Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00494-9
Fanmengjing Wang, Huanting Wang
Anchored growth of single-atom catalysts in nanofiltration membranes creates a scalable and long-term stable platform for near-complete removal of hazardous wastewater pollutants.
纳滤膜中单原子催化剂的锚定生长为几乎完全去除有害废水污染物创造了一个可扩展和长期稳定的平台。
{"title":"Scalable catalytic membranes for removal of small and neutral organic pollutants","authors":"Fanmengjing Wang, Huanting Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00494-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00494-9","url":null,"abstract":"Anchored growth of single-atom catalysts in nanofiltration membranes creates a scalable and long-term stable platform for near-complete removal of hazardous wastewater pollutants.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 9","pages":"974-975"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00511-x
Pintu Kumar Mahla
People stand at the heart of water conflicts and their solutions. The way we act, cooperate, and decide will determine whether water fuels disputes or builds peace and sustainable growth. The Indus Waters Treaty, signed on 19 September 1960, demonstrated that diplomacy led by citizens can shape water management and policy. Sixty-five years later, it is time to reimagine it in a way that empowers citizens, beyond governments, to drive water cooperation and long-term security.
{"title":"A social vision for the Indus Waters Treaty","authors":"Pintu Kumar Mahla","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00511-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00511-x","url":null,"abstract":"People stand at the heart of water conflicts and their solutions. The way we act, cooperate, and decide will determine whether water fuels disputes or builds peace and sustainable growth. The Indus Waters Treaty, signed on 19 September 1960, demonstrated that diplomacy led by citizens can shape water management and policy. Sixty-five years later, it is time to reimagine it in a way that empowers citizens, beyond governments, to drive water cooperation and long-term security.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 9","pages":"965-966"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00486-9
Nicolas Salliou, Philipp Urech, João Paulo Leitão, Fabrizia Fappiano, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey
Urban water management often prioritizes engineering efficiency over local ecological and social contexts. Landscape architects can leverage high-resolution modelling and vernacular intelligence to design resilient, culturally embedded solutions.
{"title":"Urban water projects must consider landscape architecture","authors":"Nicolas Salliou, Philipp Urech, João Paulo Leitão, Fabrizia Fappiano, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00486-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00486-9","url":null,"abstract":"Urban water management often prioritizes engineering efficiency over local ecological and social contexts. Landscape architects can leverage high-resolution modelling and vernacular intelligence to design resilient, culturally embedded solutions.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 9","pages":"967-971"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00513-9
Peter Raymond, Noah Planavsky, Christopher T. Reinhard
{"title":"Author Correction: Using carbonates for carbon removal","authors":"Peter Raymond, Noah Planavsky, Christopher T. Reinhard","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00513-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00513-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 11","pages":"1331-1331"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00513-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145538095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00477-w
Orisa Z. Coombs, Taigyu Joo, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior, Divya Chalise, William A. Tarpeh
Distributed solar-enabled nitrogen capture from urine helps to manage the nitrogen cycle and increases fertilizer, sanitation and electricity access. Here we provide proof of concept for a photovoltaic–thermal electrochemical stripping (ECS) system, known as solar-ECS, that recovers ammonium sulfate fertilizer from real urine independently of the electricity grid. Constant control of photovoltaic currents and extracting waste heat to cool the solar panel while heating ECS enabled 59.3 ± 3.6% more power production and improved ammonia recovery efficiency by 22.4 ± 7.4% relative to prototypes with no heat transfer and uncontrolled currents. The added heat accelerated ammonia volatilization (the rate-limiting step of ECS), while preventing excessive current via charge controllers reduced energy use by 2.24 ± 0.25 kJ g−1 N per excess milliampere per square centimetre. A new process model for ECS operation at different currents and temperatures was proposed and applied to estimate possible net fertilizer revenues of up to US$2.18 kg−1 N in US markets and US$4.13 kg−1 N in African markets. By advancing the recovery of high-purity commodity chemicals from underused wastewaters, this work supports United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, clean energy and responsible production. Recovering fertilizers from wastewater has the potential to make intensive agriculture more sustainable and reduce aqueous pollution, but energy requirements could be prohibitive. A prototype photovoltaic–thermal electrochemical stripping system shows how distributed ammonia manufacturing can be achieved through solar energy in off-grid locations, thus reducing energy and environmental costs.
