Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.5819
Philiphi de Rozari, Sherlly M. F. Ledoh
Constructed wetland s are a promising solution technology to effectively treat domestic wastewater in developing countries at low cost. This paper reports the findings of the effectiveness of sand planted with Thypa latifolia with variation of the length of outflow measured from the bottom of the media in removing BOD 5 , COD , and suspended solid s. The experimental design consisted of 12 vertical flow (VF) mesocosms. There were 3 treatments and one control based on the with variation of the length of outflow measured from the bottom of the media (7, 14, and 21 cm) . During the five months, the mesocosms were loaded with syntethic wastewater. The influent had a 2 -day hydraulic retention time. Samples were monitored for BOD 5 , COD and TSS . The results showed the concetration of BOD 5 , COD and TSS reduced significantly after the wastewater were treated with constructed wetland systems. The trend showed that the constructed wetland systems planted with Thypa latifolia had a better performance in comparison with the control. T here were no significant differences of BOD 5 COD , and suspended solid outflow among 7, 14 and 21 of constructed wetland systems. This indicated that the length of outflow measured from the bottom of the media did not influence the performance of constructed wetland systems in removing BOD 5 , COD and TSS
{"title":"Penurunan Konsentrasi BOD5, COD dan Padatan Tersuspensi pada Air Limbah dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Lahan Basah Buatan (Constructed Wetland)","authors":"Philiphi de Rozari, Sherlly M. F. Ledoh","doi":"10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.5819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.5819","url":null,"abstract":"Constructed wetland s are a promising solution technology to effectively treat domestic wastewater in developing countries at low cost. This paper reports the findings of the effectiveness of sand planted with Thypa latifolia with variation of the length of outflow measured from the bottom of the media in removing BOD 5 , COD , and suspended solid s. The experimental design consisted of 12 vertical flow (VF) mesocosms. There were 3 treatments and one control based on the with variation of the length of outflow measured from the bottom of the media (7, 14, and 21 cm) . During the five months, the mesocosms were loaded with syntethic wastewater. The influent had a 2 -day hydraulic retention time. Samples were monitored for BOD 5 , COD and TSS . The results showed the concetration of BOD 5 , COD and TSS reduced significantly after the wastewater were treated with constructed wetland systems. The trend showed that the constructed wetland systems planted with Thypa latifolia had a better performance in comparison with the control. T here were no significant differences of BOD 5 COD , and suspended solid outflow among 7, 14 and 21 of constructed wetland systems. This indicated that the length of outflow measured from the bottom of the media did not influence the performance of constructed wetland systems in removing BOD 5 , COD and TSS","PeriodicalId":7535,"journal":{"name":"Al-Kimia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47010278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6316
D. K. Pratoko, F. A. Wardhani, Nia Kristiningrum, F. Fajrin, Dian Agung Pangaribowo
Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract and fractions from red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has been done. Red gingers contain the highest oleoresins among other ginger varieties. Oleoresins are component that had the most responsibility for pharmacological effect of red ginger, one of them is as antioxidant. Phenolic and flavonoid are highly contributing to the antioxidant effect of red ginger. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant capacity of extract and fractions of red ginger, and to investigate the correlation between antioxidant capacity with both total phenolic and total flavonoid. Ethanolic extracts are fractinationed with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol solvent. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of all the samples are measured. Highest antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid obtained from ethyl acetate fraction with TEAC 2143.9 ± 0.9 µmol/g (CUPRAC) and 4526.4 ± 3.0 (DPPH), GAE 229.9 ± 1.3 mg/g, and QE 46,6 ± 1,8 mg/g. One way ANOVA and post hoc analysis show significant result with p value <0,01. Pearson correlation shows high positive correlation . Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity from ethanolic extract and fractions of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has been done. Red ginger contain the highest oleoresins among other ginger varieties. Oleoresins are component that had the most responsibility for pharmacological effect of red ginger, one of them is as antioxidant. Phenolic and flavonoid are highly contribute to the antioxidant effect of red ginger. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant capacity of extract and fractions of red ginger, and to investigate the correlation between antioxidant capacity with both total phenolic and total flavonoid. Ethanolic extracts are fractinationed with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol solvent. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of all the samples are measured. Highest antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid obtained from ethyl acetate fraction with TEAC 2143,893 ± 0,890 µmol/g, GAE 229,878 ± 1,330 mg/g, and QE 46,564 ± 1,804 mg/g. One way ANOVA and post hoc analysis show significant result with p value <0,01. Pearson correlation shows high positive correlation.
