Kimberley Befus, M. McDonough, A. Räisänen, O. Owoeye, K. Pasanen, C. Emery
Neuromuscular training (NMT) warm‐up programs are effective in reducing injury rates in youth team sports, including basketball, with greater adherence improving their effectiveness in preventing injuries in sport. To understand player adherence to a SHRed Injuries Basketball NMT (SIB NMT) warm‐up, we developed and utilized an observational tool to assess NMT exercise fidelity and compared exercise fidelity in boys and girls. Reliable methods for use of the SHRED Injuries Basketball Observation Tool (SIB OT) were established through two rounds of training. The percent agreement between raters was 66.09% for round one and 68.63% for round two. Sixty‐six youth basketball players (20 male and 46 female; median age 16) performing the SIB NMT were filmed. Exercise fidelity was assessed from video clips using the SIB OT. Overall exercise fidelity scores were based on total score achieved/total score attempted x100. The mean exercise fidelity score for boys [x ̅ = 57.35% (95% CI 53%‐62%)] was lower than for girls [x ̅ = 65.51% (95% CI; 62%‐69%)] (t = −2.88, P = .0027). Future research should focus on implementation strategies to improve exercise fidelity for NMT warm‐up programs in youth sport and further examine the impact of exercise fidelity on the preventative effect of NMT warm‐ups in youth sport.
{"title":"Player adherence to SHRed injuries Basketball neuromuscular training warm‐up program: Can exercise fidelity be objectively measured?","authors":"Kimberley Befus, M. McDonough, A. Räisänen, O. Owoeye, K. Pasanen, C. Emery","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.285","url":null,"abstract":"Neuromuscular training (NMT) warm‐up programs are effective in reducing injury rates in youth team sports, including basketball, with greater adherence improving their effectiveness in preventing injuries in sport. To understand player adherence to a SHRed Injuries Basketball NMT (SIB NMT) warm‐up, we developed and utilized an observational tool to assess NMT exercise fidelity and compared exercise fidelity in boys and girls. Reliable methods for use of the SHRED Injuries Basketball Observation Tool (SIB OT) were established through two rounds of training. The percent agreement between raters was 66.09% for round one and 68.63% for round two. Sixty‐six youth basketball players (20 male and 46 female; median age 16) performing the SIB NMT were filmed. Exercise fidelity was assessed from video clips using the SIB OT. Overall exercise fidelity scores were based on total score achieved/total score attempted x100. The mean exercise fidelity score for boys [x ̅ = 57.35% (95% CI 53%‐62%)] was lower than for girls [x ̅ = 65.51% (95% CI; 62%‐69%)] (t = −2.88, P = .0027). Future research should focus on implementation strategies to improve exercise fidelity for NMT warm‐up programs in youth sport and further examine the impact of exercise fidelity on the preventative effect of NMT warm‐ups in youth sport.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"817 - 825"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44386997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naoya Iida, Keigo Taniguchi, Kazuya Saizaki, S. Soma, H. Toda, M. Katayose
Previous cadaveric studies have identified effective stretching positions for the posterior shoulder capsules; however, it is unknown whether these stretching positions are also effective in overhead athletes. This study aimed to investigate whether passive tension was generated in the posterior shoulder capsules in baseball players during stretching positions identified in previous cadaveric studies. Fifteen male baseball players without prior shoulder injuries or surgeries participated in this study. We measured the shear moduli of the middle and inferior posterior capsules of the dominant shoulder in the resting (neutral shoulder internal/external rotation at 30 degrees of flexion) and stretching (maximal shoulder internal rotation at 30 degrees of scapular plane elevation (scaption)) positions using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The shear moduli of the middle posterior capsule were significantly higher in the stretching position than in the resting position (resting vs stretching: 20.9 vs 34.6 kPa, P < .001); however, there was no significant difference in the shear moduli between both positions in the inferior posterior capsule (22.3 vs 29.5 kPa, P = .120). Our results revealed that a large amount of passive tension is generated in the middle posterior capsule during shoulder internal rotation stretching at 30 degrees of scaption in overhead athletes.
