Rhinology online最新文献_第8页

3D CT stereoscopic imaging: an improved anatomical understanding of the anterior ethmoid sinus and frontal sinus drainage pathway 三维CT立体成像:提高对筛前窦和额窦引流通路的解剖学认识

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2020-05-25 DOI: 10.4193/rhin20.061

S. Zinreich, F. Kuhn, N. London, D. Kennedy, M. Solaiyappan, W. Hosemann

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this presentation is to display a series of new anatomical concepts and terms regarding the frontal si- nus, its drainage pathway and cells vs. spaces of the anterior ethmoid, based on Three-Dimensional Computer X-ray Tomography Stereoscopic Imaging (3DCTSI) and contrast these concepts to those reported in the current literature. METHODS: Given the new anatomic observations provided by 3DCTSI, and the widespread anatomic variations a small sample was initially selected to describe our observations. Six exemplary cases according to the “Classification of Fronto-Ethmoidal cells” by Kuhn, Bent et al., Lee et al., expanded by Wormald et al., and adopted by Ramakrishnan et al., Huang et al., and Void et al. (1-7) were chosen to illustrate our detailed anatomic observations. Additional observations and data of prevalence identified in a larger series will follow. RESULTS and CONCLUSION: Conceptually, the anterior ethmoid “cells” are in essence “spaces” with openings that communicate with the middle meatus and/or the ethmoidal infundibulum. The frontal sinus and frontal recess are a united and continuous three-dimensional, irregularly shaped space, the Frontal Sinus/Recess Space (FSRS). The uncinate process has two segments: the Ethmoidal Uncinate Process (EUP), which encompasses the Infundibular Space of the EUP (IS-EUP), currently known as the Agger Nasi cell; and the Turbinal Uncinate Process (TUP), which borders the Turbinal Infundibulum (TI) medially. The superior attach- ment of the EUP will be detailed in each of the six cases (Table 2). The middle meatus and infundibular passages are the drainage pathways from the frontal sinus and maxillary sinus to the nasal cavity.

目的：本报告的目的是基于三维计算机X射线断层扫描立体成像（3DCTSI），展示一系列关于额窦、其引流途径和筛前细胞与间隙的新解剖概念和术语，并将这些概念与现有文献中报道的概念进行对比。方法：考虑到3DCTSI提供的新的解剖观察结果，以及广泛的解剖变异，最初选择了一个小样本来描述我们的观察结果。根据Kuhn、Bent等人、Lee等人的“前筛窦细胞分类”，Wormald等人扩展并被Ramakrishnan等人、Huang等人和Void等人采用的六个示例性病例。（1-7）被选择来说明我们的详细解剖观察。随后将有更多关于流行率的观察结果和数据。结果和结论：从概念上讲，筛前“细胞”本质上是具有开口的“空间”，这些开口与筛道和/或筛漏斗相通。额窦和额隐窝是一个统一而连续的三维不规则形状的空间，即额窦/隐窝空间（FSRS）。钩突有两个部分：筛窦钩突（EUP），包括EUP的InfundibularSpace（IS-UP），目前称为Agger-Nasi细胞；以及在内侧与肾盂（TI）交界的未经处理的肾盂（TUP）。EUP的上附着将在六种情况中的每种情况中详细说明（表2）。中道和漏斗道是额窦和上颌窦通往鼻腔的引流通道。

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引用次数: 6

Early and noninvasive diagnosis using serological antigen biomarkers in chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis 血清学抗原生物标志物对慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的早期无创诊断

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2020-05-25 DOI: 10.4193/rhinol/20.041

