Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081219
Raul-Cătălin Oltean, Carl T. Dahlman, Felix H. Arion
In Romania, rural communities grapple with decades of depopulation and economic decline, endangering the natural and cultural richness of their landscapes. The implementation of Romania’s 2030 sustainable development plan presents an opportunity to reverse these trends by merging economic and community development with cultural preservation. This paper examines the potential for creating new livelihood opportunities through a program that integrates sustainable agrotourism with culturally appropriate vernacular architecture in Romania’s distinct rural regions. Focusing on two such regions characterized by significant rural population decline yet endowed with ecological services capable of supporting a diverse rural economy, we collaborated with an architect and landscape engineer to devise three specific and detailed agritourist housing scenarios. These scenarios draw upon local architectural forms harmonious with the vernacular landscape, providing accommodations for agrotourism guests and facilitating craft workshops for visitors interested in rural crafts and traditions. We evaluated the cultural appropriateness of the architectural designs through a social survey and assessed the broader social utility of the development plan via an expansive cost–benefit analysis, treating the project’s sustainability features as quasi-public goods. Such interdisciplinary endeavours are essential for effectively bridging conceptually driven social analysis with pragmatic design and planning strategies, essential for achieving sustainable futures for rural communities and landscapes, as exemplified by rural Romania.
{"title":"Visualizing a Sustainable Future in Rural Romania: Agrotourism and Vernacular Architecture","authors":"Raul-Cătălin Oltean, Carl T. Dahlman, Felix H. Arion","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081219","url":null,"abstract":"In Romania, rural communities grapple with decades of depopulation and economic decline, endangering the natural and cultural richness of their landscapes. The implementation of Romania’s 2030 sustainable development plan presents an opportunity to reverse these trends by merging economic and community development with cultural preservation. This paper examines the potential for creating new livelihood opportunities through a program that integrates sustainable agrotourism with culturally appropriate vernacular architecture in Romania’s distinct rural regions. Focusing on two such regions characterized by significant rural population decline yet endowed with ecological services capable of supporting a diverse rural economy, we collaborated with an architect and landscape engineer to devise three specific and detailed agritourist housing scenarios. These scenarios draw upon local architectural forms harmonious with the vernacular landscape, providing accommodations for agrotourism guests and facilitating craft workshops for visitors interested in rural crafts and traditions. We evaluated the cultural appropriateness of the architectural designs through a social survey and assessed the broader social utility of the development plan via an expansive cost–benefit analysis, treating the project’s sustainability features as quasi-public goods. Such interdisciplinary endeavours are essential for effectively bridging conceptually driven social analysis with pragmatic design and planning strategies, essential for achieving sustainable futures for rural communities and landscapes, as exemplified by rural Romania.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"40 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081218
L. Nhamo, S. Mpandeli, S. Liphadzi, T. L. Dirwai, H. Mugiyo, Aidan Senzanje, Bruce A Lankford, T. Mabhaudhi
The reliance on rainfed agriculture exposes southern Africa to low agricultural productivity and food and nutritional insecurity; yet, the region is endowed with vast irrigation potential. Extreme weather events including drought, floods, and heatwaves exacerbate the existing challenges, underscoring the need to improve agricultural water management as a climate change adaptation strategy. This mixed-methods review followed the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis (SALSA) framework to explore the irrigation opportunities and challenges in southern Africa by critically analysing the drivers and constraints of irrigation systems in southern Africa. The premise is to understand the reasons behind the abandonment of some of the areas equipped for irrigation. In cases where irrigation systems are present, the study assesses whether such technologies are effectively being used to generate the expected agricultural productivity gains, and what factors, in cases where that is not the case, constrain farmers from fully using the existing infrastructure. The review further discusses the enabling environment supporting irrigated agriculture and the role of gender in irrigation development. An assessment of the role of women in agriculture on the share of land equipped for irrigation to total cultivated land area, as well as on the proportion of the area equipped for irrigation versus the area that is actually irrigated is conducted. The review found a divergence between countries’ land areas equipped for irrigation and actually irrigated areas. Specific to irrigation expansion, the review rebuts the notion that increasing the irrigated area increases crop production and ensures food security. This may not always be true as irrigation development needs to consider the impacts on other closely linked water and energy sectors through transformative approaches like the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus and scenario planning. If well-planned and implemented, sustainable irrigated agriculture could be catalytic to transforming southern Africa’s food system to be inclusive, equitable, socially just, and resilient, benefiting people and the planet.