先前的尸体研究已经确定了肩部后囊的有效拉伸位置；然而，尚不清楚这些伸展姿势是否对头顶运动员也有效。本研究旨在调查棒球运动员在先前尸体研究中确定的拉伸姿势中，后肩关节囊中是否产生被动张力。15名男性棒球运动员参与了这项研究，他们之前没有肩部受伤或做过手术。我们使用超声剪切波弹性成像测量了主肩在静息（30°屈曲时的中性肩内/外旋转）和拉伸（30°肩胛平面抬高（舟骨）时的最大肩内旋转）位置的中下后囊的剪切模量。中后囊的剪切模量在拉伸位置显著高于静止位置（静止与拉伸：20.9vs 34.6kPa，P<.001）；然而，下后囊膜中两个位置的剪切模量没有显著差异（22.3 vs 29.5kPa，P=.120）。我们的研究结果表明，在头顶运动员30度肩关节内旋转拉伸过程中，中后囊膜会产生大量被动张力。
{"title":"Elasticity of baseball players’ posterior shoulder capsule during internal rotation stretching at 30 degrees of scaption","authors":"Naoya Iida, Keigo Taniguchi, Kazuya Saizaki, S. Soma, H. Toda, M. Katayose","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.282","url":null,"abstract":"Previous cadaveric studies have identified effective stretching positions for the posterior shoulder capsules; however, it is unknown whether these stretching positions are also effective in overhead athletes. This study aimed to investigate whether passive tension was generated in the posterior shoulder capsules in baseball players during stretching positions identified in previous cadaveric studies. Fifteen male baseball players without prior shoulder injuries or surgeries participated in this study. We measured the shear moduli of the middle and inferior posterior capsules of the dominant shoulder in the resting (neutral shoulder internal/external rotation at 30 degrees of flexion) and stretching (maximal shoulder internal rotation at 30 degrees of scapular plane elevation (scaption)) positions using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The shear moduli of the middle posterior capsule were significantly higher in the stretching position than in the resting position (resting vs stretching: 20.9 vs 34.6 kPa, P < .001); however, there was no significant difference in the shear moduli between both positions in the inferior posterior capsule (22.3 vs 29.5 kPa, P = .120). Our results revealed that a large amount of passive tension is generated in the middle posterior capsule during shoulder internal rotation stretching at 30 degrees of scaption in overhead athletes.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"788 - 797"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48927185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Follmer, A. Varga, Konrad Byron Herrmann, Yao Sun, E. Zehr
We investigated static and dynamic balance in combat sport athletes chronically exposed to head impacts. MMA, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai athletes exposed (AE: n = 19; 14 men, 5 women; 30.2 ± 4.5 years; 1.76 ± 0.1 m; 75 ± 9.2 kg) to head impacts were compared to athletes non‐exposed (AnE: n = 25; 18 men, 7 women; 25.1 ± 3.2 years; 1.78 ± 0.1 m; 77.4 ± 10.3 kg), and control individuals (CON: n = 23, 13 men, 10 women; 25.5 ± 5.8 years; 1.75 ± 0.1m; 70.4 ± 12 kg). Static balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System, and dynamic function by center of pressure shift and reactive object tracking. A low‐cost balance board was used for both protocols. AE performed worse than CON (0.01 ± 0.006 vs 0.006 ± 0.003; P = .02, d = 0.75) in the ellipse area of sway for double‐leg stance in firm condition (F2,62 = 3.94, P = .02, η2 = 0.11). Static center of pressure and dynamic balance did not differ among groups. The integration of a balance board and a widely used clinical protocol unveiled differences in the ellipse area of static postural sway in the double‐leg stance over a firm surface in athletes chronically exposed to head impacts. The combined use of practical, objective, and clinically relevant test protocols is encouraged to detect lasting deficits in static and dynamic balance as a result of chronic exposure to repetitive head impacts.