A. Oba, S. Ito, H. Okada, T. Anzai, K. Kikuchi, K. Ikeda

Background: Chronic invasive form of fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) is characterized by the invasion of fungal organisms into the sinonasal mucosa in the background of diabetes mellitus and corticosteroid treatment. Although the histopathology has traditionally been used to make a proven diagnosis of invasive fungal infections, the dependence on tissue samples and the slow turnaround time hamper the early confirmation of such infections. Methodology: This is a retrospective case series conducted over 6 years. All patients with a chronic course and immunosuppressive background of FRS diagnosed by radiologic imaging and treated with endoscopic sinus surgery were eligible for inclusion. Data were collected through medical records, including basic characteristics, symptoms and signs, imaging findings, laboratory investigations, pathology, treatment, and outcomes. Results: Fifteen patients with chronic course and immunosuppressive background of FRS diagnosed by radiologic imaging were identified. High values of 1,3-b-D-glucan (BDG) assay were recognized in 5 patients, whereas the other 10 patients with negative findings in the BDG assay showed sinus mycetomas. All the 5 patients showing significant elevations of serum BDG showed positive findings in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but only 2 patients were positive in the histopathology. The findings of the BDG assay were consistent with those of the PCR method, which was superior in sensitivity to the histopathology. Conclusion: We first applied BDG assay as a diagnostic tool for chronic invasive FRS. The BDG assay may be useful to distinguish chronic invasive FRS, including its early stage, from noninvasive mycetoma, contributing to timely treatment.

背景：慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎（FRS）的特征是在糖尿病和皮质类固醇治疗的背景下，真菌生物侵入鼻腔粘膜。尽管组织病理学传统上被用于对侵袭性真菌感染进行确诊，但对组织样本的依赖性和缓慢的周转时间阻碍了对此类感染的早期确认。方法：这是一个为期6年的回顾性病例系列。所有经放射学影像学诊断并接受鼻窦内窥镜手术治疗的FRS慢性病程和免疫抑制背景的患者都有资格入选。通过医疗记录收集数据，包括基本特征、症状和体征、影像学发现、实验室调查、病理学、治疗和结果。结果：15例经影像学诊断为FRS的慢性病程和免疫抑制背景的患者。在5名患者中发现了1,3-b-D-葡聚糖（BDG）检测的高值，而在BDG检测中呈阴性的其他10名患者则显示出窦性菌瘤。血清BDG显著升高的5例患者均在聚合酶链式反应（PCR）中呈阳性，但只有2例患者在组织病理学中呈阳性。BDG检测结果与PCR检测结果一致，对组织病理学的敏感性较高。结论：我们首次将BDG检测作为慢性侵袭性FRS的诊断工具。BDG测定可能有助于区分慢性侵袭性FRS（包括其早期）和非侵袭性霉菌瘤，有助于及时治疗。

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引用次数: 0

Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartomas in a cohort with pathogenic germline variation in DICER1. DICER1致病性种系变异队列中的鼻软骨间充质错构瘤。

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-04-13 DOI: 10.4193/rhinol/20.007

Lauren M Vasta, Alison Nichols, Laura A Harney, Ana F Best, Ann G Carr, Anne K Harris, Markku Miettinen, Kris Ann P Schultz, Hung Jeffrey Kim, Douglas R Stewart

Background: Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartomas are benign, rare nasal tumors associated with DICER1 pathogenic germline variation. They can be locally destructive and recurrent if not completely resected.

Methodology: In this single-center, case-control study, otorhinolaryngology evaluations and review of systems questionnaires of DICER1-carriers and controls enrolled in the DICER1 Natural History Study at the National Cancer Institute were collected. Review of these medical records were analyzed to determine if DICER1-carriers experienced different sinonasal clinical manifestations compared to controls. Additionally, the number of diagnoses of nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma cases in the NCI DICER1 study was compared against the total person years of observation of DICER1-carriers in the study to determine the total number of cases per person-years of observation. Lastly, both the NCI DICER1 study and the International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma/DICER1 Registry were queried for unpublished cases of nasal chondromesenchymal hamartomas.

Results: There were no clinical differences in sinonasal symptomatology between DICER1-carriers and control patients seen in the ENT clinic. We observed of two cases of nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma in a total of 555 person-years of monitoring DICER1-carriers. We include six unpublished nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma cases. When combined with a comprehensive literature review, 38% of nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma cases had at least one additional DICER1-associated tumor and 24% of the NCMH were found in the ethmoid sinus, the most commonly involved paranasal sinus.