{"title":"Prototyping and modelling a photovoltaic–thermal electrochemical stripping system for distributed urine nitrogen recovery","authors":"Orisa Z. Coombs, Taigyu Joo, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior, Divya Chalise, William A. Tarpeh","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00477-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00477-w","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed solar-enabled nitrogen capture from urine helps to manage the nitrogen cycle and increases fertilizer, sanitation and electricity access. Here we provide proof of concept for a photovoltaic–thermal electrochemical stripping (ECS) system, known as solar-ECS, that recovers ammonium sulfate fertilizer from real urine independently of the electricity grid. Constant control of photovoltaic currents and extracting waste heat to cool the solar panel while heating ECS enabled 59.3 ± 3.6% more power production and improved ammonia recovery efficiency by 22.4 ± 7.4% relative to prototypes with no heat transfer and uncontrolled currents. The added heat accelerated ammonia volatilization (the rate-limiting step of ECS), while preventing excessive current via charge controllers reduced energy use by 2.24 ± 0.25 kJ g−1 N per excess milliampere per square centimetre. A new process model for ECS operation at different currents and temperatures was proposed and applied to estimate possible net fertilizer revenues of up to US$2.18 kg−1 N in US markets and US$4.13 kg−1 N in African markets. By advancing the recovery of high-purity commodity chemicals from underused wastewaters, this work supports United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, clean energy and responsible production. Recovering fertilizers from wastewater has the potential to make intensive agriculture more sustainable and reduce aqueous pollution, but energy requirements could be prohibitive. A prototype photovoltaic–thermal electrochemical stripping system shows how distributed ammonia manufacturing can be achieved through solar energy in off-grid locations, thus reducing energy and environmental costs.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"913-926"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00491-y
Water is the key driving force behind the cycling of Earth’s essential elements — carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and metals across the atmosphere, land, and oceans. Understanding water’s role in this grander cycle is central to our responses to accelerating environmental changes.
{"title":"The grander cycle","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00491-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00491-y","url":null,"abstract":"Water is the key driving force behind the cycling of Earth’s essential elements — carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and metals across the atmosphere, land, and oceans. Understanding water’s role in this grander cycle is central to our responses to accelerating environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"841-841"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00491-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00472-1
David Kaplan
A new pan-European analysis shows that wetlands — especially those outside protected areas — remove substantial nitrogen loads from agriculturally intensive watersheds. By targeting future restoration in areas of projected farmland abandonment, Europe could further improve water quality while limiting impacts on agricultural productivity.
{"title":"Leveraging working wetlands for basin-scale nitrogen removal","authors":"David Kaplan","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00472-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00472-1","url":null,"abstract":"A new pan-European analysis shows that wetlands — especially those outside protected areas — remove substantial nitrogen loads from agriculturally intensive watersheds. By targeting future restoration in areas of projected farmland abandonment, Europe could further improve water quality while limiting impacts on agricultural productivity.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"848-849"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00465-0
L. E. Bertassello, N. B. Basu, J. Maes, B. Grizzetti, A. La Notte, L. Feyen
In Europe, excessive inputs of nitrogen threaten ecosystems and public health. Wetlands act as natural filters, removing excess nutrients and protecting downstream waters. Using high-resolution data on nitrogen surplus and wetland distribution, we estimate that existing European wetlands remove 1,092 ± 95 kt of nitrogen per year. Restoring 27% of wetlands historically drained for agriculture (3% of land area), targeted in high nitrogen input areas, could reduce current nitrogen loads to the sea by 36%, but with potential costs to agricultural productivity. A more efficient strategy targets wetland restoration on farmlands projected to be abandoned by 2040, yielding a 22% load reduction and enabling major rivers such as the Rhine, Elbe and Vistula to meet water quality targets with minimal agricultural impact. Our findings highlight wetland restoration as a cost-effective, policy-relevant solution that, if spatially targeted, can deliver major water quality improvements while supporting the European Union’s broader goals on climate, biodiversity and agricultural sustainability. This study evaluates the potential of wetland conservation and restoration to improve water quality and highlights the important role of wetlands in nitrogen removal across European river basins.