我们调查了长期暴露于头部撞击的格斗运动运动员的静态和动态平衡。将MMA、拳击、跆拳道和泰拳运动员（AE：n=19；14名男性，5名女性；30.2±4.5岁；1.76±0.1 m；75±9.2 kg）与未暴露于头部撞击的运动员（AnE:n=25；18名男性，7名女性；25.1±3.2岁；1.78±0.1 m，77.4±10.3 kg）和对照组（CON:n=23，13名男性，10名女性；25.5±5.8岁；1.75±0.1米；70.4±12 kg）进行比较。使用平衡误差评分系统评估静态平衡，并通过压力偏移中心和反应物体跟踪来评估动态功能。两个协议都使用了低成本的平衡板。在坚实条件下，双腿站立时，AE在摆动椭圆区域的表现比CON差（0.01±0.006 vs 0.006±0.003；P=0.02，d=0.75）（F2,62=3.94，P=0.02，η2=0.11）。各组之间的静态压力中心和动态平衡没有差异。平衡板和广泛使用的临床方案的结合揭示了长期遭受头部撞击的运动员在坚实表面上双腿站立时静态姿势摆动的椭圆区域的差异。鼓励结合使用实用、客观和临床相关的测试方案，以检测由于长期暴露于重复性头部撞击而导致的静态和动态平衡的持久缺陷。
{"title":"Effects of chronic exposure to head impacts on the balance function of combat sports athletes","authors":"B. Follmer, A. Varga, Konrad Byron Herrmann, Yao Sun, E. Zehr","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.283","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated static and dynamic balance in combat sport athletes chronically exposed to head impacts. MMA, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai athletes exposed (AE: n = 19; 14 men, 5 women; 30.2 ± 4.5 years; 1.76 ± 0.1 m; 75 ± 9.2 kg) to head impacts were compared to athletes non‐exposed (AnE: n = 25; 18 men, 7 women; 25.1 ± 3.2 years; 1.78 ± 0.1 m; 77.4 ± 10.3 kg), and control individuals (CON: n = 23, 13 men, 10 women; 25.5 ± 5.8 years; 1.75 ± 0.1m; 70.4 ± 12 kg). Static balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System, and dynamic function by center of pressure shift and reactive object tracking. A low‐cost balance board was used for both protocols. AE performed worse than CON (0.01 ± 0.006 vs 0.006 ± 0.003; P = .02, d = 0.75) in the ellipse area of sway for double‐leg stance in firm condition (F2,62 = 3.94, P = .02, η2 = 0.11). Static center of pressure and dynamic balance did not differ among groups. The integration of a balance board and a widely used clinical protocol unveiled differences in the ellipse area of static postural sway in the double‐leg stance over a firm surface in athletes chronically exposed to head impacts. The combined use of practical, objective, and clinically relevant test protocols is encouraged to detect lasting deficits in static and dynamic balance as a result of chronic exposure to repetitive head impacts.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"798 - 806"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43965991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Max Flemming Ravn Merkel, Y. Hellsten, S. Magnusson, M. Kjaer
Physical exercise results in a duration and intensity‐dependent vascular response in healthy human tendon. In overused (tendinopathy) and damaged tendon, angiogenic pathways are activated and neovascularization is observed. Whereas no direct relationship exists between the amount of neovessels and degree of tendinopathy symptoms, almost all tendinopathic patients have elevated neovascularization and tendon blood flow, as assessed by Doppler ultrasound methodology. The enhanced flow in tendinopathy can be successfully abolished by heavy resistance training. Already in the early time‐phase of tendinopathy (<3 months), neovascularization in the tendon exists but the causal sequence of vascular, metabolic, nociceptive, and matrix tissue changes in tendon pathology is not fully understood. Nevertheless, existing evidences point at neovascularization being an important component of pathogenesis and may occur already before the development of clinical symptoms in tendinopathy.