Conclusions: We quantify the risk of developing nasal chondromesenchymal hamartomas in our cohort of 236 DICER1-carriers, report six unpublished cases, and provide an updated review of the literature.

背景:鼻腔软骨间充质错构瘤是一种与DICER1致病种系变异相关的良性、罕见的鼻腔肿瘤。如果不完全切除，它们可能是局部破坏性的和复发性的。方法:在这项单中心病例对照研究中，收集了美国国家癌症研究所DICER1自然历史研究中DICER1携带者和对照组的耳鼻喉科评估和系统问卷审查。对这些医疗记录进行回顾分析，以确定dicer1携带者与对照组相比是否有不同的鼻窦临床表现。此外，将NCI DICER1研究中鼻软骨间充质错构瘤的诊断病例数与该研究中DICER1携带者的总人观察年进行比较，以确定每个人观察年的总病例数。最后，对NCI DICER1研究和国际胸膜肺母细胞瘤/DICER1登记处未发表的鼻软骨间充质错构瘤病例进行了查询。结果:在耳鼻喉科就诊的dicer1携带者与对照组患者在鼻窦症状方面无临床差异。我们在总共555人-年的dicer1携带者监测中观察到2例鼻软骨间充质错构瘤。我们包括六个未发表的鼻软骨间充质错构瘤病例。综合文献回顾，38%的鼻软骨间充质错构瘤病例至少有一个dicer1相关肿瘤，24%的NCMH发生在鼻窦筛窦，这是最常累及的鼻窦。结论:我们量化了236例dicer1携带者发生鼻软骨间充质错构瘤的风险，报告了6例未发表的病例，并提供了最新的文献综述。

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引用次数: 4

Intranasal Corticosteroids: Patient Administration Angles and Impact of Education. 鼻内皮质类固醇:患者给药角度和教育的影响。

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-08 DOI: 10.4193/rhinol/20.070

Sara Treat, Charles S Ebert, Zainab Farzal, Saikat Basu, Adam M Zanation, Brian D Thorp, Julia S Kimbell, Brent A Senior, Adam J Kimple

Introduction: Intranasal corticosteroids sprays (INCS) are first line treatment for allergic rhinitis and are frequently used for chronic rhinosinusitis. Improperly aiming INCS increases the risk of epistaxis and may decrease the efficacy of the medication. The goal of this study was to determine how patients position INCS for drug delivery and if verbal or written instructions improve their positioning.

Methods: Patients in rhinology clinics were photographed while administering a generic spray bottle. The angle of the spray bottle relative to the patients' head and a fixed background was determined.

Results: A total of 46 participants were included. The average spray angle for the right naris was 10.1° towards the septum and 67.2° below the Frankfurt Horizontal plane. The average spray angle for the left naris was 4.5° towards the septum and 62.2° below the Frankfurt horizontal plane. The angle of the spray bottle ranged from 50° toward the septum to 43° away from the septum. Only 8 patients aimed away from the septum for both nares. Patients who recalled receiving verbal and written instructions aimed the INCS bottle at the lateral wall and inferior turbinate in contrast to patients who only received one form of instruction or no instructions.

Conclusions: Most patients (83%) incorrectly aim INCS when compared to current guidelines. There was statistically significant improvement in the positioning of patients who reported receiving both verbal and written instruction; however, this study highlights a greater need for patient education.

鼻内皮质类固醇喷雾剂(INCS)是过敏性鼻炎的一线治疗方法，经常用于慢性鼻窦炎。不正确地瞄准INCS会增加鼻出血的风险，并可能降低药物的疗效。本研究的目的是确定患者在给药时如何定位INCS，以及口头或书面指示是否能改善其定位。方法:鼻科门诊患者在使用通用喷雾瓶时拍照。确定喷雾瓶相对于患者头部和固定背景的角度。结果:共纳入46例受试者。右鼻孔的平均喷淋角朝向鼻中隔10.1°，法兰克福水平面下方67.2°。左鼻中隔的平均喷射角度为4.5°，法兰克福水平面以下为62.2°。喷雾瓶的角度从离鼻中隔50°到离鼻中隔43°不等。只有8例患者双鼻均远离鼻中隔。与只接受一种指导或没有接受指导的患者相比，接受口头和书面指导的患者将INCS瓶对准外侧壁和下鼻甲。结论:与现行指南相比，大多数患者(83%)不正确地瞄准INCS。同时接受口头和书面指导的患者在定位上有统计学上的显著改善;然而，这项研究强调了对患者教育的更大需求。