{"title":"Why Do Farmers Not Irrigate All the Areas Equipped for Irrigation? Lessons from Southern Africa","authors":"L. Nhamo, S. Mpandeli, S. Liphadzi, T. L. Dirwai, H. Mugiyo, Aidan Senzanje, Bruce A Lankford, T. Mabhaudhi","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081218","url":null,"abstract":"The reliance on rainfed agriculture exposes southern Africa to low agricultural productivity and food and nutritional insecurity; yet, the region is endowed with vast irrigation potential. Extreme weather events including drought, floods, and heatwaves exacerbate the existing challenges, underscoring the need to improve agricultural water management as a climate change adaptation strategy. This mixed-methods review followed the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis (SALSA) framework to explore the irrigation opportunities and challenges in southern Africa by critically analysing the drivers and constraints of irrigation systems in southern Africa. The premise is to understand the reasons behind the abandonment of some of the areas equipped for irrigation. In cases where irrigation systems are present, the study assesses whether such technologies are effectively being used to generate the expected agricultural productivity gains, and what factors, in cases where that is not the case, constrain farmers from fully using the existing infrastructure. The review further discusses the enabling environment supporting irrigated agriculture and the role of gender in irrigation development. An assessment of the role of women in agriculture on the share of land equipped for irrigation to total cultivated land area, as well as on the proportion of the area equipped for irrigation versus the area that is actually irrigated is conducted. The review found a divergence between countries’ land areas equipped for irrigation and actually irrigated areas. Specific to irrigation expansion, the review rebuts the notion that increasing the irrigated area increases crop production and ensures food security. This may not always be true as irrigation development needs to consider the impacts on other closely linked water and energy sectors through transformative approaches like the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus and scenario planning. If well-planned and implemented, sustainable irrigated agriculture could be catalytic to transforming southern Africa’s food system to be inclusive, equitable, socially just, and resilient, benefiting people and the planet.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081216
Jieun Lee, Sung-Eun Lee
In wheat and barley, Fusarium head blight is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, and its control is based on the agricultural practices of not leaving crop residues in the field, growing phytopathogenic fungi-resistant varieties, biological control, and chemical treatment, including using fungicides. Here, we investigated the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities of Massoia essential oil (MEO) and C10 Massoia lactone (C10) on Fusarium graminearum KACC 41047. Because DMSO, which was used as a solvent in this study, exhibited antifungal activity at 5% in a fungal growth medium, it was used in the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic experiments at 0.05%. Three assays were used to investigate the antifungal activities of MEO and C10, which exhibited potent antifungal activity in the agar dilution assay, with complete fungal growth inhibition at 100 mg/L. At 5–50 mg/L, MEO and C10 suppressed deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol production by >50% by downregulating the Tri10 gene, which expresses trichodiene synthase. MEO and C10 might be potent antifungal agents for F. graminearum control with less toxicological concerns because they are GRAS chemicals.
{"title":"The Antifungal and Inhibitory Effects of Massoia Essential Oil and C10 Massoia Lactone on Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium graminearum KACC 41047","authors":"Jieun Lee, Sung-Eun Lee","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081216","url":null,"abstract":"In wheat and barley, Fusarium head blight is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, and its control is based on the agricultural practices of not leaving crop residues in the field, growing phytopathogenic fungi-resistant varieties, biological control, and chemical treatment, including using fungicides. Here, we investigated the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities of Massoia essential oil (MEO) and C10 Massoia lactone (C10) on Fusarium graminearum KACC 41047. Because DMSO, which was used as a solvent in this study, exhibited antifungal activity at 5% in a fungal growth medium, it was used in the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic experiments at 0.05%. Three assays were used to investigate the antifungal activities of MEO and C10, which exhibited potent antifungal activity in the agar dilution assay, with complete fungal growth inhibition at 100 mg/L. At 5–50 mg/L, MEO and C10 suppressed deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol production by >50% by downregulating the Tri10 gene, which expresses trichodiene synthase. MEO and C10 might be potent antifungal agents for F. graminearum control with less toxicological concerns because they are GRAS chemicals.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081215
Hwanjo Chung, Seunghwan Wi, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Hoonsoo Lee
In contemporary agriculture, enhancing the efficient production of crops and optimizing resource utilization have become paramount objectives. Garlic growth and quality are influenced by various factors, with fertilizers playing a pivotal role in shaping both aspects. This study aimed to develop classification models for distinguishing garlic fertilizer application differences by employing statistical and machine learning techniques, such as partial least squares (PLS), based on data acquired from a ground-based hyperspectral imaging system in the agricultural sector. The garlic variety chosen for this study was Hongsan, and the fertilizer application plots were segmented into three distinct sections. Data were acquired within the VIS/NIR wavelength range using hyperspectral imaging. Following data acquisition, the standard normal variate (SNV) pre-processing technique was applied to enhance the dataset. To identify the optimal wavelengths, various techniques such as sequential forward selection (SFS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), variable importance in projection (VIP), and interval partial least squares (iPLS) were employed, resulting in the selection of 12 optimal wavelengths. For the fertilizer application difference model, six integrated vegetation indices were chosen for comparison with existing growth indicators. Using the same methodology, the model construction showed accuracies of 90.7% for PLS. Thus, the proposed model suggests that efficient regulation of garlic fertilizer application can be achieved by utilizing statistical and machine learning techniques.
