Pub Date : 2016-07-28DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000220
D. Bisht, L. Meena
Tuberculosis pathogenesis is the major cause of high morbidity and mortality in the current scenario. Major aspects supports this prevalence, the most significant is the mycobacterium’s ability to modulate host immune system [1]. Also the resistivity it shows towards many antituberculosis drugs which support its infectivity leading the world towards prevalence of more harmful forms of tuberculosis like XDR and MDR. According to WHO reports 2015, approximately 4000 people are killed each day due to this disease which clearly demonstrates us the need to work towards eradicating it [2]. During its interaction with the host cell mycobacteria adopts many strategies to circumvent host immune system which it initialises with the adhesion molecules which interacts with their specified receptors and with this they help mycobacteria to interact with their host cell [3]. Recent studies have shown with these extracellular receptors there are many signalling molecules which are enhanced intracellularly during adhesion and pathogenesis. Hence, we can elaborate their mechanism in host pathogenesis so that we can be more evident about Mycobacterium’s strategy to circumvent host cell. Adhesion molecule expression forms a backbone of cell to cell communication in granuloma formation. Leukocyte adhesion molecules like ICAM and other stimulatory and costimulatory molecules show increased or decreased level of expressions in host pathogenesis [4]. In a study of tuberculous pleuritus patients soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules sVCAM, sICAM [5] were evaluated which can be helpful in diagnosis of the disease. Being much conclusive about them can further help us to be brief about these significant molecules and target them to open new avenues to invent more significant and reasonable antituberculosis drugs to eradicate the pandemic.
{"title":"A Part of Intracellular Life of Mycobacterium","authors":"D. Bisht, L. Meena","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000220","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis pathogenesis is the major cause of high morbidity and mortality in the current scenario. Major aspects supports this prevalence, the most significant is the mycobacterium’s ability to modulate host immune system [1]. Also the resistivity it shows towards many antituberculosis drugs which support its infectivity leading the world towards prevalence of more harmful forms of tuberculosis like XDR and MDR. According to WHO reports 2015, approximately 4000 people are killed each day due to this disease which clearly demonstrates us the need to work towards eradicating it [2]. During its interaction with the host cell mycobacteria adopts many strategies to circumvent host immune system which it initialises with the adhesion molecules which interacts with their specified receptors and with this they help mycobacteria to interact with their host cell [3]. Recent studies have shown with these extracellular receptors there are many signalling molecules which are enhanced intracellularly during adhesion and pathogenesis. Hence, we can elaborate their mechanism in host pathogenesis so that we can be more evident about Mycobacterium’s strategy to circumvent host cell. Adhesion molecule expression forms a backbone of cell to cell communication in granuloma formation. Leukocyte adhesion molecules like ICAM and other stimulatory and costimulatory molecules show increased or decreased level of expressions in host pathogenesis [4]. In a study of tuberculous pleuritus patients soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules sVCAM, sICAM [5] were evaluated which can be helpful in diagnosis of the disease. Being much conclusive about them can further help us to be brief about these significant molecules and target them to open new avenues to invent more significant and reasonable antituberculosis drugs to eradicate the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-25DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000218
A. Worku, S. Abreham, Merry Hailu, G. Mamo, G. Ameni, Solomon Tsegaye
Background: The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis is high in developing countries due to lack of awareness, good diagnostic methods and prevention strategies. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and compare the efficacy of different procedures of diagnosis. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Gondar Elfora abattoir from December, 2005 to June, 2006. To this effect, comparison has been made between the detailed postmortem examination and routine meat inspection procedures with gold standard culture result. Result: Out of 402 animals examined at slaughter, 15.9% were diagnosed with gross tuberculous lesions by detailed laboratory examination. Routine abattoir inspection detected only 2.9% of the tuberculous cattle. From 64 cattle considered tuberculous, 10 show growth in Lowenstein-Jensen. The average number of lesions per infected cattle was 1.6% and 55.5% of cattle with tuberculous lesions possessed single lesion. All the traits (including sex, age and body condition score) measured in relation to tuberculous lesions did not show a statistically significant difference among the categories. The sensitivity of routine meat inspection was 18.8% with detailed postmortem examination and 30% with culture in comparison with 83.3% specificity. There was a poor agreement (k=0.18) between routine meat inspection and detailed postmortem examination procedures. Similarly, a poor agreement (k=0.12) was obtained between routine meat inspection procedure and culture result. Conclusion: Relatively higher prevalence was recorded, and there is a need to improve the sensitivity of routine abattoir inspection procedures to diagnose tuberculous.
