{"title":"Remote sensing applications in buildings information system (BIS) for the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus","authors":"Christopher Nwaka Okwuchukwu, Chukwunonso Okafor Somtoochukwu, Odumodu Amarachukwu, Emmanuel Chiemelu Ndukwe, Okwuchi Emeghiebo Chisom","doi":"10.5897/ajest2020.2883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2020.2883","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79607066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Magha Mufur, M. Awah, P. Tamfuh, Magdaline Asaba Agendia, Aloysius Afanwie Ngambu, V. Kabeyene
Groundwater is a valuable natural resource whose quality is threatened by natural and man-made pollutants. This study aims to perform a hydrochemical characterization of groundwater resources used for domestic and irrigational activities in Melong (Littoral Cameroon). Thus, 26 subsurface water samples were collected in the dry season (six sampling points) and rainy season (seven sampling points) of the years 2019 and 2020. Physical water quality parameters were measured on the field while ionic constituents and bacteriological parameters were determined in the laboratory. The main findings revealed that the pH of the water samples was slightly acidic to neutral, fluctuating from 5.3 to 7.1; electrical conductivity ranged from 0.03 to 0.33 µS/cm and turbidity varied from 0.5 to 33.7 NTU revealing that the water is weakly mineralized. The ionic constituents were such that Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Na+ for cationic constituents while anions appeared as HCO3-> NO3- >Cl- > PO43-. The major ions fell within the acceptable limits of World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water standards. Bacteria indicators of faecal pollution were identified in all the water samples, including Enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio. This indicates an exposure of water sources to unhygienic conditions that may place consumers at risk of water-borne diseases, hence necessitating basic treatment of the water before consumption. Key words: Hydrochemistry, Melong, groundwater quality, bacteriological analysis, Littoral Cameroon.
{"title":"Groundwater resources for domestic and irrigation purposes in Melong (Littoral Region, Cameroon): Hydrogeochemical constraints","authors":"Alice Magha Mufur, M. Awah, P. Tamfuh, Magdaline Asaba Agendia, Aloysius Afanwie Ngambu, V. Kabeyene","doi":"10.5897/ajest2021.3027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2021.3027","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a valuable natural resource whose quality is threatened by natural and man-made pollutants. This study aims to perform a hydrochemical characterization of groundwater resources used for domestic and irrigational activities in Melong (Littoral Cameroon). Thus, 26 subsurface water samples were collected in the dry season (six sampling points) and rainy season (seven sampling points) of the years 2019 and 2020. Physical water quality parameters were measured on the field while ionic constituents and bacteriological parameters were determined in the laboratory. The main findings revealed that the pH of the water samples was slightly acidic to neutral, fluctuating from 5.3 to 7.1; electrical conductivity ranged from 0.03 to 0.33 µS/cm and turbidity varied from 0.5 to 33.7 NTU revealing that the water is weakly mineralized. The ionic constituents were such that Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Na+ for cationic constituents while anions appeared as HCO3-> NO3- >Cl- > PO43-. The major ions fell within the acceptable limits of World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water standards. Bacteria indicators of faecal pollution were identified in all the water samples, including Enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio. This indicates an exposure of water sources to unhygienic conditions that may place consumers at risk of water-borne diseases, hence necessitating basic treatment of the water before consumption. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hydrochemistry, Melong, groundwater quality, bacteriological analysis, Littoral Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83181267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joshua Yeboah Asiamah, E. P. Otwe, Andrews Danquah, S. O. Apori, E. Hanyabui
Soil contamination through oil spillage accumulates in the soil and affect plant growth. The study was conducted to examine the effect of spilled engine oil on soil nutrients and germination of seed in the in the Central region of Ghana. Ten samples were collected randomly from selected mechanic and fitting sites in the Elmina municipality. A randomized complete block design using three test crops was used to evaluate soil quality indicators such as N, P, K and soil pH on the polluted soil using standard methods. Maize recorded 3.67, 18.5 and 3.7% germination in contaminated soils from Aponkyedasoro, Nippon and Afitafum, respectively. Cowpea and sorghum recorded no germination in these soils. The three crops showed higher germination rates in the control soils, with the highest being recorded in sorghum (72.2%), followed by cowpea (70.4%) with the least being recorded in maize (66.6%). The results showed that nitrogen (N) level in the experimental soil was very low (0.065-0.075%) as compared to the control (0.115%) in this study. However, polluted soil from Aponkyedasoro, Afitafum and Nippon recorded a higher level of phosphorus (60.84-31.58 µg/g) and potassium (0.52-0.58 µg/g) than control (P=20.97 µg/g; K=0.43 µg/g) despite having a low germination rate. Copper, zinc, sodium and iron concentration were higher in the engine oil-polluted soil. The study revealed that the concentration of heavy metals and spilled engine oil in the soil has a higher effect on plant development; hence, public awareness should be created of its detrimental effect on the ecosystem. Key words: Contamination, germination, heavy metals, soil fertility.