{"title":"Classification of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Crops by Fertilizer Differences Using Ground-Based Hyperspectral Imaging System","authors":"Hwanjo Chung, Seunghwan Wi, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Hoonsoo Lee","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081215","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary agriculture, enhancing the efficient production of crops and optimizing resource utilization have become paramount objectives. Garlic growth and quality are influenced by various factors, with fertilizers playing a pivotal role in shaping both aspects. This study aimed to develop classification models for distinguishing garlic fertilizer application differences by employing statistical and machine learning techniques, such as partial least squares (PLS), based on data acquired from a ground-based hyperspectral imaging system in the agricultural sector. The garlic variety chosen for this study was Hongsan, and the fertilizer application plots were segmented into three distinct sections. Data were acquired within the VIS/NIR wavelength range using hyperspectral imaging. Following data acquisition, the standard normal variate (SNV) pre-processing technique was applied to enhance the dataset. To identify the optimal wavelengths, various techniques such as sequential forward selection (SFS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), variable importance in projection (VIP), and interval partial least squares (iPLS) were employed, resulting in the selection of 12 optimal wavelengths. For the fertilizer application difference model, six integrated vegetation indices were chosen for comparison with existing growth indicators. Using the same methodology, the model construction showed accuracies of 90.7% for PLS. Thus, the proposed model suggests that efficient regulation of garlic fertilizer application can be achieved by utilizing statistical and machine learning techniques.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"44 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081220
A. Trojak-Goluch
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the most persistent and infectious plant viruses. The substantial economic losses caused by TMV in the production of tobacco and vegetables (especially in the Solanaceae family) are prompting the introduction of innovative solutions that effectively inhibit infection by this pathogen. Biological control agents based on bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea and actinomycetes are becoming increasingly popular in the fight against TMV. Some fungi, including Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., Alternaria spp. and Sepedonium spp., as well as wood-rotting fungi, also exhibit high anti-TMV activity. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent scientific advances in the bioprotection of selected solanaceous crops against TMV. It provides information on the structure of the virus, its host range, pathogenicity and the severity of losses caused in pepper, tomato and tobacco production. The review characterises environmentally safe techniques involving biological control agents naturally occurring in the environment and the bioactive compounds extracted from them. It also identifies their effects on crops at the morphological, physiological and molecular levels. In addition, the manuscript outlines prospects for the future applications of beneficial micro-organisms and active compounds derived from them in the protection against TMV.