{"title":"Cross-Sectional Study and Comparison of Different Diagnostic Methods ofBovine Tuberculosis in Gondar Elfora Abattoir, Ethiopia","authors":"A. Worku, S. Abreham, Merry Hailu, G. Mamo, G. Ameni, Solomon Tsegaye","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000218","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis is high in developing countries due to lack of awareness, good diagnostic methods and prevention strategies. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and compare the efficacy of different procedures of diagnosis. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Gondar Elfora abattoir from December, 2005 to June, 2006. To this effect, comparison has been made between the detailed postmortem examination and routine meat inspection procedures with gold standard culture result. Result: Out of 402 animals examined at slaughter, 15.9% were diagnosed with gross tuberculous lesions by detailed laboratory examination. Routine abattoir inspection detected only 2.9% of the tuberculous cattle. From 64 cattle considered tuberculous, 10 show growth in Lowenstein-Jensen. The average number of lesions per infected cattle was 1.6% and 55.5% of cattle with tuberculous lesions possessed single lesion. All the traits (including sex, age and body condition score) measured in relation to tuberculous lesions did not show a statistically significant difference among the categories. The sensitivity of routine meat inspection was 18.8% with detailed postmortem examination and 30% with culture in comparison with 83.3% specificity. There was a poor agreement (k=0.18) between routine meat inspection and detailed postmortem examination procedures. Similarly, a poor agreement (k=0.12) was obtained between routine meat inspection procedure and culture result. Conclusion: Relatively higher prevalence was recorded, and there is a need to improve the sensitivity of routine abattoir inspection procedures to diagnose tuberculous.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-18DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000219
P. Mehta
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem, which ranks equal with human immunodeficiency virus infection as the top most killer globally among the infectious diseases [1]. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial to control the disease so as to initiate an early antitubercular therapy. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay recently endorsed by the world health organization (WHO) has been a major breakthrough in TB diagnostics; however, its wide implementation is restricted in many developing nations due to high cost. There is an urgent need to devise a rapid, highly sensitive and reproducible pointof-care TB diagnostic test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests targeting IS6110, mpb64 (Rv1980c), pstS1 (Rv0934), etc. are widely used for the diagnosis of TB patients [2] however PCR can’t detect non nucleic acid molecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, which are abundant in circulation during TB infection. Though enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used for the detection of proteins, but it fails when there is a low concentration of target proteins in body fluids of TB patients [3] and it also leads to nonspecific binding of body fluids that ultimately leads to reduced specificity. Several commercial antibody detection tests are available with imprecise, inconsistent and invariable results by ELISA, therefore, the WHO has recommended against the use of these tests [4] whereas direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens allow specific diagnosis of active TB independent of the host’s immune response [5]. Considering that antigen detection may be translated into a rapid POC TB diagnostic test, technology to improve their detection is urgently needed. Originally discovered by [6] immuno-PCR (I-PCR) combines the versatility and simplicity of ELISA with the enormous amplification capacity of PCR, which has been used for the ultralow detection of cytokines, protooncogenes and potential biomarkers for an early diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases including TB infection [2] and that showed several-fold lower detection limit than analogous ELISA. We could detect up to 1femtogram (fg)/mL of mycobacterial recombinant purified protein such as early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6, Rv3875) and immunodominant antigen 85B (Ag85B, Rv1886c) and up to 10 fg/mL of cord factor (trehalos-6,6’dimycolate) by I-PCR, which was atleast 105-fold lower than ELISA [7,8]. We previously developed I-PCR based on streptavidin-biotin system for the detection of cocktail of regions of differences (RD) encoded proteins of M. tuberculosis such as ESAT-6, culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10, Rv3874), CFP-21 (Rv1984c) etc. [2]. Furthermore, by paired sample analysis, i.e., the detection of cocktail of RD proteins in sputum and detection of anti-RD antibodies in serum of the same PTB patients by I-PCR exhibited higher sensitivities (91% in smearpositive PTB cases and 72% in smear-negative PTB cases) and specificities (85%). We re
