretreatment method and examined the usefulness of ultrasonication, including its use in mycobacterial inactivation. A total of 174 mycobacterial isolates were tested, including 50 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains, 57 Mycobacterium avium strains, 55 Mycobacterium intracellulare strains, and 12 Mycobacterium kansasii strains. The ultrasonic pretreatment method was performed with or without heat-pretreatment at 95°C for 30 minutes, in parallel with the current conventional method. For all tested strains, the mycobacterial identification agreed when comparing the new and conventional methods.Results: Samples prepared by ultrasonication without heat pretreatment exhibited multiple significant differences when compared with samples prepared by ultrasonication with heat pretreatment or by conventional methods. However, most scores were over 2.0, and the lowest score exceeded 1.7. Furthermore, the new techniques could be performed in only 10 minutes for diagnosis. In addition, we confirmed that 1 minute of ultrasonic pretreatment yielded complete inactivation of M. tuberculosis complex strains.Conclusion: The more rapid technique of protein extraction/inactivation by ultrasonication without heat pretreatment is expected to be highly useful in clinical laboratory settings.
{"title":"Use of Ultrasonication as a Rapid Pretreatment Method for MALDI-TOF MS of Mycobacterial Samples","authors":"K. Niitsuma, S. Koshiba, M. Saitou, Tomoko Suzuki, K. Chikamatsu, Akiko Takagi, S. Mitarai","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000260","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Japan, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is used as a simple and accurate method for mycobacterial identification, but existing pretreatment techniques are time-consuming and laborious.Objective: We characterized a new pretreatment technique that extracts proteins using ultrasonic disruption.Methods: We compared this new technique with the current pretreatment method and examined the usefulness of ultrasonication, including its use in mycobacterial inactivation. A total of 174 mycobacterial isolates were tested, including 50 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains, 57 Mycobacterium avium strains, 55 Mycobacterium intracellulare strains, and 12 Mycobacterium kansasii strains. The ultrasonic pretreatment method was performed with or without heat-pretreatment at 95°C for 30 minutes, in parallel with the current conventional method. For all tested strains, the mycobacterial identification agreed when comparing the new and conventional methods.Results: Samples prepared by ultrasonication without heat pretreatment exhibited multiple significant differences when compared with samples prepared by ultrasonication with heat pretreatment or by conventional methods. However, most scores were over 2.0, and the lowest score exceeded 1.7. Furthermore, the new techniques could be performed in only 10 minutes for diagnosis. In addition, we confirmed that 1 minute of ultrasonic pretreatment yielded complete inactivation of M. tuberculosis complex strains.Conclusion: The more rapid technique of protein extraction/inactivation by ultrasonication without heat pretreatment is expected to be highly useful in clinical laboratory settings.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45365840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000259
F. Koro, Ateugieu Guemechieu Romaric, Em Tchamba Kombou, O. Tatiana, Yannick Kamdem Simo, J. A. Assam, Penlap Beng, N. N. Rosalie, E. F. Xavier
Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) remains understudied in Cameroonian sheep which are very consumed by human beings and which nevertheless live in close contact with cattle in which TB remains endemic. We carried for the first time a six months descriptive cross sectional study on slaughtered sheep in the major slaughter-house of Douala, from November 2013 to April 2014.Methods: About 2922 slaughtered sheep were successively inspected for tuberculosis through visual examination and palpation of carcasses, lungs, livers, hearts, intestine, inner carcasses and lymph nodes. ZiehlNeelsen staining, culture on Lowenstein Jensen solid media supplemented with Pyruvate or Para Nitro Benzene (PNB) and molecular techniques (Genotype Mycobacterium CM/AS assay and Spoligotyping) were used to identify atypical mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) species.Results: From the 2922 sheep slaughtered, 810 presented tuberculosis like lesions corresponding to an apparent prevalence of 27.72% (810/2922). Ziehl-Neelsen examination confirmed Acid fast bacilli in 77.78% (630/810) of cases, corresponding to apparent prevalence of 21.56%. Liver was significantly the most affected by tuberculosis like lesion with 40.74% of case (χ2=67.02, p<0.0001). The use of para-nitro-benzoic acid showed that 10.74% of all detected cases are caused by atypical mycobacteria, for which molecular typing identified, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium interjectum and Mycobacterium sp. Moreover, spoligotyping reveals that 4.44% of cases were due to M. tuberculosis represented by it ubiquitous T lineage SIT53. No M. bovis or M. caprae were identified.Conclusion: This result shows implication of M. tuberculosis and the high prevalence of atypical mycobacteria in sheep intended for human consumption in Cameroon.