{"title":"The Use of Bacteria, Actinomycetes and Fungi in the Bioprotection of Solanaceous Crops against Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)","authors":"A. Trojak-Goluch","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081220","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the most persistent and infectious plant viruses. The substantial economic losses caused by TMV in the production of tobacco and vegetables (especially in the Solanaceae family) are prompting the introduction of innovative solutions that effectively inhibit infection by this pathogen. Biological control agents based on bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea and actinomycetes are becoming increasingly popular in the fight against TMV. Some fungi, including Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., Alternaria spp. and Sepedonium spp., as well as wood-rotting fungi, also exhibit high anti-TMV activity. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent scientific advances in the bioprotection of selected solanaceous crops against TMV. It provides information on the structure of the virus, its host range, pathogenicity and the severity of losses caused in pepper, tomato and tobacco production. The review characterises environmentally safe techniques involving biological control agents naturally occurring in the environment and the bioactive compounds extracted from them. It also identifies their effects on crops at the morphological, physiological and molecular levels. In addition, the manuscript outlines prospects for the future applications of beneficial micro-organisms and active compounds derived from them in the protection against TMV.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"60 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081213
Lanlan Li, Lu Zhang, Xiudong Wang
Seed enterprises are crucial for ensuring national food security, the driving force behind the seed industry’s advancement, and the core entity in constructing a modern seed industry system. At the micro and macro levels, agricultural seed enterprises face challenges and pressures in earning excess profits, enhancing their competitive edge, and resisting the incursion of multinational seed enterprises. This article selects panel data from 49 listed seed enterprises in China from 2015 to 2022 and uses methods such as global principal component analysis (GPCA) and Q-type cluster analysis to measure and evaluate the competitiveness of Chinese seed enterprises. Research has found that: (1) From 2015 to 2022, the overall competitiveness of listed Chinese agricultural seed enterprises has shown an upward trend. The competitiveness of agricultural seed enterprises can be further decomposed into operational capabilities, growth capabilities, production efficiency, technological innovation capabilities, etc. (2) The top ten agricultural seed enterprises in China have obvious advantages in operational and technological innovation capabilities, but their growth capabilities and production efficiency are insufficient. (3) Regarding the vertical comparison of the seed industry, the ranking of the competitiveness of Chinese listed agricultural seed enterprises from strong to weak is wheat seed enterprises > other seed enterprises > melon and vegetable seed enterprises > corn seed enterprises > rice seed enterprises. (4) Compared with international seed industry giants, there are various reasons why China’s top agricultural seed enterprises have weaker competitiveness, specifically reflected in research and development investment, scale and market share, industrial layout, and other aspects. The findings of this research offer empirical evidence to bolster the competitiveness of seed enterprises and advance the seed industry, while also aiding in fortifying the nation’s strategic oversight of the seed sector, bearing profound implications for safeguarding food security.
{"title":"Research on the Dynamic Evaluation of the Competitiveness of Listed Seed Enterprises in China","authors":"Lanlan Li, Lu Zhang, Xiudong Wang","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081213","url":null,"abstract":"Seed enterprises are crucial for ensuring national food security, the driving force behind the seed industry’s advancement, and the core entity in constructing a modern seed industry system. At the micro and macro levels, agricultural seed enterprises face challenges and pressures in earning excess profits, enhancing their competitive edge, and resisting the incursion of multinational seed enterprises. This article selects panel data from 49 listed seed enterprises in China from 2015 to 2022 and uses methods such as global principal component analysis (GPCA) and Q-type cluster analysis to measure and evaluate the competitiveness of Chinese seed enterprises. Research has found that: (1) From 2015 to 2022, the overall competitiveness of listed Chinese agricultural seed enterprises has shown an upward trend. The competitiveness of agricultural seed enterprises can be further decomposed into operational capabilities, growth capabilities, production efficiency, technological innovation capabilities, etc. (2) The top ten agricultural seed enterprises in China have obvious advantages in operational and technological innovation capabilities, but their growth capabilities and production efficiency are insufficient. (3) Regarding the vertical comparison of the seed industry, the ranking of the competitiveness of Chinese listed agricultural seed enterprises from strong to weak is wheat seed enterprises > other seed enterprises > melon and vegetable seed enterprises > corn seed enterprises > rice seed enterprises. (4) Compared with international seed industry giants, there are various reasons why China’s top agricultural seed enterprises have weaker competitiveness, specifically reflected in research and development investment, scale and market share, industrial layout, and other aspects. The findings of this research offer empirical evidence to bolster the competitiveness of seed enterprises and advance the seed industry, while also aiding in fortifying the nation’s strategic oversight of the seed sector, bearing profound implications for safeguarding food security.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"56 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Color change is the most obvious characteristic of the tomato ripening stage and an important indicator of the tomato ripening condition, which directly affects the commodity value of tomato. To visualize the color change of tomato fruit during the mature stage, this paper proposes a gated recurrent unit network with an encoder–decoder structure. This structure dynamically simulates the growth and development of tomatoes using time-dependent lines, incorporating real-time information such as tomato color and shape. Firstly, the .json file was converted into a mask.png file, the tomato mask was extracted, and the tomato was separated from the complex background environment, thus successfully constructing the tomato growth and development dataset. The experimental results showed that for the gated recurrent unit network with the encoder–decoder structure proposed, when the hidden layer number was 1 and hidden layer number was 512, a high consistency and similarity between the model predicted image sequence and the actual growth and development image sequence was realized, and the structural similarity index measure was 0.746. It was proved that when the average temperature was 24.93 °C, the average soil temperature was 24.06 °C, and the average light intensity was 11.26 Klux, the environment was the most suitable for tomato growth. The environmental data-driven tomato growth model was constructed to explore the growth status of tomato under different environmental conditions, and thus, to understand the growth status of tomato in time. This study provides a theoretical foundation for determining the optimal greenhouse environmental conditions to achieve tomato maturity and it offers recommendations for investigating the growth cycle of tomatoes, as well as technical assistance for standardized cultivation in solar greenhouses.