{"title":"Immuno-PCR: Its Role in Serodiagnosis of Tuberculosis","authors":"P. Mehta","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000219","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem, which ranks equal with human immunodeficiency virus infection as the top most killer globally among the infectious diseases [1]. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial to control the disease so as to initiate an early antitubercular therapy. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay recently endorsed by the world health organization (WHO) has been a major breakthrough in TB diagnostics; however, its wide implementation is restricted in many developing nations due to high cost. There is an urgent need to devise a rapid, highly sensitive and reproducible pointof-care TB diagnostic test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests targeting IS6110, mpb64 (Rv1980c), pstS1 (Rv0934), etc. are widely used for the diagnosis of TB patients [2] however PCR can’t detect non nucleic acid molecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, which are abundant in circulation during TB infection. Though enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used for the detection of proteins, but it fails when there is a low concentration of target proteins in body fluids of TB patients [3] and it also leads to nonspecific binding of body fluids that ultimately leads to reduced specificity. Several commercial antibody detection tests are available with imprecise, inconsistent and invariable results by ELISA, therefore, the WHO has recommended against the use of these tests [4] whereas direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens allow specific diagnosis of active TB independent of the host’s immune response [5]. Considering that antigen detection may be translated into a rapid POC TB diagnostic test, technology to improve their detection is urgently needed. Originally discovered by [6] immuno-PCR (I-PCR) combines the versatility and simplicity of ELISA with the enormous amplification capacity of PCR, which has been used for the ultralow detection of cytokines, protooncogenes and potential biomarkers for an early diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases including TB infection [2] and that showed several-fold lower detection limit than analogous ELISA. We could detect up to 1femtogram (fg)/mL of mycobacterial recombinant purified protein such as early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6, Rv3875) and immunodominant antigen 85B (Ag85B, Rv1886c) and up to 10 fg/mL of cord factor (trehalos-6,6’dimycolate) by I-PCR, which was atleast 105-fold lower than ELISA [7,8]. We previously developed I-PCR based on streptavidin-biotin system for the detection of cocktail of regions of differences (RD) encoded proteins of M. tuberculosis such as ESAT-6, culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10, Rv3874), CFP-21 (Rv1984c) etc. [2]. Furthermore, by paired sample analysis, i.e., the detection of cocktail of RD proteins in sputum and detection of anti-RD antibodies in serum of the same PTB patients by I-PCR exhibited higher sensitivities (91% in smearpositive PTB cases and 72% in smear-negative PTB cases) and specificities (85%). We re","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-13DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000217
Chacha M Issarow, R. Wood, N. Mulder
Much of our current knowledge of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission originates from seminal human-to-guinea pig in vivo studies, carried out in the 1950s. Similar methodology has been used to investigate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection and multidrug resistant TB. However, all these studies have had to reconcile the need to use high facility ventilation rates in order to decrease risks of human-to-human infection while demonstrating human-to-guinea pig transmission. While these studies demonstrate tuberculosis (TB) contagion can be airborne they also estimated extremely low infectivity of TB cases. However, calculated infectivity was based on a theoretical concept of quantal infection and assumed that the guinea pig model was 100% sensitivity for the remote detection of viable TB organisms in highly diluted air exhausted from the facility. High facility ventilation markedly decreases the probability of a successful guinea pig infection by both dilution of the exhaled breath and decreasing the proportion of air sampled by guinea pigs. In this study, we used a new mathematical model based on Poisson distribution and previous guinea pig experimental data to quantify a more realistic estimate of the number of infective organisms required to produce a successful infection for exposed guinea pigs in the in vivo studies. Furthermore, we explored the probability of exposed guinea pigs acquiring infection in these studies. We found that the in vivo studies to date were underestimated to demonstrate transmission derived from any but the most productive infectious cases. All four in vivo studies have remarkably low probability of infection of exposed guinea pigs due to either high ventilation rates or insensitive mathematical model used in these studies. Therefore, our analysis would suggest that the production of infective organisms by TB cases might have been markedly underestimated. This reassessment of the infectivity of guinea pigs is compatible with recent findings of very high numbers of TB genomes present in health care environments and the very diverse distribution of TB strains present in highly endemic settings which indicates a multiplicity of infective sources.