{"title":"Tendon blood flow, angiogenesis, and tendinopathy pathogenesis","authors":"Max Flemming Ravn Merkel, Y. Hellsten, S. Magnusson, M. Kjaer","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.280","url":null,"abstract":"Physical exercise results in a duration and intensity‐dependent vascular response in healthy human tendon. In overused (tendinopathy) and damaged tendon, angiogenic pathways are activated and neovascularization is observed. Whereas no direct relationship exists between the amount of neovessels and degree of tendinopathy symptoms, almost all tendinopathic patients have elevated neovascularization and tendon blood flow, as assessed by Doppler ultrasound methodology. The enhanced flow in tendinopathy can be successfully abolished by heavy resistance training. Already in the early time‐phase of tendinopathy (<3 months), neovascularization in the tendon exists but the causal sequence of vascular, metabolic, nociceptive, and matrix tissue changes in tendon pathology is not fully understood. Nevertheless, existing evidences point at neovascularization being an important component of pathogenesis and may occur already before the development of clinical symptoms in tendinopathy.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"756 - 771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/tsm2.280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43226156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. B. Sørensen, M. Rathleff, Benjamin John Floyd Dean, E. Oei, S. Magnusson, J. Olesen, S. Holden
This systematic review aimed to describe the imaging characteristics of Osgood‐Schlatter (OSD) compared with controls and imaging findings over time. A systematic search was conducted in Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed from inception until July 2021. Forty studies were eligible and included based on inclusion criteria on OSD diagnosis, the number of patients, and imaging outcomes. In patients with OSD, but not controls, findings were soft‐tissue swelling of the cartilage and infrapatellar bursa, tendon changes, increased Doppler flow, and fragmentation of the secondary ossification center. Follow‐up studies reported improvements over time, but some identified persistent tendon thickening and/or ossicles. Adults with OSD generally present with free ossicles. Findings were inconsistent on whether different morphometric features were altered in OSD compared to controls. OSD patients were classified within the early stages of tibial tuberosity maturation. This review documents that OSD presents with tissue alterations that do not appear in controls or the patient's asymptomatic knee. Notably, a large portion had tendon involvement, and ossicles seem to be associated with residual symptoms after maturation. Standard imaging of adolescents with OSD needs to be carefully considered when determining if tissue alterations are related to disease progression or part of the normal maturation.
{"title":"A systematic review of imaging findings in patients with Osgood‐Schlatter disease","authors":"L. B. Sørensen, M. Rathleff, Benjamin John Floyd Dean, E. Oei, S. Magnusson, J. Olesen, S. Holden","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.281","url":null,"abstract":"This systematic review aimed to describe the imaging characteristics of Osgood‐Schlatter (OSD) compared with controls and imaging findings over time. A systematic search was conducted in Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed from inception until July 2021. Forty studies were eligible and included based on inclusion criteria on OSD diagnosis, the number of patients, and imaging outcomes. In patients with OSD, but not controls, findings were soft‐tissue swelling of the cartilage and infrapatellar bursa, tendon changes, increased Doppler flow, and fragmentation of the secondary ossification center. Follow‐up studies reported improvements over time, but some identified persistent tendon thickening and/or ossicles. Adults with OSD generally present with free ossicles. Findings were inconsistent on whether different morphometric features were altered in OSD compared to controls. OSD patients were classified within the early stages of tibial tuberosity maturation. This review documents that OSD presents with tissue alterations that do not appear in controls or the patient's asymptomatic knee. Notably, a large portion had tendon involvement, and ossicles seem to be associated with residual symptoms after maturation. Standard imaging of adolescents with OSD needs to be carefully considered when determining if tissue alterations are related to disease progression or part of the normal maturation.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"772 - 787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47614237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01Epub Date: 2021-04-28DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.254
Devon A Dobrosielski, Karla Kubitz, Hyunjeong Park, Susheel P Patil, Christopher Papandreou
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity due, in part, to impaired vascular function. Exercise confers cardioprotection by improving vascular health. Yet, whether OSA severity affects the vascular improvements conferred with exercise training is not known. Overweight (body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m2) adults were evaluated for OSA and enrolled in a six-week exercise intervention. Baseline assessments of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD), central augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were repeated post training. Fifty-one participants (25 men; 26 women) completed the study. Despite improved aerobic capacity (p=0.0005) and total fat mass (p=0.0005), no change in vascular function was observed. Participants were divided into two severity groups according to their baseline total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) as either 5 to 14.9 events•hr-1 (n= 21; Age=48 ± 7 yrs; BMI=33.7 ± 4.6kg•m-2) or 15 ≥events•hr-1 (n=30; Age=56 ± 13 yrs; BMI = 34.3 ± 4.2 kg•m-2). No effect of OSA group was observed for BAFMD (p=0.82), AIx (p=0.37) or PWV (p=0.44), suggesting that OSA severity does not influence the effect of exercise on vascular function. The vascular effects of extended exercise programs of greater intensity in overweight OSA patients should be examined.