{"title":"Effect of spilled engine oil on soil quality indicators and physiological performance of maize, cowpea \u0000and sorghum","authors":"Joshua Yeboah Asiamah, E. P. Otwe, Andrews Danquah, S. O. Apori, E. Hanyabui","doi":"10.5897/ajest2021.2999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2021.2999","url":null,"abstract":"Soil contamination through oil spillage accumulates in the soil and affect plant growth. The study was conducted to examine the effect of spilled engine oil on soil nutrients and germination of seed in the in the Central region of Ghana. Ten samples were collected randomly from selected mechanic and fitting sites in the Elmina municipality. A randomized complete block design using three test crops was used to evaluate soil quality indicators such as N, P, K and soil pH on the polluted soil using standard methods. Maize recorded 3.67, 18.5 and 3.7% germination in contaminated soils from Aponkyedasoro, Nippon and Afitafum, respectively. Cowpea and sorghum recorded no germination in these soils. The three crops showed higher germination rates in the control soils, with the highest being recorded in sorghum (72.2%), followed by cowpea (70.4%) with the least being recorded in maize (66.6%). The results showed that nitrogen (N) level in the experimental soil was very low (0.065-0.075%) as compared to the control (0.115%) in this study. However, polluted soil from Aponkyedasoro, Afitafum and Nippon recorded a higher level of phosphorus (60.84-31.58 µg/g) and potassium (0.52-0.58 µg/g) than control (P=20.97 µg/g; K=0.43 µg/g) despite having a low germination rate. Copper, zinc, sodium and iron concentration were higher in the engine oil-polluted soil. The study revealed that the concentration of heavy metals and spilled engine oil in the soil has a higher effect on plant development; hence, public awareness should be created of its detrimental effect on the ecosystem. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Contamination, germination, heavy metals, soil fertility.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83273787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is believed that since the advent of agriculture, changes in LULC have happened. However, rates, extents, and intensities of LULC changes have become more aggravated at all levels. The current study aims to examine the dynamics and perceptions of LULC change in the last 4 decades (1973–2013) in Aykoleba, Ethiopia using a combination of remote sensing data and the ground truth data. Focus Group Discussions were employed to obtain data on the status of land degradation. Remote sensing data were obtained using Landsat imageries of MSS (1973), Landsat TM, 1986 and 2000, and Landsat ETM ? (2013) with 30 m spatial resolution. ArcGIS10.2 and ERDAS Imagine13.1 were used to generate LULC classes. Accordingly, four LULC classes were identified, of which forest and bare LULC have been augmented by 8.8% and 54.9%, respectively. The escalation in forest cover is associated with the plantation of eucalyptus near the home gardens, farmlands, and degraded areas. Nevertheless, open bush and grassland, and cultivated and settlement land cover classes were lessened by 27.4% and 37.8%, respectively, although the increase in bare land is related to the abandonment of the cultivated land in hilly and sloppy areas, and overgrazing, among other factors. The local community perceived that population pressure is a top driver of LULC change in the study area. Overgrazing and lack of appropriate land use policy are also significant causes of change. Thus, we recommend the establishment of the land use plan and appropriate population policy in Ethiopia.