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引用次数: 4

Recurrent epistaxis: a diagnostic dilemma 复发性鼻出血：诊断难题

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI: 10.4193/rhinol/19.008

S. Bhatia, V. Gupta, D. Sharma

引用次数: 0

Rhinoscleroma: report of 2 cases and literature review 鼻动脉粥样硬化2例报告及文献复习

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI: 10.4193/rhinol/19.032

M. Ndiaye, M. Diouf, C. Ndiaye, Abdou Sy, Malick, Ndiaye, A. Tall, E. Diom, I. Ndiaye, R. Diouf

Background: Rhinoscleroma is a chronic and specific granulomatous infectious disease caused by enterobacteria of the family Klebsiella: "Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis"; it reaches the nasal cavities in 95% of cases. The objective of our study is to report the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of our patients. Observations/Medical findings: The study took place at the ENT department of the Fann National University Hospital Center in Dakar, and it was based on two female subjects who are 26 and 60 years old, respectively. The medical examination of the subjects indicated a granulomatous lesion blocking the two nasal cavities. A biopsy performed on each patient revealed a rhinoscleroma. Both patients received doxycycline-based medical treatment with endoscopic endonasal surgery like "Debulking." The patients all recovered nasal breathing after airway clearance. However, we noted a scar retraction of the nasal cavities in the first patient. Conclusions: As the disease recurs, rhinoscleroma is becoming more and more a cosmopolitan affection. The diagnosis is histological. Well-conducted medical treatment allows healing in early forms while surgery is complementary in advanced forms. The fear of a recurrence calls for an extended follow-up.

背景:鼻硬化瘤是由克雷伯氏菌属肠杆菌引起的一种慢性特异性肉芽肿性感染性疾病。95%的病例会到达鼻腔。我们研究的目的是报告患者的临床、诊断和治疗方面的情况。观察/医学发现:该研究在达喀尔范恩国立大学医院中心的耳鼻喉科进行，以两名分别为26岁和60岁的女性为研究对象。医学检查显示两个鼻腔有肉芽肿阻塞。每个病人的活组织检查显示一个鼻硬化瘤。两名患者都接受了以强力霉素为基础的药物治疗，并进行了内窥镜鼻内手术，如“减体积”。所有患者经气道通畅后均恢复鼻腔呼吸。然而，我们注意到第一个患者的鼻腔有瘢痕缩回。结论:随着疾病的复发，鼻硬化瘤越来越成为一种世界性疾病。病理诊断。良好的医学治疗可以使早期的疾病痊愈，而手术是晚期疾病的补充。由于担心复发，需要延长随访时间。

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引用次数: 1

A retrospective study of surgically treated subperiosteal orbital abscesses derived from acute bacterial ethmoid sinusitis 手术治疗急性细菌性筛窦炎所致骨膜下眶脓肿的回顾性研究

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI: 10.4193/rhinol/19.021

J. H. Therchilsen, A. A. Muhamad, A. T. Bilde, C. Buchwald

Background: Subperiosteal abscesses (SPOA) are a complication of acute purulent sinusitis, and their optimal treatment regime is a controversial topic. Some otolaryngologists consider surgery to be mandatory in the treatment of subperiosteal abscesses others advocate that especially paediatric patients can be treated medically in some cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our current treatment guidelines for subperiosteal abscesses. Methodology: A retrospective study was undertaken from 2010 to 2016, including patients registered with the diagnosis of subperiosteal abscesses derived from acute sinusitis based on clinical diagnoses, and CTs or MRIs. All patients received treatment with IV-antibiotics and were booked for prompt surgery. The main outcome measures were CT-measurements and intraoperatively identified pus. Treatment included antibiotic choice, microbiology, and outcomes. Results: Thirty-one patients were included in the study having the diagnosis of sinusitis and SPOA. Per operatively, we found pus in the subperiosteal space in 21/31 patients and 17 of the patients with available contrast-enhanced CT scans. When patients were grouped based on radiographically confirmed abscesses or not per the preoperative MRI or CT, we found that the presumed abscess volume was 0.83 mL greater in the patients, who had an abscess confirmed during surgery. Two patients needed endoscopic re-operation. In addition, three patients had sequela at the last follow-up, two with minor subjective sequelae due to oedema most likely resolving themselves over time and one with memory and concentration difficulties due to intracranial