{"title":"First Insight into Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Infection in Slaughtered Sheep Intended to Human Consumption in Cameroon: The Case of New-Bell’s Slaughterhouses","authors":"F. Koro, Ateugieu Guemechieu Romaric, Em Tchamba Kombou, O. Tatiana, Yannick Kamdem Simo, J. A. Assam, Penlap Beng, N. N. Rosalie, E. F. Xavier","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000259","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) remains understudied in Cameroonian sheep which are very consumed by human beings and which nevertheless live in close contact with cattle in which TB remains endemic. We carried for the first time a six months descriptive cross sectional study on slaughtered sheep in the major slaughter-house of Douala, from November 2013 to April 2014.Methods: About 2922 slaughtered sheep were successively inspected for tuberculosis through visual examination and palpation of carcasses, lungs, livers, hearts, intestine, inner carcasses and lymph nodes. ZiehlNeelsen staining, culture on Lowenstein Jensen solid media supplemented with Pyruvate or Para Nitro Benzene (PNB) and molecular techniques (Genotype Mycobacterium CM/AS assay and Spoligotyping) were used to identify atypical mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) species.Results: From the 2922 sheep slaughtered, 810 presented tuberculosis like lesions corresponding to an apparent prevalence of 27.72% (810/2922). Ziehl-Neelsen examination confirmed Acid fast bacilli in 77.78% (630/810) of cases, corresponding to apparent prevalence of 21.56%. Liver was significantly the most affected by tuberculosis like lesion with 40.74% of case (χ2=67.02, p<0.0001). The use of para-nitro-benzoic acid showed that 10.74% of all detected cases are caused by atypical mycobacteria, for which molecular typing identified, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium interjectum and Mycobacterium sp. Moreover, spoligotyping reveals that 4.44% of cases were due to M. tuberculosis represented by it ubiquitous T lineage SIT53. No M. bovis or M. caprae were identified.Conclusion: This result shows implication of M. tuberculosis and the high prevalence of atypical mycobacteria in sheep intended for human consumption in Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47621991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-02DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000253
C. Castro, Lina Erazo, M. Gunturiz
Leprosy is an infectious, chronic, long-lasting disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis that leads to multiple clinical symptoms including skin manifestations, disfigurement, deformity, stigma and disability. The World Health Organization considers leprosy a complex disease that has a great impact on health in addition to causing social, economic and psychological burdens in affected populations. With this review, we intend to demonstrate how the stigmatization of leprosy induces negative behaviors towards patients, impairing their attention and access to diagnosis and treatment and leads to a deterioration in their quality of life.
{"title":"Strategies for Reducing Leprosy Stigma","authors":"C. Castro, Lina Erazo, M. Gunturiz","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000253","url":null,"abstract":"Leprosy is an infectious, chronic, long-lasting disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis that leads to multiple clinical symptoms including skin manifestations, disfigurement, deformity, stigma and disability. The World Health Organization considers leprosy a complex disease that has a great impact on health in addition to causing social, economic and psychological burdens in affected populations. With this review, we intend to demonstrate how the stigmatization of leprosy induces negative behaviors towards patients, impairing their attention and access to diagnosis and treatment and leads to a deterioration in their quality of life.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42735369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000261
P. Das, Somtirtha B Ganguly, Bodhisatya Mandal
Background: Nucleic acid amplification techniques have become important machineries in the diagnosis of several diseases in clinical laboratories. PCR contamination/Amplicon Contamination leading to false positivity remains a major concern in these laboratories. Prevention of these contaminations in establishing these Molecular Biology Laboratories has been very crucial over the years. Though closed system PCRs has substantial reduction in the PCR contamination rates the conventional probe based hybridization methods continues to show occurrence of contamination for various reasons. The Study involved checking the crucial parameters as well as the probable candidates of causing the contamination at a high burden setting. Bringing out the most effective interventions in controlling PCR contaminations for future endeavors stood as a priority. The study explored the efficacies of different sets of interventions contributed in the process of reducing the contaminants.Materials and Methods: The detection of the contaminating PCR products or amplicons or contaminating organism is done by the Genotype MTBDR plus V2 kits (Hains Life Sciences) based on DNA strip technologyResults: The pre and post cleaning as well as cleaning of the working surfaces was able to bring down the mean contamination percentage by 36.5%. The combined effect of the cleaning of the work surfaces, the automated pipetting devices and the AC machines along with it filters were able bring down the mean contamination percentage to 53.5% reducing the rate contamination nearly to between 94.6% (mean percentage contamination was 56.5% at the control run).