{"title":"The study of land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and the perception of local people in Aykoleba, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"M. Mehari, Maryo Melesse, L. Jianhua","doi":"10.5897/ajest2021.3022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2021.3022","url":null,"abstract":"It is believed that since the advent of agriculture, changes in LULC have happened. However, rates, extents, and intensities of LULC changes have become more aggravated at all levels. The current study aims to examine the dynamics and perceptions of LULC change in the last 4 decades (1973–2013) in Aykoleba, Ethiopia using a combination of remote sensing data and the ground truth data. Focus Group Discussions were employed to obtain data on the status of land degradation. Remote sensing data were obtained using Landsat imageries of MSS (1973), Landsat TM, 1986 and 2000, and Landsat ETM ? (2013) with 30 m spatial resolution. ArcGIS10.2 and ERDAS Imagine13.1 were used to generate LULC classes. Accordingly, four LULC classes were identified, of which forest and bare LULC have been augmented by 8.8% and 54.9%, respectively. The escalation in forest cover is associated with the plantation of eucalyptus near the home gardens, farmlands, and degraded areas. Nevertheless, open bush and grassland, and cultivated and settlement land cover classes were lessened by 27.4% and 37.8%, respectively, although the increase in bare land is related to the abandonment of the cultivated land in hilly and sloppy areas, and overgrazing, among other factors. The local community perceived that population pressure is a top driver of LULC change in the study area. Overgrazing and lack of appropriate land use policy are also significant causes of change. Thus, we recommend the establishment of the land use plan and appropriate population policy in Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81572499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Mali, studies on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) characterization and diversity are still few, despite the important roles played by these microorganisms in plant growth and in degraded soils restoration. Sorghum is one of the staple food grains in Mali and as such plays a key role in food security in Mali. This study aims to determine diversity of AMF strains associated to sorghum in Sikasso region soils in Mali. For this, soils were sampled using sorghum plants in different fields of this region, which served as substrates for trapping AMF. These soils have been studied separately. Results gotten revealed 21 AMF morphotypes left between 6 genera (Glomus, Scutellospora, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Sclerocystis) of three families (Glomeracea, Gigasporacea, Scutellosporacea). Four of these morphotypes have been identified. Key words: Diversity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Sikasso, Mali.
{"title":"Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in soils of Sikasso region (Mali)","authors":"E SouleymaneKon, E FallayeKant","doi":"10.5897/AJEST2020.2888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2020.2888","url":null,"abstract":"In Mali, studies on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) characterization and diversity are still few, despite the important roles played by these microorganisms in plant growth and in degraded soils restoration. Sorghum is one of the staple food grains in Mali and as such plays a key role in food security in Mali. This study aims to determine diversity of AMF strains associated to sorghum in Sikasso region soils in Mali. For this, soils were sampled using sorghum plants in different fields of this region, which served as substrates for trapping AMF. These soils have been studied separately. Results gotten revealed 21 AMF morphotypes left between 6 genera (Glomus, Scutellospora, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Sclerocystis) of three families (Glomeracea, Gigasporacea, Scutellosporacea). Four of these morphotypes have been identified. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Diversity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Sikasso, Mali.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"223-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81948985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Kruse, Odilichi Ezenwanne, M. Otto, T. Kjellstrom, P. Remington, B. Lemke, B. Simane, J. Patz
Climate change will cause Sub-Saharan tropical countries to experience a disproportionate increase in the number of extremely hot days when compared to Western countries with more temperate climates. We use the High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression (HOTHAPS) model to estimate the potential impact of rising temperatures on worker productivity in different climate regions within Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, and Kenya under varying future climate change scenarios. Using population data obtained from the International Labor Organization, we also estimate productivity losses at a country-wide level. We project large inter-country and intra-country disparities in productivity losses due to varying climatic conditions and local geography. Populations living in lower elevations or in more tropical and arid zones will experience higher productivity losses than those at higher elevations with more temperate climates. We estimate that some areas could lose over 12% productivity by 2099. Comparing climate change impacts across cities, Mombasa, Kenya, is projected to suffer most, losing 13% of its labor productivity. Cities above 1500 m in elevation showed almost no productivity loss by the end of the century. Increased heat stress projected from climate change will pose added risk to workers and labor production in lower elevation settings across East Africa. Key words: Climate change, occupational health, Sub-Saharan Africa, health impacts, heat stress, WBGT.