背景：骨膜下脓肿是急性化脓性鼻窦炎的一种并发症，其最佳治疗方案一直是一个有争议的话题。一些耳鼻喉科医生认为手术治疗骨膜下脓肿是强制性的，另一些人则主张，在某些情况下，尤其是儿科患者可以接受医学治疗。本研究的目的是评估我们目前对骨膜下脓肿的治疗指南。方法：从2010年到2016年进行了一项回顾性研究，包括根据临床诊断和CT或MRI诊断为急性鼻窦炎骨膜下脓肿的患者。所有患者都接受了静脉注射抗生素的治疗，并被安排立即进行手术。主要的结果测量是CT测量和术中发现的脓液。治疗包括抗生素的选择、微生物学和结果。结果：31例诊断为鼻窦炎和SPOA的患者被纳入研究。每次手术，我们在21/31名患者和17名有增强CT扫描的患者中发现骨膜下间隙有脓液。当根据放射学确认的脓肿对患者进行分组时，无论是否根据术前MRI或CT，我们发现在手术中确认脓肿的患者的假定脓肿体积大0.83 mL。两名患者需要内镜下再次手术。此外，三名患者在最后一次随访时出现后遗症，两名患者因水肿而出现轻微主观后遗症，很可能随着时间的推移自行解决，一名患者因颅内出血而出现记忆和注意力困难

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引用次数: 1

Endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in the paediatric population 鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻腔造口术在儿科人群中的应用

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.4193/RHINOL/19.007

C. Moreira, I. Correia, I. Cunha, Herédio Sousa, E. Barros

Background: Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is frequent and paediatric endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is increasingly used after conservative treatment failure. Methodology: Retrospective noncomparative case series study was conducted from January 2007 to August 2017. Patients under 18 years old with nasolacrimal system obstruction who underwent endoscopic DCR were studied. All children were referred to our otorhinolaryngology department in a tertiary referral paediatric hospital. Population characteristics, presentation symptoms, success rate and predictive factors for failure were analysed. Results: 30 children were identified. Ages varied from 2 to 13 years old. Simultaneous bilateral surgery was performed in 5/30 (16,7%) children. Silicone stents were used in 93% of interventions with a mean time to removal of 9,6 weeks. Persistent epiphora was found in 43% of children and recurrent dacryocystitis in 57%. Success rate for primary DCR was 83,3%. Revision surgery was performed in 16,7% of cases. Minor complications rate was 13,3%. The presence of concomitant chronic nasal infections pointed for surgery failure reaching statistical significant value (p=0.0456). Conclusions: Paediatric endonasal endoscopic DCR seems to be an effective, safe and minimally invasive technique for the treatment of mechanical nasolacrimal system obstruction.

背景:先天性鼻泪管阻塞是常见的，小儿鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻腔造瘘术(DCR)在保守治疗失败后越来越多地使用。方法:回顾性非比较性病例系列研究于2007年1月至2017年8月进行。对18岁以下鼻泪系统梗阻患者行内镜下DCR进行了研究。所有的孩子都被转到我们的耳鼻喉科在三级转诊儿科医院。分析了人群特征、表现症状、成功率和失败的预测因素。结果:共发现患儿30例。年龄从2岁到13岁不等。5/30(16.7%)患儿同时行双侧手术。硅胶支架在93%的干预中使用，平均移除时间为9.6周。43%的儿童有持续性泪显，57%的儿童有复发性泪囊炎。原发性DCR的成功率为83.3%。16.7%的病例进行了翻修手术。轻微并发症发生率为13.3%。合并慢性鼻部感染提示手术失败，差异有统计学意义(p=0.0456)。结论:小儿鼻内窥镜DCR是治疗机械性鼻泪系统梗阻的一种有效、安全、微创的技术。

