Pub Date : 2015-03-22DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.7957
S. Lacey, K. Sathian
Over the past two decades, there has been growing appreciation of the multisensory nature of perception and its neural basis.
在过去的二十年里，越来越多的人认识到知觉的多感官本质及其神经基础。
{"title":"Crossmodal and multisensory interactions between vision and touch","authors":"S. Lacey, K. Sathian","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.7957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.7957","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, there has been growing appreciation of the multisensory nature of perception and its neural basis.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"96 1","pages":"7957"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83364992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-21DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.6828
W. Hanke, G. Dehnhardt
Pinnipeds (Pinnipedia) are aquatic carnivores of the families Phocidae (true seals), Otariidae (eared seals), and Odobenidae (walruses). All pinnipeds possess prominent vibrissae (whiskers) in the facial region. Pinnipeds use their whiskers for orientation by directly touching objects and by perceiving and analyzing water movements.
{"title":"Vibrissal touch in pinnipeds","authors":"W. Hanke, G. Dehnhardt","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.6828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.6828","url":null,"abstract":"Pinnipeds (Pinnipedia) are aquatic carnivores of the families Phocidae (true seals), Otariidae (eared seals), and Odobenidae (walruses). All pinnipeds possess prominent vibrissae (whiskers) in the facial region. Pinnipeds use their whiskers for orientation by directly touching objects and by perceiving and analyzing water movements.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"6828"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70993152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-20DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.32641
Goren Gordon
Models of tactile perceptions are mathematical constructs that attempt to explain the process with which the tactile sense accumulates information about objects and agents in the environment.
触觉感知模型是一种数学结构，试图解释触觉在环境中积累有关物体和主体的信息的过程。
{"title":"Models of tactile perception and development","authors":"Goren Gordon","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32641","url":null,"abstract":"Models of tactile perceptions are mathematical constructs that attempt to explain the process with which the tactile sense accumulates information about objects and agents in the environment.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32641"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-13DOI: 10.2991/978-94-6239-133-8_4
F. Barth
The spiders’ remarkable evolutionary and ecological success to a large extent is due to their highly developed sensory systems. Among these the cuticular hairs are the most obvious ones. They also provide the input stage for a spider’s sense of touch. As will be shown spider tactile hairs are surprisingly well “designed” to serve their particular sensory purposes.
{"title":"A spider's tactile hairs","authors":"F. Barth","doi":"10.2991/978-94-6239-133-8_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-133-8_4","url":null,"abstract":"The spiders’ remarkable evolutionary and ecological success to a large extent is due to their highly developed sensory systems. Among these the cuticular hairs are the most obvious ones. They also provide the input stage for a spider’s sense of touch. As will be shown spider tactile hairs are surprisingly well “designed” to serve their particular sensory purposes.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"7267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2991/978-94-6239-133-8_4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69870352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-13DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.7466
C. Schwarz, S. Chakrabarti
The rodent whiskers (the so-called vibrissae) are an active scanning sensorimotor system with major perceptual functions. Apart from tactile perception, the whisker motor system also has important contributions to the animals’ navigation and orientation capabilities. The whisker motor system is highly modular with circuits processing basic motor commands, rhythmic whisking, and modulating the motor actions using information from incoming tactile signals. The vibrissal primary motor cortex (vM1) reflects these functional divisions by displaying a distinct set of sub-areas with different functions. Like the primate fingertip system, vM1 displays direct cortico-motoneurons (CM) cells, in principle compatible with the notion that vM1 is involved in directly computing patterns of muscle activity. There is strong evidence, however, that vM1 action on the muscles is rather indirect with important brainstem premotor networks bearing the responsibility of computing muscle activity patterns. The connectivity of the different vM1 modules to central pattern generators (CPGs), generating the basic rhythmic movement patterns and the trigeminal brainstem loop (TBL), the brainstem sensorimotor reflex arc, representing the lowest hierarchy of sensorimotor interactions, are being unearthed by current investigations.