{"title":"Seminal Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in vivo Transmission Studies: ReanalysisUsing Probabilistic Modelling","authors":"Chacha M Issarow, R. Wood, N. Mulder","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000217","url":null,"abstract":"Much of our current knowledge of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission originates from seminal human-to-guinea pig in vivo studies, carried out in the 1950s. Similar methodology has been used to investigate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection and multidrug resistant TB. However, all these studies have had to reconcile the need to use high facility ventilation rates in order to decrease risks of human-to-human infection while demonstrating human-to-guinea pig transmission. While these studies demonstrate tuberculosis (TB) contagion can be airborne they also estimated extremely low infectivity of TB cases. However, calculated infectivity was based on a theoretical concept of quantal infection and assumed that the guinea pig model was 100% sensitivity for the remote detection of viable TB organisms in highly diluted air exhausted from the facility. High facility ventilation markedly decreases the probability of a successful guinea pig infection by both dilution of the exhaled breath and decreasing the proportion of air sampled by guinea pigs. In this study, we used a new mathematical model based on Poisson distribution and previous guinea pig experimental data to quantify a more realistic estimate of the number of infective organisms required to produce a successful infection for exposed guinea pigs in the in vivo studies. Furthermore, we explored the probability of exposed guinea pigs acquiring infection in these studies. We found that the in vivo studies to date were underestimated to demonstrate transmission derived from any but the most productive infectious cases. All four in vivo studies have remarkably low probability of infection of exposed guinea pigs due to either high ventilation rates or insensitive mathematical model used in these studies. Therefore, our analysis would suggest that the production of infective organisms by TB cases might have been markedly underestimated. This reassessment of the infectivity of guinea pigs is compatible with recent findings of very high numbers of TB genomes present in health care environments and the very diverse distribution of TB strains present in highly endemic settings which indicates a multiplicity of infective sources.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-12DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000216
E. Chan, X. Bai, D. Ordway, D. Verma
The use of animal models has been essential in understanding the pathogenesis of and hosts immune response to tuberculosis, as well as testing potential antimicrobial compounds and vaccines. Experimental animals have also been used to study infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Because there are many different species of NTM capable of causing disease and they have varying degrees of virulence, developing animal models that are suitable for the diseases they cause isolated lung disease, skin and soft-tissue infections, and visceral extra pulmonary /disseminated disease is challenging. The goal of this review is to discuss the various animal models that have been used to study the pathogenesis of NTM infection as well as screening candidate antimicrobials, which are essential endeavors if better control of NTM infection is to be achieved.
{"title":"Animal Models of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections","authors":"E. Chan, X. Bai, D. Ordway, D. Verma","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000216","url":null,"abstract":"The use of animal models has been essential in understanding the pathogenesis of and hosts immune response to tuberculosis, as well as testing potential antimicrobial compounds and vaccines. Experimental animals have also been used to study infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Because there are many different species of NTM capable of causing disease and they have varying degrees of virulence, developing animal models that are suitable for the diseases they cause isolated lung disease, skin and soft-tissue infections, and visceral extra pulmonary /disseminated disease is challenging. The goal of this review is to discuss the various animal models that have been used to study the pathogenesis of NTM infection as well as screening candidate antimicrobials, which are essential endeavors if better control of NTM infection is to be achieved.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-30DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000215
Pranita J Waghmare, G. Wankhade, Lingaraja Jena, B. Harinath
TB immunodiagnostics based on antibody and antigen detection for early detection and monitoring tubercular infections at low cost and flexible to adapt to field laboratories are a boon to developing countries. In this context we have explored in-house developed penicillinase based ELISA assays for the detection of antigen, antibody as well as immune-complexed antigen using various excretory secretory antigenic proteins and specific antibodies. Excretory secretory protein antigens such as ES-31, ES-41, ES-43, ES-6, ES-20, ES-100 and EST-6 were studied extensively and found to be useful in various pulmonary and extra pulmonary cases of tuberculosis infection. ES-31 has shown its diagnostic potential in chronic PTB cases, ES-43 in relapse cases and ES-41 in bone and joint TB. Elevated level of ES-20 antigen was observed in patients with weak immune response in TB lymphadenitis. Detection of ES-100 antigen and antibody by penicilinase ELISA was observed to be useful in detection of TB meningitis. ES-6 antigen was shown to be useful in detection of latent infection. These proteins with antigenic properties are utilized for production of specific antibodies against them and observed to be useful in immune diagnostics for detection of specific circulating and immune complexed antigens. Further user friendly peroxidase immunoassay has been standardised and is being routinely used for suspected TB cases attending 1000 bedded Kasturba Hospital attached to medical institute on physician’s request.