{"title":"The important role of wetland conservation and restoration in nitrogen removal across European river basins","authors":"L. E. Bertassello, N. B. Basu, J. Maes, B. Grizzetti, A. La Notte, L. Feyen","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00465-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00465-0","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe, excessive inputs of nitrogen threaten ecosystems and public health. Wetlands act as natural filters, removing excess nutrients and protecting downstream waters. Using high-resolution data on nitrogen surplus and wetland distribution, we estimate that existing European wetlands remove 1,092 ± 95 kt of nitrogen per year. Restoring 27% of wetlands historically drained for agriculture (3% of land area), targeted in high nitrogen input areas, could reduce current nitrogen loads to the sea by 36%, but with potential costs to agricultural productivity. A more efficient strategy targets wetland restoration on farmlands projected to be abandoned by 2040, yielding a 22% load reduction and enabling major rivers such as the Rhine, Elbe and Vistula to meet water quality targets with minimal agricultural impact. Our findings highlight wetland restoration as a cost-effective, policy-relevant solution that, if spatially targeted, can deliver major water quality improvements while supporting the European Union’s broader goals on climate, biodiversity and agricultural sustainability. This study evaluates the potential of wetland conservation and restoration to improve water quality and highlights the important role of wetlands in nitrogen removal across European river basins.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"867-880"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00465-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00468-x
Daisy N. Grace, Alyssa Rorie, Carsten Prasse
Water quality assessment is exceedingly challenging given the complexity of the anthropogenic chemicals present in the environment. In addition, water treatment is increasingly reliant on chemical oxidants, which transform natural and anthropogenic organic compounds into a wide spectrum of transformation products with unknown toxicities. Existing strategies to evaluate the toxicity of these complex mixtures have so far primarily focused on the application of in vitro assays. Existing in vitro assays provide useful insights into the adverse outcomes for a variety of toxicological endpoints but generally do not provide information about the identities of the toxicant(s) responsible for the observed effect in environmental samples. Advancements in in vitro assays combined with non-targeted analysis show substantial progress in identifying emerging chemicals of concern, albeit with selection biases for analytes that are compatible with sample extraction and preparation approaches. Here we discuss the application of molecular toxicology (in chemico) approaches as a promising complement to in vitro assays to assess water quality and responsible toxicants. These in chemico approaches show particular promise for compounds that are challenging to extract and detect using conventional approaches, such as those that are highly polar, reactive (for example, organic electrophiles) and/or volatile compounds. We structure the discussion of the different in chemico approaches around the molecular initiating event, which is the initial step of the adverse outcome pathway that describes the molecular-level interactions between toxicants and organisms. In chemico approaches that use biomolecules of different complexities to investigate covalent and non-covalent interactions with contaminants are highlighted. This includes in chemico studies focusing on (1) the assessment of individual contaminants, (2) the overall toxicity of samples from laboratory studies or the environment and (3) the identification of toxicants in complex (environmental) mixtures. Major advancements in each of these areas are discussed, and future major research needs are outlined. The toxicity of contaminants in water is primarily studied through in vitro techniques. A complementary approach is the use of molecular toxicology, which can provide insight into the responsible toxicants, and shows promise for compounds that are challenging to extract and detect using conventional approaches.
{"title":"In chemico toxicity approaches to assess, identify and prioritize contaminants in water","authors":"Daisy N. Grace, Alyssa Rorie, Carsten Prasse","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00468-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00468-x","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality assessment is exceedingly challenging given the complexity of the anthropogenic chemicals present in the environment. In addition, water treatment is increasingly reliant on chemical oxidants, which transform natural and anthropogenic organic compounds into a wide spectrum of transformation products with unknown toxicities. Existing strategies to evaluate the toxicity of these complex mixtures have so far primarily focused on the application of in vitro assays. Existing in vitro assays provide useful insights into the adverse outcomes for a variety of toxicological endpoints but generally do not provide information about the identities of the toxicant(s) responsible for the observed effect in environmental samples. Advancements in in vitro assays combined with non-targeted analysis show substantial progress in identifying emerging chemicals of concern, albeit with selection biases for analytes that are compatible with sample extraction and preparation approaches. Here we discuss the application of molecular toxicology (in chemico) approaches as a promising complement to in vitro assays to assess water