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引用次数: 0

The agreement between self-reported physician-diagnosed and epidemiologic definition of chronic rhinosinusitis 慢性鼻窦炎自述医师诊断与流行病学定义的一致性

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.4193/RHINOL/19.006

A. Ostovar, W. Fokkens, S. Farrokhi

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a major public health problem with a high burden on the health system. The studies conducted based on the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GALEN) reported that the prevalence of CRS in Europe, USA, China and Brazil were 10.9%, 11.9%, 8% and 5.5%, respectively . For epidemiological studies, the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) defined CRS as an inflammation of the nose and the paranasal sinuses characterized by presence of two or more symptoms, one of which should be either nasal blockage/obstruction/congestion or nasal discharge (anterior/posterior nasal drip): ± facial pain/pressure; ± reduction or loss of smell for more than 12 weeks during the last 12 months .

慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)是给卫生系统带来沉重负担的重大公共卫生问题。根据全球过敏和哮喘欧洲网络(GALEN)进行的研究报告，CRS在欧洲、美国、中国和巴西的患病率分别为10.9%、11.9%、8%和5.5%。在流行病学研究中，欧洲鼻窦炎和鼻息肉立场文件(EPOS)将CRS定义为以存在两种或两种以上症状为特征的鼻子和鼻窦炎症，其中一种症状应为鼻阻塞/阻塞/充血或鼻分泌物(前/后鼻滴):±面部疼痛/压力;±在过去12个月内嗅觉减退或丧失超过12周。

引用次数: 2

The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22: translation and validation in an Estonian population 中鼻结果测试-22：在爱沙尼亚人群中的翻译和验证

Rhinology online

Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.4193/RHINOL/19.016

M. Plaas, P. Kasenõmm

Background: Background: The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) is widely used to assess symptom severity and quality of life for chronic rhinosinusitis patients. No translated version of the tool is available for the study and care of Estonian patients. Thus, the present study aimed to a) translate the SNOT-22 to Estonian and b) validate its adaptation and application to Estonian patients. Methods: The SNOT-22 was translated to Estonian following standard procedures. Fifty CRS patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited after application of stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-seven patients provided responses at the re-test stage (14 days after first test). Internal consistency, test-retest stability and validity were evaluated using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The overall mean score was significantly higher in the CRS group relative to healthy volunteers, indicating strong test validity. Internal consistency was good for both the initial test and the re-test. Test-retest reproducibility was excellent showing robust response stability over time. Conclusions: The SNOT-22 was successfully translated to Estonian and well-received by a cohort of Estonian subjects. The validation reported here shows that it is a reliable outcome measure for the study of CRS in Estonia.

背景：背景：中国鼻结果测试-22（SNOT-22）被广泛用于评估慢性鼻窦炎患者的症状严重程度和生活质量。该工具没有翻译版本可用于爱沙尼亚患者的研究和护理。因此，本研究旨在a）将SNOT-22翻译成爱沙尼亚语，b）验证其对爱沙尼亚患者的适应和应用。方法：按照标准程序将SNOT-22翻译成爱沙尼亚语。在应用严格的纳入和排除标准后，招募了50名CRS患者和25名健康对照。37名患者在再次测试阶段（第一次测试后14天）提供了反应。内部一致性、重测稳定性和有效性使用适当的统计测试进行评估。结果：与健康志愿者相比，CRS组的总体平均得分显著较高，表明测试有效性较强。初始测试和重新测试的内部一致性都很好。测试-再测试再现性非常好，显示出随时间推移的稳健响应稳定性。结论：SNOT-22被成功翻译成爱沙尼亚语，并受到爱沙尼亚受试者的好评。此处报告的验证表明，这是爱沙尼亚CRS研究的可靠结果衡量标准。

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引用次数: 2