{"title":"The effects of exercise training on vascular function among overweight adults with obstructive sleep apnea.","authors":"Devon A Dobrosielski, Karla Kubitz, Hyunjeong Park, Susheel P Patil, Christopher Papandreou","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity due, in part, to impaired vascular function. Exercise confers cardioprotection by improving vascular health. Yet, whether OSA severity affects the vascular improvements conferred with exercise training is not known. Overweight (body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) adults were evaluated for OSA and enrolled in a six-week exercise intervention. Baseline assessments of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD), central augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were repeated post training. Fifty-one participants (25 men; 26 women) completed the study. Despite improved aerobic capacity (p=0.0005) and total fat mass (p=0.0005), no change in vascular function was observed. Participants were divided into two severity groups according to their baseline total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) as either 5 to 14.9 events•hr<sup>-1</sup> (n= 21; Age=48 ± 7 yrs; BMI=33.7 ± 4.6kg•m<sup>-2</sup>) or 15 ≥events•hr<sup>-1</sup> (n=30; Age=56 ± 13 yrs; BMI = 34.3 ± 4.2 kg•m<sup>-2</sup>). No effect of OSA group was observed for BAFMD (p=0.82), AIx (p=0.37) or PWV (p=0.44), suggesting that OSA severity does not influence the effect of exercise on vascular function. The vascular effects of extended exercise programs of greater intensity in overweight OSA patients should be examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 5","pages":"606-616"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/tsm2.254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39934210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. M. Jakobsen, R. H. Nygaard, J. Hojbjerg, J. Larsen
Overuse injuries in sports are common and include stress fracture and musculoskeletal inflammation. Vitamin D is important in bone metabolism and exerts anti‐inflammatory effects, and it may be protective against those injuries. The objective was to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and sport injuries. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. We used systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Sportdiscus until the 28th of June 2020. We included observational and randomized studies assessing vitamin D status. Sport injuries were defined as stress fractures or musculoskeletal injuries. A meta‐analysis was performed with stress fracture as outcome. In total 16 articles were included, 7 investigating stress fractures, and 9 investigating musculoskeletal injuries. Regarding stress fractures, serum vitamin D levels below 30 ng/mL appeared to be associated with an increased risk of stress fractures, and the meta‐analysis showed increased odds ratio for stress fracture with vitamin D insufficiency. Regarding musculoskeletal injuries only two studies found that low serum vitamin D levels were associated with musculoskeletal injuries. Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with an enhanced risk of stress fractures, while no conclusion can be made regarding musculoskeletal injuries.