背景:核酸扩增技术已成为临床实验室诊断多种疾病的重要手段。PCR污染/扩增子污染导致假阳性仍然是这些实验室关注的主要问题。多年来，在建立这些分子生物学实验室时，预防这些污染是非常重要的。虽然封闭系统PCR的污染率大大降低，但传统的基于探针的杂交方法由于各种原因仍然显示出污染的发生。该研究包括检查关键参数以及在高负荷设置下引起污染的可能候选者。提出最有效的干预措施，以控制PCR污染的未来努力是一个优先事项。本研究探讨了在减少污染物的过程中不同干预措施的效果。材料和方法:采用基于DNA条带技术的基因型MTBDR + V2试剂盒(Hains Life Sciences)对污染的PCR产物或扩增子或污染的生物体进行检测。结果:前后清洗和工作表面清洗可使平均污染率降低36.5%。工作表面的清洁，自动移液装置和交流机器及其过滤器的综合效果能够将平均污染百分比降低到53.5%，将污染率降低到94.6%之间(控制运行时平均污染百分比为56.5%)。
{"title":"Mitigating PCR /Amplicon Contamination in a High Risk High Burden Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory in a Resource Limited Setting","authors":"P. Das, Somtirtha B Ganguly, Bodhisatya Mandal","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000261","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nucleic acid amplification techniques have become important machineries in the diagnosis of several diseases in clinical laboratories. PCR contamination/Amplicon Contamination leading to false positivity remains a major concern in these laboratories. Prevention of these contaminations in establishing these Molecular Biology Laboratories has been very crucial over the years. Though closed system PCRs has substantial reduction in the PCR contamination rates the conventional probe based hybridization methods continues to show occurrence of contamination for various reasons. The Study involved checking the crucial parameters as well as the probable candidates of causing the contamination at a high burden setting. Bringing out the most effective interventions in controlling PCR contaminations for future endeavors stood as a priority. The study explored the efficacies of different sets of interventions contributed in the process of reducing the contaminants.Materials and Methods: The detection of the contaminating PCR products or amplicons or contaminating organism is done by the Genotype MTBDR plus V2 kits (Hains Life Sciences) based on DNA strip technologyResults: The pre and post cleaning as well as cleaning of the working surfaces was able to bring down the mean contamination percentage by 36.5%. The combined effect of the cleaning of the work surfaces, the automated pipetting devices and the AC machines along with it filters were able bring down the mean contamination percentage to 53.5% reducing the rate contamination nearly to between 94.6% (mean percentage contamination was 56.5% at the control run).","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70585114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detection of Potentially Pathogenic Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Artisanal Coalho Cheese from the State of Paraiba, Northeast Brazil","authors":"Sarti Ecfb, Rodrigues Ra, Duarte Lfc, Bacanelli Gm, W. Lilenbaum, Araujo Fr","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"08 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70584979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000254
P. Hsiao, TaoQian Tang, S. Liu, Jen-Jyh Lee
While 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is used in malignant conditions, a positive finding does not exclude the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in countries with high TB prevalence rates.18F-FDG PET/CT imaging may have a role in the assistance of diagnosing TB, especially extra-pulmonary lesions. This is a case report of the patient used 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging.