{"title":"Research on Multi-Step Fruit Color Prediction Model of Tomato in Solar Greenhouse Based on Time Series Data","authors":"Shufeng Liu, Hongrui Yuan, Yanping Zhao, Tianhua Li, Linlu Zu, Siyuan Chang","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081211","url":null,"abstract":"Color change is the most obvious characteristic of the tomato ripening stage and an important indicator of the tomato ripening condition, which directly affects the commodity value of tomato. To visualize the color change of tomato fruit during the mature stage, this paper proposes a gated recurrent unit network with an encoder–decoder structure. This structure dynamically simulates the growth and development of tomatoes using time-dependent lines, incorporating real-time information such as tomato color and shape. Firstly, the .json file was converted into a mask.png file, the tomato mask was extracted, and the tomato was separated from the complex background environment, thus successfully constructing the tomato growth and development dataset. The experimental results showed that for the gated recurrent unit network with the encoder–decoder structure proposed, when the hidden layer number was 1 and hidden layer number was 512, a high consistency and similarity between the model predicted image sequence and the actual growth and development image sequence was realized, and the structural similarity index measure was 0.746. It was proved that when the average temperature was 24.93 °C, the average soil temperature was 24.06 °C, and the average light intensity was 11.26 Klux, the environment was the most suitable for tomato growth. The environmental data-driven tomato growth model was constructed to explore the growth status of tomato under different environmental conditions, and thus, to understand the growth status of tomato in time. This study provides a theoretical foundation for determining the optimal greenhouse environmental conditions to achieve tomato maturity and it offers recommendations for investigating the growth cycle of tomatoes, as well as technical assistance for standardized cultivation in solar greenhouses.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a manufacturing technology that constructs objects by sequentially adding material layer by layer. AM encompasses a range of different techniques capable of working with very different materials from metals and alloys to polymers and composites. As an advanced fabrication technology, AM is characterized by strong design flexibility, the ability to create intricate structures, and cost-effectiveness when compared to conventional fabrication methods. AM technology is widely employed in various sectors such as aerospace, healthcare, and industrial manufacturing, and its application is increasingly expanding into agricultural manufacturing. This study provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the current status of AM technology applied in the five main agricultural manufacturing aspects such as the application of AM technology in the manufacturing of agricultural equipment parts, its use in agricultural sensors, its role in the utilization of agricultural waste, its application in the field of plant growth mechanisms and in phytoremediation tissues. The current existing problems of AM technology and future development trends are also included to provide the implications for researchers. The adoption of AM technology in agriculture offers significant advantages, including enhanced production efficiency, cost reduction, innovation facilitation, and environmental protection. From initial prototyping to custom production today, AM technology provides more flexible, efficient and sustainable solutions for agricultural manufacturing. Especially in the fields of agricultural machinery, planting facilities and agricultural biomaterials, the application of AM technology has shown great potential and advantages. With the continuous advancement in technology and the reduction of costs, AM technology will become more popular and play a more vital role in agricultural manufacturing. In the future, we can foresee that AM will realize the manufacturing of agricultural products with higher precision, a more complex structure and more functions, providing more intelligent and personalized solutions for agricultural production. As such, it is emerging as a critical driving force in the advancement of precision agriculture.