{"title":"Occupational health impacts of climate change across different climate zones and elevations in sub-Saharan East Africa","authors":"Samuel Kruse, Odilichi Ezenwanne, M. Otto, T. Kjellstrom, P. Remington, B. Lemke, B. Simane, J. Patz","doi":"10.5897/AJEST2021.2976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2021.2976","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change will cause Sub-Saharan tropical countries to experience a disproportionate increase in the number of extremely hot days when compared to Western countries with more temperate climates. We use the High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression (HOTHAPS) model to estimate the potential impact of rising temperatures on worker productivity in different climate regions within Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, and Kenya under varying future climate change scenarios. Using population data obtained from the International Labor Organization, we also estimate productivity losses at a country-wide level. We project large inter-country and intra-country disparities in productivity losses due to varying climatic conditions and local geography. Populations living in lower elevations or in more tropical and arid zones will experience higher productivity losses than those at higher elevations with more temperate climates. We estimate that some areas could lose over 12% productivity by 2099. Comparing climate change impacts across cities, Mombasa, Kenya, is projected to suffer most, losing 13% of its labor productivity. Cities above 1500 m in elevation showed almost no productivity loss by the end of the century. Increased heat stress projected from climate change will pose added risk to workers and labor production in lower elevation settings across East Africa. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Climate change, occupational health, Sub-Saharan Africa, health impacts, heat stress, WBGT.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76948108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Kolédzi, K. N. Ségbéaya, Nitale M’balikine Krou
In the context of carbon financing it is required that the rate oxygen inside the windrows exceeds 8% to avoid anaerobic decomposition. Thus, the objective of this study is to optimize oxygen consumption and reduce organic matter in the waste during the fermentation phase. Windrow turning is monitored, which includes monitoring of temperature, pH, organic matter, humidity and certain metals.Temperature monitoring showed a gradual decrease until stabilization at room temperature, indicating the maturity of the compost. With a slight increase in all swaths, the pH remained alkaline. The humidity in the windrows promoted good aerobic degradation of the composted waste. The organic matter in these windrows has decreased to values ??that agree with standards. The present study has demonstrated the importance and influence of the oxygen content and the production of carbon dioxide on the mineralization of organic matter, especially during the fermentation phase. Key words: Flipping, compost, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
{"title":"Optimization of oxygen consumption and reduction of organic matter from waste during the fermentation phase: Case of the composting platform in Lom, Togo","authors":"E. Kolédzi, K. N. Ségbéaya, Nitale M’balikine Krou","doi":"10.5897/ajest2020.2960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2020.2960","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of carbon financing it is required that the rate oxygen inside the windrows exceeds 8% to avoid anaerobic decomposition. Thus, the objective of this study is to optimize oxygen consumption and reduce organic matter in the waste during the fermentation phase. Windrow turning is monitored, which includes monitoring of temperature, pH, organic matter, humidity and certain metals.Temperature monitoring showed a gradual decrease until stabilization at room temperature, indicating the maturity of the compost. With a slight increase in all swaths, the pH remained alkaline. The humidity in the windrows promoted good aerobic degradation of the composted waste. The organic matter in these windrows has decreased to values ??that agree with standards. The present study has demonstrated the importance and influence of the oxygen content and the production of carbon dioxide on the mineralization of organic matter, especially during the fermentation phase. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Flipping, compost, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78757877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Teshome, Gao Shang, Chen Mengye, L. Zhi, Labriola Laura, Wara Calvince, Z. Feleke, Hong Yang
{"title":"CREST/EF5 capacity building to enhance resilience to hydrodynamic disasters in emerging regions","authors":"L. Teshome, Gao Shang, Chen Mengye, L. Zhi, Labriola Laura, Wara Calvince, Z. Feleke, Hong Yang","doi":"10.5897/ajest2021.2989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2021.2989","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75997127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with finding the optimum tilt angle of solar panels for solar energy applications. The objective is to maximize the output electrical energy of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. A mathematical model was used to determine the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors in Senegal on a daily and monthly basis, as well as for a specific period. Then, the configuration of the optimum tilt angle was analyzed by studying four specific cases in different typical climatic zones in Senegal. On a horizontal plane, the sun spends more time in the south than in the north. This means that in Senegal, the optimum tilt angle is often set equal to latitude. On the other hand, the optimum latitude angle is only for annual optimization. This study shows that the optimum tilt angle equal to latitude does not produce maximum output. For monthly optimum tilt angle, only the month of November gives tilt optimum angles equal to latitude. It is preferable to change the tilt angle of solar conversion systems monthly instead of fixing them, to gain more energy. Keys words: Solar energy, solar panels, tilt angle, orientation solar panel, latitude, geometry.