{"title":"Excretory Secretory Proteins Released during Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra), With Diagnostic Potential in Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis","authors":"Pranita J Waghmare, G. Wankhade, Lingaraja Jena, B. Harinath","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000215","url":null,"abstract":"TB immunodiagnostics based on antibody and antigen detection for early detection and monitoring tubercular infections at low cost and flexible to adapt to field laboratories are a boon to developing countries. In this context we have explored in-house developed penicillinase based ELISA assays for the detection of antigen, antibody as well as immune-complexed antigen using various excretory secretory antigenic proteins and specific antibodies. Excretory secretory protein antigens such as ES-31, ES-41, ES-43, ES-6, ES-20, ES-100 and EST-6 were studied extensively and found to be useful in various pulmonary and extra pulmonary cases of tuberculosis infection. ES-31 has shown its diagnostic potential in chronic PTB cases, ES-43 in relapse cases and ES-41 in bone and joint TB. Elevated level of ES-20 antigen was observed in patients with weak immune response in TB lymphadenitis. Detection of ES-100 antigen and antibody by penicilinase ELISA was observed to be useful in detection of TB meningitis. ES-6 antigen was shown to be useful in detection of latent infection. These proteins with antigenic properties are utilized for production of specific antibodies against them and observed to be useful in immune diagnostics for detection of specific circulating and immune complexed antigens. Further user friendly peroxidase immunoassay has been standardised and is being routinely used for suspected TB cases attending 1000 bedded Kasturba Hospital attached to medical institute on physician’s request.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000214
H. Talwar, J. Talreja, L. Samavati
One-third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis, only 10% will develop active disease and the remaining 90% is considered to have latent TB (LTB). While active TB is contagious and can be lethal, the LTB can evolve to active TB. The diagnosis of TB can be challenging, especially in the early stages, due to the variability in presentation and nonspecific signs and symptoms. Currently, we have limited tools available to diagnose active TB, predict treatment efficacy and cure of active tuberculosis, the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection, and the induction of protective immune responses through vaccination. Therefore, the identification of robust and accurate tuberculosis-specific biomarkers is crucial for the successful eradication of TB. In this commentary, we summarized the available methods for diagnosis and differentiation of active TB from LTB and their limitations. Additionally, we present a novel peptide microarray platform as promising strategy to identify TB biomarkers.