quality and responsible toxicants. These in chemico approaches show particular promise for compounds that are challenging to extract and detect using conventional approaches, such as those that are highly polar, reactive (for example, organic electrophiles) and/or volatile compounds. We structure the discussion of the different in chemico approaches around the molecular initiating event, which is the initial step of the adverse outcome pathway that describes the molecular-level interactions between toxicants and organisms. In chemico approaches that use biomolecules of different complexities to investigate covalent and non-covalent interactions with contaminants are highlighted. This includes in chemico studies focusing on (1) the assessment of individual contaminants, (2) the overall toxicity of samples from laboratory studies or the environment and (3) the identification of toxicants in complex (environmental) mixtures. Major advancements in each of these areas are discussed, and future major research needs are outlined. The toxicity of contaminants in water is primarily studied through in vitro techniques. A complementary approach is the use of molecular toxicology, which can provide insight into the responsible toxicants, and shows promise for compounds that are challenging to extract and detect using conventional approaches.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"854-866"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00478-9
Cheng He, Yixiang Zhu, Yichen Guo, Michelle L. Bell, Veronique Filippi, Chloe Brimicombe, Renjie Chen, Haidong Kan
Climate change is reshaping the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Such changes impact children’s health through multiple pathways. Here we show that, in 59 low- and middle-income countries, although sufficient annual rainfall decreases under-five child mortality, anomalies in seasonal rainfall could increase under-five mortality. The risk associated with rainfall scarcity (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.20) was much higher than that associated with rainfall surplus (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06). Extreme rainfall amounts and the number of wet days are positively associated with elevated under-five child mortality. These risks were more pronounced for children from rural areas, families with lower educational attainment and households that depend on natural water sources. From 2000 to 2020, rainfall variations, extreme daily rainfall events and the number of wet days are estimated to cause 290 under-five child deaths per 10,000 persons annually (95% CI 177– 417). This investigation provides important insights into the overlooked health consequences of rainfall pattern changes on vulnerable populations. Climate change is transforming the water cycle and impacting the availability of food and water—effects that are most severe in low- and middle-income countries, where they can impact child mortality substantially. Analyses of rainfall patterns indicate that although increased annual rainfall is associated with improved child survival, these benefits depend on seasonal stability and the absence of extreme weather events.
气候变化正在重塑地球的水文循环。这些变化通过多种途径影响儿童的健康。在这里，我们表明，在59个低收入和中等收入国家，尽管充足的年降雨量降低了五岁以下儿童死亡率，但季节性降雨的异常可能会增加五岁以下儿童死亡率。与降雨缺乏相关的风险（优势比1.15,95%可信区间（CI） 1.11-1.20）远高于与降雨过剩相关的风险（优势比1.04,95% CI 1.02-1.06）。极端降雨量和潮湿天数与五岁以下儿童死亡率升高呈正相关。这些风险在农村地区、受教育程度较低的家庭和依赖天然水源的家庭中更为明显。从2000年到2020年，降雨变化、极端日降雨事件和潮湿天数估计每年导致每10万人中290名五岁以下儿童死亡（95%置信区间177 - 417）。这项调查对降雨模式变化对脆弱人群造成的被忽视的健康后果提供了重要见解。气候变化正在改变水循环，影响粮食和水的供应，这种影响在低收入和中等收入国家最为严重，可能对儿童死亡率产生重大影响。对降雨模式的分析表明，尽管年降雨量增加与儿童存活率的提高有关，但这些好处取决于季节稳定性和极端天气事件的缺失。
{"title":"Rainfall variability and under-five child mortality in 59 low- and middle-income countries","authors":"Cheng He, Yixiang Zhu, Yichen Guo, Michelle L. Bell, Veronique Filippi, Chloe Brimicombe, Renjie Chen, Haidong Kan","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00478-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00478-9","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is reshaping the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Such changes impact children’s health through multiple pathways. Here we show that, in 59 low- and middle-income countries, although sufficient annual rainfall decreases under-five child mortality, anomalies in seasonal rainfall could increase under-five mortality. The risk associated with rainfall scarcity (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.20) was much higher than that associated with rainfall surplus (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06). Extreme rainfall amounts and the number of wet days are positively associated with elevated under-five child mortality. These risks were more pronounced for children from rural areas, families with lower educational attainment and households that depend on natural water sources. From 2000 to 2020, rainfall variations, extreme daily rainfall events and the number of wet days are estimated to cause 290 under-five child deaths per 10,000 persons annually (95% CI 177– 417). This investigation provides important insights into the overlooked health consequences of rainfall pattern changes on vulnerable populations. Climate change is transforming the water cycle and impacting the availability of food and water—effects that are most severe in low- and middle-income countries, where they can impact child mortality substantially. Analyses of rainfall patterns indicate that although increased annual rainfall is associated with improved child survival, these benefits depend on seasonal stability and the absence of extreme weather events.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"881-889"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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