{"title":"Determination of the optimum tilt angle for photovoltaic modules in Senegal","authors":"Adama Sarr, C. F. Kébé, Ababacar Ndiaye","doi":"10.5897/AJEST2021.2988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2021.2988","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with finding the optimum tilt angle of solar panels for solar energy applications. The objective is to maximize the output electrical energy of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. A mathematical model was used to determine the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors in Senegal on a daily and monthly basis, as well as for a specific period. Then, the configuration of the optimum tilt angle was analyzed by studying four specific cases in different typical climatic zones in Senegal. On a horizontal plane, the sun spends more time in the south than in the north. This means that in Senegal, the optimum tilt angle is often set equal to latitude. On the other hand, the optimum latitude angle is only for annual optimization. This study shows that the optimum tilt angle equal to latitude does not produce maximum output. For monthly optimum tilt angle, only the month of November gives tilt optimum angles equal to latitude. It is preferable to change the tilt angle of solar conversion systems monthly instead of fixing them, to gain more energy. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Keys words: Solar energy, solar panels, tilt angle, orientation solar panel, latitude, geometry.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89153707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kangai, Everlyn Wemali Chitechi, J. Koske, B. Waswa, I. Ngare
Climate change threatens the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers in East Africa. How farmers perceive climate change and its impacts has a strong bearing on how they adapt to the adverse impacts. This paper focused on factors that determine climate change adaptation and perceptions among small-scale farmers of Embu County. A survey was carried out across five sub-counties of Embu County where a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 411 households. A questionnaire was administered to each household. A total of five FGDs were generated by the use of quota sampling. The data obtained from the FGDs were thematically analyzed while that from each household was subjected to both descriptive statistics and Heckman's probit model. The results showed 96% of the respondents observed unreliable seasonal rainfall amount, distribution, and increased temperatures. For instance, 23% interviewed were aware of the long-term change in temperature while 55% were aware of a change in the amount of rainfall per season. These respondents identified crop failure and the decline in crop yields as indicators of climate change. The farmers’ perceptions were corroborated by the long-term rainfall and temperature of Mann-Kendall trends analysis, which showed a negative rainfall correlation and temperatures increased by 0.02°C for Kiambere and 0.03°C for Embu stations. Gender was significant at p<0.1 in influencing farmers' perception of climate change while education level and social networks were statistically significant at p<0.05. Furthermore, Heckman's selectivity probit model showed that the education level of the household head and access to a credit facility influenced small-scale farmers' adaptation choices. There is a need to strengthen the capacities of farmers through training, provision of extension services, and formulation of a climate advisory committee within the county government to breakdown climate change information into user-friendly. Key words: Heckman model, climate variability.
{"title":"Determinants of climate change adaptation and perceptions among small-scale farmers of Embu County, Eastern Kenya","authors":"R. Kangai, Everlyn Wemali Chitechi, J. Koske, B. Waswa, I. Ngare","doi":"10.5897/AJEST2020.2943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2020.2943","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change threatens the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers in East Africa. How farmers perceive climate change and its impacts has a strong bearing on how they adapt to the adverse impacts. This paper focused on factors that determine climate change adaptation and perceptions among small-scale farmers of Embu County. A survey was carried out across five sub-counties of Embu County where a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 411 households. A questionnaire was administered to each household. A total of five FGDs were generated by the use of quota sampling. The data obtained from the FGDs were thematically analyzed while that from each household was subjected to both descriptive statistics and Heckman's probit model. The results showed 96% of the respondents observed unreliable seasonal rainfall amount, distribution, and increased temperatures. For instance, 23% interviewed were aware of the long-term change in temperature while 55% were aware of a change in the amount of rainfall per season. These respondents identified crop failure and the decline in crop yields as indicators of climate change. The farmers’ perceptions were corroborated by the long-term rainfall and temperature of Mann-Kendall trends analysis, which showed a negative rainfall correlation and temperatures increased by 0.02°C for Kiambere and 0.03°C for Embu stations. Gender was significant at p<0.1 in influencing farmers' perception of climate change while education level and social networks were statistically significant at p<0.05. Furthermore, Heckman's selectivity probit model showed that the education level of the household head and access to a credit facility influenced small-scale farmers' adaptation choices. There is a need to strengthen the capacities of farmers through training, provision of extension services, and formulation of a climate advisory committee within the county government to breakdown climate change information into user-friendly. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Heckman model, climate variability.","PeriodicalId":7483,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83938145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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