{"title":"T7 Phage Display Library a Promising Strategy to Detect Tuberculosis Specific Biomarkers.","authors":"H. Talwar, J. Talreja, L. Samavati","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000214","url":null,"abstract":"One-third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis, only 10% will develop active disease and the remaining 90% is considered to have latent TB (LTB). While active TB is contagious and can be lethal, the LTB can evolve to active TB. The diagnosis of TB can be challenging, especially in the early stages, due to the variability in presentation and nonspecific signs and symptoms. Currently, we have limited tools available to diagnose active TB, predict treatment efficacy and cure of active tuberculosis, the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection, and the induction of protective immune responses through vaccination. Therefore, the identification of robust and accurate tuberculosis-specific biomarkers is crucial for the successful eradication of TB. In this commentary, we summarized the available methods for diagnosis and differentiation of active TB from LTB and their limitations. Additionally, we present a novel peptide microarray platform as promising strategy to identify TB biomarkers.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72681504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000212
F. Khan, Khalid Dosa, Amr Fuad, Walid Ibrahim, A. Alaini, Lubna Osman, M. AlBadri, M. Yassin
Objectives: To describe the demographic, clinical features, diagnostic and procedure results, organ involvement and outcomes in patients with disseminated tuberculosis (TB). Patients and methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Hamad general hospital in Qatar. It involved all patients 15 years of age or older who were admitted to Hamad general hospital with disseminated TB from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010. Results: We enrolled 100 patients. There were 74 (74%) males and the mean age (±SD) of patients was 31.3±12.2. The most common presenting symptom was fever (95%). Fifteen (15%) patients had other underlying medical conditions; the most common being diabetes mellitus 7 (7%), while two patients had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The tuberculin skin test was positive in 42 (42%) patients. Sputum and gastric lavage examination were performed in 84 (84%) and 9 (9%) patients respectively while bronchoscopy was performed on 32 (32%) cases. Most patients 94 (94%) completed their treatment in Qatar whereas (3%) left the country before completion. The in-hospital mortality rate was 3% (3 patients). Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed for 36 (36%) cases and 15 patients had complications, the most being tuberculoma 9/23 (39.1%). Drug toxicity was noted in 17 (17%) patients, including hepatitis, optic neuritis and hyperurecemia. Only presence of underlying medical conditions was found to be an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions: Disseminated TB has a non-specific clinical picture, gives rise to high morbidity
{"title":"Disseminated Tuberculosis among Adult Patients Admitted to Hamad GeneralHospital, Qatar: A Five Year Hospital Based Study","authors":"F. Khan, Khalid Dosa, Amr Fuad, Walid Ibrahim, A. Alaini, Lubna Osman, M. AlBadri, M. Yassin","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000212","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To describe the demographic, clinical features, diagnostic and procedure results, organ involvement and outcomes in patients with disseminated tuberculosis (TB). \u0000Patients and methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Hamad general hospital in Qatar. It involved all patients 15 years of age or older who were admitted to Hamad general hospital with disseminated TB from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010. \u0000Results: We enrolled 100 patients. There were 74 (74%) males and the mean age (±SD) of patients was 31.3±12.2. The most common presenting symptom was fever (95%). Fifteen (15%) patients had other underlying medical conditions; the most common being diabetes mellitus 7 (7%), while two patients had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The tuberculin skin test was positive in 42 (42%) patients. Sputum and gastric lavage examination were performed in 84 (84%) and 9 (9%) patients respectively while bronchoscopy was performed on 32 (32%) cases. Most patients 94 (94%) completed their treatment in Qatar whereas (3%) left the country before completion. The in-hospital mortality rate was 3% (3 patients). Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed for 36 (36%) cases and 15 patients had complications, the most being tuberculoma 9/23 (39.1%). Drug toxicity was noted in 17 (17%) patients, including hepatitis, optic neuritis and hyperurecemia. Only presence of underlying medical conditions was found to be an independent predictor of mortality. \u0000Conclusions: Disseminated TB has a non-specific clinical picture, gives rise to high morbidity","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-06DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000211
K. Gupta, D. Nair, Pratibha Sharma, Ankit Gupta, M. Sen
Study Background: Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious problem all over the world. One of the major factors contributing to drug resistance is delayed detection of drug-resistant isolates, which ultimately leads to delay in initiation of effective chemotherapy. An appropriate modification of treatment regimens, depending upon the susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium isolates is the keystone for successful treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Material and methods: The study was done to check the susceptibility pattern of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during Aug 2009 - Jun 2012, Phase II (35 month period) and compared it with our previous data of same duration (Aug 2002-Jun 2005, Phase I), to determine the burden of drug resistance in the current situation and to look for the change in resistance pattern over a decade. A total of 154 culture-confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (pulmonary-36, extra-pulmonary-118) were screened for their susceptibility pattern. Drug susceptibility testing was performed by an automated Bac T-Alert 3D, using ‘SIRE’ kit’ provided with Bact Alert 3D system (Biomereiux Pvt Ltd). Result: Current study demonstrated increased drug resistance for streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol as 8/36 (22.2%), 23/36 (63.8%), 6/36 (16.6%) and 21/36 (33.3%) respectively in the pulmonary isolates and 39/118 (33%), 71/118 (60.1%), 16/118 (13.5%) and 60/118 (50.8%) among the extra-pulmonary isolates. A significant increase in resistance (p value=0.0001) was observed for streptomycin in current phase as compared with the earlier phase of study while resistance to rifampicin was decreased in pulmonary isolates. However, resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid and ethambutol were significantly increased (p value=0.0001) among extrapulmonary isolates. Conclusion: Resistance to streptomycin has increased at an alarming rate in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin has stabilized over time, this could possibly imply adequacy of DOTS coverage in cases of pulmonary TB. This situation in patients with extra-pulmonary TB is more alarming as this data reveals a dramatic increase of resistance to isoniazid and other first-line agents. The “hidden reservoir” of resistance in extra-pulmonary patients may downgrade the efficacy of the DOTS program in the future.