{"title":"The association between vitamin D status and overuse sport injuries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","authors":"M. M. Jakobsen, R. H. Nygaard, J. Hojbjerg, J. Larsen","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.269","url":null,"abstract":"Overuse injuries in sports are common and include stress fracture and musculoskeletal inflammation. Vitamin D is important in bone metabolism and exerts anti‐inflammatory effects, and it may be protective against those injuries. The objective was to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and sport injuries. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. We used systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Sportdiscus until the 28th of June 2020. We included observational and randomized studies assessing vitamin D status. Sport injuries were defined as stress fractures or musculoskeletal injuries. A meta‐analysis was performed with stress fracture as outcome. In total 16 articles were included, 7 investigating stress fractures, and 9 investigating musculoskeletal injuries. Regarding stress fractures, serum vitamin D levels below 30 ng/mL appeared to be associated with an increased risk of stress fractures, and the meta‐analysis showed increased odds ratio for stress fracture with vitamin D insufficiency. Regarding musculoskeletal injuries only two studies found that low serum vitamin D levels were associated with musculoskeletal injuries. Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with an enhanced risk of stress fractures, while no conclusion can be made regarding musculoskeletal injuries.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"553 - 564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44251502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuromuscular exercises are essential components of successful sport injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. Neuromuscular training (NMT) aims to improve neuromuscular control and functional joint stability, and above all, it aims to enhance or relearn sportspecific movement patterns and skills. Typically, NMT programs consist of strength training, balance exercises, jump training, and sportspecific exercises (such as running, change of direction technique, and agility drills). Neuromuscular training has been shown to be effective in injury prevention in youth and adult team sports.1,2 Across different team sports, regular NMT has reduced the occurrence of both acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries. In addition, a recent study in youth rugby suggested that NMT can also decrease the risk of concussion.3 According to recent systematic reviews, the vast majority of sport injury prevention studies have focused on team sports.1,2,4 The most frequently studied sports are soccer, rugby, American football, basketball, and ice hockey.4 Injuries in team sports primarily affect the lower extremities (LE). Sudden changes of direction while running, sidestep cutting, and jump landings are typical situations in which acute LE injuries, specifically ankle and knee ligament injuries, may occur. Overuse LE injuries, such as Achilles and patellar tendinopathies are also common in team sports, most likely because players frequently make sudden sidecuts, stops, direction changes, and jump landings— all producing intensive, repetitive loading on the Achilles and patellar tendons. Consequently, the primary aim of NMT injury prevention programs in team sports is to improve athletes’ movement control, movement quality, and ultimately reduce highrisk loading of joints and tendons during highintensity cutting, direction change, and landing maneuvers. Despite high levels of evidence in favor of NMT in team sports, research of NMT for many popular and injuryprone individual sports is still lacking. Since injury prevention in running and pivoting team sports is successful by weekly NMT participation, this prevention strategy is likely to also be effective in running and pivoting individual sports as well (eg, dance, gymnastics, running, badminton, tennis). A recently published randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigated injury prevention by NMT in adult recreational tennis players.5 This study revealed that this tennisspecific NMT program was not effective in injury prevention. However, the NMT program used in this study was unsupervised and adherence to NMT was not optimal. NMT and other sport injury prevention strategies can reduce the number of injuries, but only if they are properly used by athletes. Another recently published RCT revealed that a novel footcore muscle strengthening program was effective in prevention of runningrelated injuries in recreational runners.6 Runners randomized to the footcore strengthening group had 2.4fold lower rate of running
{"title":"Neuromuscular training and sport injury prevention in different types of sports—What we know and what we do not know?","authors":"K. Pasanen","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.275","url":null,"abstract":"Neuromuscular exercises are essential components of successful sport injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. Neuromuscular training (NMT) aims to improve neuromuscular control and functional joint stability, and above all, it aims to enhance or relearn sportspecific movement patterns and skills. Typically, NMT programs consist of strength training, balance exercises, jump training, and sportspecific exercises (such as running, change of direction technique, and agility drills). Neuromuscular training has been shown to be effective in injury prevention in youth and adult team sports.1,2 Across different team sports, regular NMT has reduced the occurrence of both acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries. In addition, a recent study in youth rugby suggested that NMT can also decrease the risk of concussion.3 According to recent systematic reviews, the vast majority of sport injury prevention studies have focused on team sports.1,2,4 The most frequently studied sports are soccer, rugby, American football, basketball, and ice hockey.4 Injuries in team sports primarily affect the lower extremities (LE). Sudden changes of direction while running, sidestep cutting, and jump landings are typical situations in which acute LE injuries, specifically ankle and knee ligament injuries, may occur. Overuse LE injuries, such as Achilles and patellar tendinopathies are also common in team sports, most likely because players frequently make sudden sidecuts, stops, direction changes, and jump landings— all producing intensive, repetitive loading on the Achilles and patellar tendons. Consequently, the primary aim of NMT injury prevention programs in team sports is to improve athletes’ movement control, movement quality, and ultimately reduce highrisk loading of joints and tendons during highintensity cutting, direction change, and landing maneuvers. Despite high levels of evidence in favor of NMT in team sports, research of NMT for many popular and injuryprone individual sports is still lacking. Since injury prevention in running and pivoting team sports is successful by weekly NMT participation, this prevention strategy is likely to also be effective in running and pivoting individual sports as well (eg, dance, gymnastics, running, badminton, tennis). A recently published randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigated injury prevention by NMT in adult recreational tennis players.5 This study revealed that this tennisspecific NMT program was not effective in injury prevention. However, the NMT program used in this study was unsupervised and adherence to NMT was not optimal. NMT and other sport injury prevention strategies can reduce the number of injuries, but only if they are properly used by athletes. Another recently published RCT revealed that a novel footcore muscle strengthening program was effective in prevention of runningrelated injuries in recreational runners.6 Runners randomized to the footcore strengthening group had 2.4fold lower rate of running","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/tsm2.275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48201906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khodaee, B. Irion, J. Spittler, A. Saeedi, M. Hoffman
The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with ultramarathon running is varied partially because onsite measurement of serum creatinine concentration (Cr) is rarely performed at races due to logistical challenges. We conducted a prospective observational study using blood samples from volunteer athletes before and immediately after the Leadville Trail 100 Run in August 2014. The goals of our study were to determine the incidence of those meeting the AKI criteria immediately following the ultramarathon race and to evaluate the utility of using medical equations to back‐calculate creatinine levels for runners without known baseline creatinine levels and to identify possible risk factors for developing AKI. We were able to collect pre‐race and post‐race blood samples on 64 and 84 volunteers, respectively. AKI was defined as a Cr increase (≥1.5 times or ≥0.3 mg/dl from baseline). Of the 37 runners for whom we had both pre‐ and post‐race blood samples, 18 (49%) met the criteria for AKI. Using two different methods of back‐calculating baseline estimated creatinine (a fixed eGFR [estimated glomerular filtration rate] and an aged‐based eGFR), 6 (16%) and 22 (59%) of 37 runners met the criteria for AKI, respectively. We found that there is no accurate way to estimate baseline Cr in this population.
{"title":"Characteristics of runners meeting acute kidney injury criteria following a 161‐km ultramarathon","authors":"M. Khodaee, B. Irion, J. Spittler, A. Saeedi, M. Hoffman","doi":"10.1002/tsm2.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.276","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with ultramarathon running is varied partially because onsite measurement of serum creatinine concentration (Cr) is rarely performed at races due to logistical challenges. We conducted a prospective observational study using blood samples from volunteer athletes before and immediately after the Leadville Trail 100 Run in August 2014. The goals of our study were to determine the incidence of those meeting the AKI criteria immediately following the ultramarathon race and to evaluate the utility of using medical equations to back‐calculate creatinine levels for runners without known baseline creatinine levels and to identify possible risk factors for developing AKI. We were able to collect pre‐race and post‐race blood samples on 64 and 84 volunteers, respectively. AKI was defined as a Cr increase (≥1.5 times or ≥0.3 mg/dl from baseline). Of the 37 runners for whom we had both pre‐ and post‐race blood samples, 18 (49%) met the criteria for AKI. Using two different methods of back‐calculating baseline estimated creatinine (a fixed eGFR [estimated glomerular filtration rate] and an aged‐based eGFR), 6 (16%) and 22 (59%) of 37 runners met the criteria for AKI, respectively. We found that there is no accurate way to estimate baseline Cr in this population.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"733 - 740"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/tsm2.276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43593128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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