快速成型制造（AM），又称三维（3D）打印，是一种通过按顺序逐层添加材料来制造物体的制造技术。增材制造包含一系列不同的技术，能够处理从金属和合金到聚合物和复合材料等各种不同的材料。作为一种先进的制造技术，AM 的特点是设计灵活性强，能够制造复杂的结构，与传统制造方法相比具有成本效益。AM 技术被广泛应用于航空航天、医疗保健和工业制造等各个领域，其应用正日益扩展到农业制造领域。本研究从AM技术在农业装备零部件制造中的应用、在农业传感器中的应用、在农业废弃物利用中的作用、在植物生长机制领域的应用以及在植物修复组织中的应用等五大农业制造方面，对AM技术的应用现状进行了全面回顾和分析。此外，还介绍了 AM 技术目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势，为研究人员提供参考。在农业领域采用 AM 技术具有显著优势，包括提高生产效率、降低成本、促进创新和保护环境。从最初的原型设计到如今的定制生产，AM 技术为农业制造提供了更加灵活、高效和可持续的解决方案。特别是在农业机械、种植设施和农业生物材料领域，AM 技术的应用已显示出巨大的潜力和优势。随着技术的不断进步和成本的不断降低，AM 技术将会越来越普及，并在农业制造领域发挥更加重要的作用。可以预见，未来 AM 将实现精度更高、结构更复杂、功能更多的农产品制造，为农业生产提供更加智能化和个性化的解决方案。因此，它正在成为推动精准农业发展的重要力量。
{"title":"Review and Research Prospects on Additive Manufacturing Technology for Agricultural Manufacturing","authors":"Yongzong Lu, Weixuan Xu, Junyi Leng, Xiaoyue Liu, Heyang Xu, Hengnan Ding, Jianfei Zhou, Longfei Cui","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081207","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a manufacturing technology that constructs objects by sequentially adding material layer by layer. AM encompasses a range of different techniques capable of working with very different materials from metals and alloys to polymers and composites. As an advanced fabrication technology, AM is characterized by strong design flexibility, the ability to create intricate structures, and cost-effectiveness when compared to conventional fabrication methods. AM technology is widely employed in various sectors such as aerospace, healthcare, and industrial manufacturing, and its application is increasingly expanding into agricultural manufacturing. This study provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the current status of AM technology applied in the five main agricultural manufacturing aspects such as the application of AM technology in the manufacturing of agricultural equipment parts, its use in agricultural sensors, its role in the utilization of agricultural waste, its application in the field of plant growth mechanisms and in phytoremediation tissues. The current existing problems of AM technology and future development trends are also included to provide the implications for researchers. The adoption of AM technology in agriculture offers significant advantages, including enhanced production efficiency, cost reduction, innovation facilitation, and environmental protection. From initial prototyping to custom production today, AM technology provides more flexible, efficient and sustainable solutions for agricultural manufacturing. Especially in the fields of agricultural machinery, planting facilities and agricultural biomaterials, the application of AM technology has shown great potential and advantages. With the continuous advancement in technology and the reduction of costs, AM technology will become more popular and play a more vital role in agricultural manufacturing. In the future, we can foresee that AM will realize the manufacturing of agricultural products with higher precision, a more complex structure and more functions, providing more intelligent and personalized solutions for agricultural production. As such, it is emerging as a critical driving force in the advancement of precision agriculture.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"140 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil salinization is a significant threat to soil health, especially to the agricultural ecosystem; it reduces vegetation biomass, destroys ecosystem diversity, and limits land use efficiency. This area of investigation has garnered extensive attention in China, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas, totaling 7.66 × 106 ha. A variety of theoretical research and technology developments have contributed to soil water and salt regulation and the screening of salt-tolerant varieties to improve nutrient utilization efficiency and microbial control and reduce ecological problems due to saline-based obstacles. These techniques can be classified into physical treatments, chemical treatments, biological treatments, and combined treatments; these different measures are all aimed at primarily solving saline–alkali stress. In general, the improvement and utilization of saline–alkali soil contribute to soil health improvement, concentrating on high-quality development, food security, ecological security, cultivated land protection, and agricultural upgrading. However, the risks of various technologies in the practical production process should be highlighted; green and healthy measures are still expected to be applied to saline–alkali land.