{"title":"Abdominal Wall Tuberculosis Infection and TB Peritonitis Seen in 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging","authors":"P. Hsiao, TaoQian Tang, S. Liu, Jen-Jyh Lee","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000254","url":null,"abstract":"While 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is used in malignant conditions, a positive finding does not exclude the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in countries with high TB prevalence rates.18F-FDG PET/CT imaging may have a role in the assistance of diagnosing TB, especially extra-pulmonary lesions. This is a case report of the patient used 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70585205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000262
R. Dharra, Mehta Pk
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem throughout the world. There is an immediate need to device novel anti-tubercular drugs (ATDs). Whole cell screening (WCS) and target based screening (TBS) approaches are widely used to devise new ATDs. WCS is considered relatively a favourable strategy but it lacks in the precise target knowledge, whereas the target based hit compounds may not ensure the drugability. In this manuscript, we have discussed the potent inhibitors designed against the mycobacterial MelF (Rv1936) by using the TBS as well as virtual ligand screening, which also revealed synergistic effect with the first-line bactericidal drugs, i.e., isoniazid and rifampicin.
{"title":"Strategies for Designing Novel Anti-Tubercular Drugs with Special Reference to Mycobacterial MelF (Rv1936) as a Target","authors":"R. Dharra, Mehta Pk","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000262","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem throughout the world. There is an immediate need to device novel anti-tubercular drugs (ATDs). Whole cell screening (WCS) and target based screening (TBS) approaches are widely used to devise new ATDs. WCS is considered relatively a favourable strategy but it lacks in the precise target knowledge, whereas the target based hit compounds may not ensure the drugability. In this manuscript, we have discussed the potent inhibitors designed against the mycobacterial MelF (Rv1936) by using the TBS as well as virtual ligand screening, which also revealed synergistic effect with the first-line bactericidal drugs, i.e., isoniazid and rifampicin.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70585227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000269
Goris Bmt, Saleh Fm, Mohammed Fa, Mohammed Sa, Ahmed, Yousif Ra, M. Mi
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem. The BCG is an attenuated vaccine. Tuberculin test is used as a nonspecific TB vaccination indicator. This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of BCG vaccine through screening of healthy, vaccinated adults’ subjects in Khartoum. A total of one hundred (n=100) healthy and TB symptoms free participants were screened by manteaux test. The participants were involving 55 (55%) males and 45 (45%) female. All participants were over 20 years and most of them had a scar in their vaccination site. All participants were screened through injection of purified protein derivative PPD (only 0.1 mL) intra-dermally into their volar forearm then 48-72 post-injection their induration diameter was measured. The results showed that out one hundred (n=100) participants, only 39 (39%) were positive for Manteaux test (≥ 10 mm diameter), while 61 (61%) were negative (≥ 10 mm diameter). Among the 39 positives, 33 show reading between 10 mm to 15 mm and 6 of them show zone ≥ 15 mm. In the other hand 53 out of 61 tuberculin test negative participants showed no induration post PPD injection and the rest were shows reading zone between 5 to 9 mm. The result shows that among the 39 positive participants 23 (58.97%) were male while only 16 (41.03%) were female. The mean of zone reading among the positive participants is higher in male 13.96 ± 3.29 than female 13.81 ± 2.22. The study concluded that more than half of the participants were negative for tuberculin test and this may be interpreted by either the vaccine was invalid or their cell-mediated immunity against TB is reduced. The discrepancy in the zone reading means between male and female may be related to some physiological difference. Further studies with more sample size and by using a more advanced technique (IFNγ) should be done to clarify the results.