{"title":"Whisking control by motor cortex","authors":"C. Schwarz, S. Chakrabarti","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.7466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.7466","url":null,"abstract":"The rodent whiskers (the so-called vibrissae) are an active scanning sensorimotor system with major perceptual functions. Apart from tactile perception, the whisker motor system also has important contributions to the animals’ navigation and orientation capabilities. The whisker motor system is highly modular with circuits processing basic motor commands, rhythmic whisking, and modulating the motor actions using information from incoming tactile signals. The vibrissal primary motor cortex (vM1) reflects these functional divisions by displaying a distinct set of sub-areas with different functions. Like the primate fingertip system, vM1 displays direct cortico-motoneurons (CM) cells, in principle compatible with the notion that vM1 is involved in directly computing patterns of muscle activity. There is strong evidence, however, that vM1 action on the muscles is rather indirect with important brainstem premotor networks bearing the responsibility of computing muscle activity patterns. The connectivity of the different vM1 modules to central pattern generators (CPGs), generating the basic rhythmic movement patterns and the trigeminal brainstem loop (TBL), the brainstem sensorimotor reflex arc, representing the lowest hierarchy of sensorimotor interactions, are being unearthed by current investigations.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"7466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70995027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-06DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.32153
M. He, Yifang Wang
{"title":"The Daya Bay Experiment","authors":"M. He, Yifang Wang","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"32153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-04DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.32364
N. Lepora
We do not just touch, we feel (Bajcsy, Proceedings of the IEEE 76(8): 966–1005, 1988). Our tactile sense is not merely a passive receiver of information, but actively selects and refines sensations according to our present goals and perceptions (Gibson, Psychological review, 69(6) 1962). Our fingers, hands and bodies are not external from the world, but direct actions within it to access the information that we need. Thus, tactile sensation, perception and action cannot be considered simply as a forward process, but instead form a closed ‘active perception’ loop.
我们不只是触摸，我们感觉(Bajcsy, Proceedings of the IEEE 76(8): 966 - 1005,1988)。我们的触觉不仅仅是一个被动的信息接受者，而是根据我们当前的目标和感知积极地选择和完善感觉(Gibson, Psychological review, 69(6) 1962)。我们的手指，手和身体不是外部的世界，而是直接的行动，以获取我们需要的信息。因此，触觉、知觉和动作不能简单地视为一个向前的过程，而是形成一个封闭的“主动感知”循环。
{"title":"Active tactile perception","authors":"N. Lepora","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32364","url":null,"abstract":"We do not just touch, we feel (Bajcsy, Proceedings of the IEEE 76(8): 966–1005, 1988). Our tactile sense is not merely a passive receiver of information, but actively selects and refines sensations according to our present goals and perceptions (Gibson, Psychological review, 69(6) 1962). Our fingers, hands and bodies are not external from the world, but direct actions within it to access the information that we need. Thus, tactile sensation, perception and action cannot be considered simply as a forward process, but instead form a closed ‘active perception’ loop.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-19DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.9935
F. Tremblay, Sabah Master
While hearing loss and decreased eyesight are things we all expect with aging, we are less aware of the changes that also affect other sensory systems. For instance, people often experience substantial decline in their ability to detect and discriminate touch stimuli as they age and yet, these changes often go unnoticed for years. Touch in Aging provides an overview of results from past and current studies that have examined the impact of age on tactile performance in human observers. We also address briefly the reasons as to why some tactile abilities are more affected than others by age and why tactile experience might be an important factor in modulating age effects in senior individuals.
{"title":"Touch in aging","authors":"F. Tremblay, Sabah Master","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.9935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.9935","url":null,"abstract":"While hearing loss and decreased eyesight are things we all expect with aging, we are less aware of the changes that also affect other sensory systems. For instance, people often experience substantial decline in their ability to detect and discriminate touch stimuli as they age and yet, these changes often go unnoticed for years. Touch in Aging provides an overview of results from past and current studies that have examined the impact of age on tactile performance in human observers. We also address briefly the reasons as to why some tactile abilities are more affected than others by age and why tactile experience might be an important factor in modulating age effects in senior individuals.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"9935"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71000177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-05DOI: 10.4249/scholarpedia.32137
S. Hélie, E. Paul
{"title":"Computational models of cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease","authors":"S. Hélie, E. Paul","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70977665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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