{"title":"Saline–Alkali Soil Reclamation Contributes to Soil Health Improvement in China","authors":"Wei Zhu, Shiguo Gu, Rui Jiang, Xin Zhang, Ryusuke Hatano","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081210","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinization is a significant threat to soil health, especially to the agricultural ecosystem; it reduces vegetation biomass, destroys ecosystem diversity, and limits land use efficiency. This area of investigation has garnered extensive attention in China, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas, totaling 7.66 × 106 ha. A variety of theoretical research and technology developments have contributed to soil water and salt regulation and the screening of salt-tolerant varieties to improve nutrient utilization efficiency and microbial control and reduce ecological problems due to saline-based obstacles. These techniques can be classified into physical treatments, chemical treatments, biological treatments, and combined treatments; these different measures are all aimed at primarily solving saline–alkali stress. In general, the improvement and utilization of saline–alkali soil contribute to soil health improvement, concentrating on high-quality development, food security, ecological security, cultivated land protection, and agricultural upgrading. However, the risks of various technologies in the practical production process should be highlighted; green and healthy measures are still expected to be applied to saline–alkali land.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"65 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081206
R. Urvina, César Leonardo Guevara, J. P. Vásconez, A. Prado
This article presents a combined route and path planning strategy to guide Skid–Steer Mobile Robots (SSMRs) in scheduled harvest tasks within expansive crop rows with complex terrain conditions. The proposed strategy integrates: (i) a global planning algorithm based on the Traveling Salesman Problem under the Capacitated Vehicle Routing approach and Optimization Routing (OR-tools from Google) to prioritize harvesting positions by minimum path length, unexplored harvest points, and vehicle payload capacity; and (ii) a local planning strategy using Informed Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (IRRT*) to coordinate scheduled harvesting points while avoiding low-traction terrain obstacles. The global approach generates an ordered queue of harvesting locations, maximizing the crop yield in a workspace map. In the second stage, the IRRT* planner avoids potential obstacles, including farm layout and slippery terrain. The path planning scheme incorporates a traversability model and a motion model of SSMRs to meet kinematic constraints. Experimental results in a generic fruit orchard demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. In particular, the IRRT* algorithm outperformed RRT and RRT* with 96.1% and 97.6% smoother paths, respectively. The IRRT* also showed improved navigation efficiency, avoiding obstacles and slippage zones, making it suitable for precision agriculture.
本文提出了一种路线和路径规划相结合的策略，用于引导滑移式移动机器人（SSMRs）在复杂地形条件下的广阔作物行内按计划完成收割任务。所提出的策略整合了：(i) 基于有容量车辆路由方法下的旅行推销员问题和优化路由（谷歌提供的 OR 工具）的全局规划算法，根据最小路径长度、未开发的收割点和车辆有效载荷容量确定收割位置的优先顺序；(ii) 使用知情快速探索随机树（IRRT*）的局部规划策略，在避开低牵引力地形障碍物的同时协调预定的收割点。全局方法生成有序的收割地点队列，最大限度地提高工作区地图上的作物产量。在第二阶段，IRRT*规划器会避开潜在的障碍物，包括农场布局和湿滑地形。路径规划方案结合了 SSMR 的可穿越性模型和运动模型，以满足运动学约束条件。在一个普通果园中的实验结果证明了所提策略的有效性。其中，IRRT*算法的平滑路径率分别为96.1%和97.6%，优于RRT和RRT*算法。IRRT* 算法还提高了导航效率，避开了障碍物和打滑区域，适用于精准农业。
{"title":"An Integrated Route and Path Planning Strategy for Skid–Steer Mobile Robots in Assisted Harvesting Tasks with Terrain Traversability Constraints","authors":"R. Urvina, César Leonardo Guevara, J. P. Vásconez, A. Prado","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081206","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a combined route and path planning strategy to guide Skid–Steer Mobile Robots (SSMRs) in scheduled harvest tasks within expansive crop rows with complex terrain conditions. The proposed strategy integrates: (i) a global planning algorithm based on the Traveling Salesman Problem under the Capacitated Vehicle Routing approach and Optimization Routing (OR-tools from Google) to prioritize harvesting positions by minimum path length, unexplored harvest points, and vehicle payload capacity; and (ii) a local planning strategy using Informed Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (IRRT*) to coordinate scheduled harvesting points while avoiding low-traction terrain obstacles. The global approach generates an ordered queue of harvesting locations, maximizing the crop yield in a workspace map. In the second stage, the IRRT* planner avoids potential obstacles, including farm layout and slippery terrain. The path planning scheme incorporates a traversability model and a motion model of SSMRs to meet kinematic constraints. Experimental results in a generic fruit orchard demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. In particular, the IRRT* algorithm outperformed RRT and RRT* with 96.1% and 97.6% smoother paths, respectively. The IRRT* also showed improved navigation efficiency, avoiding obstacles and slippage zones, making it suitable for precision agriculture.","PeriodicalId":7447,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"91 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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