{"title":"Screening of BCG Vaccine Efficacy among Healthy Vaccinated Adults in Khartoum, Sudan","authors":"Goris Bmt, Saleh Fm, Mohammed Fa, Mohammed Sa, Ahmed, Yousif Ra, M. Mi","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000269","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem. The BCG is an attenuated vaccine. Tuberculin test is used as a nonspecific TB vaccination indicator. This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of BCG vaccine through screening of healthy, vaccinated adults’ subjects in Khartoum. A total of one hundred (n=100) healthy and TB symptoms free participants were screened by manteaux test. The participants were involving 55 (55%) males and 45 (45%) female. All participants were over 20 years and most of them had a scar in their vaccination site. All participants were screened through injection of purified protein derivative PPD (only 0.1 mL) intra-dermally into their volar forearm then 48-72 post-injection their induration diameter was measured. The results showed that out one hundred (n=100) participants, only 39 (39%) were positive for Manteaux test (≥ 10 mm diameter), while 61 (61%) were negative (≥ 10 mm diameter). Among the 39 positives, 33 show reading between 10 mm to 15 mm and 6 of them show zone ≥ 15 mm. In the other hand 53 out of 61 tuberculin test negative participants showed no induration post PPD injection and the rest were shows reading zone between 5 to 9 mm. The result shows that among the 39 positive participants 23 (58.97%) were male while only 16 (41.03%) were female. The mean of zone reading among the positive participants is higher in male 13.96 ± 3.29 than female 13.81 ± 2.22. The study concluded that more than half of the participants were negative for tuberculin test and this may be interpreted by either the vaccine was invalid or their cell-mediated immunity against TB is reduced. The discrepancy in the zone reading means between male and female may be related to some physiological difference. Further studies with more sample size and by using a more advanced technique (IFNγ) should be done to clarify the results.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"08 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70585820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000255
A. Mustafa
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global disease caused by a bacterial pathogen and it has existed in the world since antiquity. It is suggested that TB has killed maximum number of people in the world, when compared with other diseases caused by microbial agents [1]. According to the most recent data published by the World Health Organization (WHO), TB was the leading cause of human deaths from a single pathogen, ranking above HIV/AIDS. According to the WHO report, 10.4 million people became diseased, and 1.7 million people died from TB in 2016 [2]. Among the factors contributing to continued carnage due to TB include the non-availability of an effective vaccine that can consistently provide protection in all countries of the world and different manifestations of TB [3]. The currently available vaccine, i.e. Mycobacterium bovis BCG is inconsistent in providing protection against TB in different parts of the world [4]. Hence, work is in progress to develop alternative vaccines based on whole organisms and subunit vaccines, including DNA vaccines [5].
{"title":"Antigens for DNA Vaccines Against Tuberculosis","authors":"A. Mustafa","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000255","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global disease caused by a bacterial pathogen and it has existed in the world since antiquity. It is suggested that TB has killed maximum number of people in the world, when compared with other diseases caused by microbial agents [1]. According to the most recent data published by the World Health Organization (WHO), TB was the leading cause of human deaths from a single pathogen, ranking above HIV/AIDS. According to the WHO report, 10.4 million people became diseased, and 1.7 million people died from TB in 2016 [2]. Among the factors contributing to continued carnage due to TB include the non-availability of an effective vaccine that can consistently provide protection in all countries of the world and different manifestations of TB [3]. The currently available vaccine, i.e. Mycobacterium bovis BCG is inconsistent in providing protection against TB in different parts of the world [4]. Hence, work is in progress to develop alternative vaccines based on whole organisms and subunit vaccines, including DNA vaccines [5].","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70585331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000270
S. Vasudeva, A. Baffoe-Bonnie
BCG installation in bladder for stage 1 bladder carcinoma is becoming more common with increasingly aging population. BCG can be absorbed systemically and cause granuloma formation in almost any organ of the body with symptom onset from a few hours after installation of BCG to several years later. The treatment can vary from close observation in some cases, to use of isoniazid and rifampin with and without steroids for 3-9 months. The overall prognosis is very good. There is need for greater awareness among physicians for considering BCG related disease processes in patients with past history of BCG installation so appropriate cultures can be send and treatment instituted.
{"title":"Intravesical BCG Therapy and Side Effects-Case Reports and a Review of Literature","authors":"S. Vasudeva, A. Baffoe-Bonnie","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000270","url":null,"abstract":"BCG installation in bladder for stage 1 bladder carcinoma is becoming more common with increasingly aging population. BCG can be absorbed systemically and cause granuloma formation in almost any organ of the body with symptom onset from a few hours after installation of BCG to several years later. The treatment can vary from close observation in some cases, to use of isoniazid and rifampin with and without steroids for 3-9 months. The overall prognosis is very good. There is need for greater awareness among physicians for considering BCG related disease processes in patients with past history of BCG installation so appropriate cultures can be send and treatment instituted.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"08 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70585535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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