{"title":"Changing Trends in the Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosisOver a Decade from a Tertiary Care DOTS Centre Delhi","authors":"K. Gupta, D. Nair, Pratibha Sharma, Ankit Gupta, M. Sen","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000211","url":null,"abstract":"Study Background: Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious problem all over the world. One of the major factors contributing to drug resistance is delayed detection of drug-resistant isolates, which ultimately leads to delay in initiation of effective chemotherapy. An appropriate modification of treatment regimens, depending upon the susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium isolates is the keystone for successful treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. \u0000Material and methods: The study was done to check the susceptibility pattern of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during Aug 2009 - Jun 2012, Phase II (35 month period) and compared it with our previous data of same duration (Aug 2002-Jun 2005, Phase I), to determine the burden of drug resistance in the current situation and to look for the change in resistance pattern over a decade. A total of 154 culture-confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (pulmonary-36, extra-pulmonary-118) were screened for their susceptibility pattern. Drug susceptibility testing was performed by an automated Bac T-Alert 3D, using ‘SIRE’ kit’ provided with Bact Alert 3D system (Biomereiux Pvt Ltd). \u0000Result: Current study demonstrated increased drug resistance for streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol as 8/36 (22.2%), 23/36 (63.8%), 6/36 (16.6%) and 21/36 (33.3%) respectively in the pulmonary isolates and 39/118 (33%), 71/118 (60.1%), 16/118 (13.5%) and 60/118 (50.8%) among the extra-pulmonary isolates. A significant increase in resistance (p value=0.0001) was observed for streptomycin in current phase as compared with the earlier phase of study while resistance to rifampicin was decreased in pulmonary isolates. However, resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid and ethambutol were significantly increased (p value=0.0001) among extrapulmonary isolates. \u0000Conclusion: Resistance to streptomycin has increased at an alarming rate in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin has stabilized over time, this could possibly imply adequacy of DOTS coverage in cases of pulmonary TB. This situation in patients with extra-pulmonary TB is more alarming as this data reveals a dramatic increase of resistance to isoniazid and other first-line agents. The “hidden reservoir” of resistance in extra-pulmonary patients may downgrade the efficacy of the DOTS program in the future.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-27DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000210
M. Solioz
Copper in aerobic environments prevails as cupric ions, Cu2+, but inside cells, is usually present as cuprous ions, Cu+. Cu+ is considerably more toxic to bacteria than Cu2+. Phagosomes employ, among other mechanisms, Cu+ to create a hostile environment for engulfed bacteria. Bacteria can reduce or oxidize copper by various mechanisms. How such reactions could affect bacterial survival in phagosomes is discussed, with a focus onMycobacteria.
{"title":"Copper Oxidation State and Mycobacterial Infection","authors":"M. Solioz","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000210","url":null,"abstract":"Copper in aerobic environments prevails as cupric ions, Cu2+, but inside cells, is usually present as cuprous ions, Cu+. Cu+ is considerably more toxic to bacteria than Cu2+. Phagosomes employ, among other mechanisms, Cu+ to create a hostile environment for engulfed bacteria. Bacteria can reduce or oxidize copper by various mechanisms. How such reactions could affect bacterial survival in phagosomes is discussed, with a focus onMycobacteria.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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