{"title":"Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Capacity of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) Ethanolic Extract and Fraction","authors":"D. K. Pratoko, F. A. Wardhani, Nia Kristiningrum, F. Fajrin, Dian Agung Pangaribowo","doi":"10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6316","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract and fractions from red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has been done. Red gingers contain the highest oleoresins among other ginger varieties. Oleoresins are component that had the most responsibility for pharmacological effect of red ginger, one of them is as antioxidant. Phenolic and flavonoid are highly contributing to the antioxidant effect of red ginger. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant capacity of extract and fractions of red ginger, and to investigate the correlation between antioxidant capacity with both total phenolic and total flavonoid. Ethanolic extracts are fractinationed with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol solvent. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of all the samples are measured. Highest antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid obtained from ethyl acetate fraction with TEAC 2143.9 ± 0.9 µmol/g (CUPRAC) and 4526.4 ± 3.0 (DPPH), GAE 229.9 ± 1.3 mg/g, and QE 46,6 ± 1,8 mg/g. One way ANOVA and post hoc analysis show significant result with p value <0,01. Pearson correlation shows high positive correlation . Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity from ethanolic extract and fractions of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has been done. Red ginger contain the highest oleoresins among other ginger varieties. Oleoresins are component that had the most responsibility for pharmacological effect of red ginger, one of them is as antioxidant. Phenolic and flavonoid are highly contribute to the antioxidant effect of red ginger. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant capacity of extract and fractions of red ginger, and to investigate the correlation between antioxidant capacity with both total phenolic and total flavonoid. Ethanolic extracts are fractinationed with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol solvent. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of all the samples are measured. Highest antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid obtained from ethyl acetate fraction with TEAC 2143,893 ± 0,890 µmol/g, GAE 229,878 ± 1,330 mg/g, and QE 46,564 ± 1,804 mg/g. One way ANOVA and post hoc analysis show significant result with p value <0,01. Pearson correlation shows high positive correlation.","PeriodicalId":7535,"journal":{"name":"Al-Kimia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46757304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6196
Liska Ramdanawati, D. Kurnia, Vita Aji Kusumaning Tyas, Z. Nurachman
Indonesia is an aquatic country with potential biodiversity. One of the potential biodiversity is microalgae. Microalgae potential to be developed as a functional food with the characteristics of its fatty acids. The most fatty acids found in diatoms are myristic acid, palmitic acid, DHA and EPA. One of marine microalgae contain lot of fatty acids is diatom Navicula salinicola. This study was aim to analyze fatty acid composition of marine microalgae Navicula salinicola. Navicula salinicola was cultivated in Guillard medium with 2.5; 5; and 7.5 % of nitrogen composition and cultivated for 11 days. Dry biomass obtained from harvesting was used for the extraction. Extraction of lipid from microalgae used Bligh & Dyer method with 9,9%; 14.5%, and 17.5% of oil yield. Result of GC-FID analysis that were 6 types of fatty acids that identified are palmitic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid, EPA. The highest fatty acid was palmitic acid with fatty acids percentage were 64.04%; 65.03%; and 53.55% respectively.
{"title":"ANALISIS KOMPOSISI ASAM LEMAK DARI MIKROALGA LAUT Navicula salinicola","authors":"Liska Ramdanawati, D. Kurnia, Vita Aji Kusumaning Tyas, Z. Nurachman","doi":"10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6196","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is an aquatic country with potential biodiversity. One of the potential biodiversity is microalgae. Microalgae potential to be developed as a functional food with the characteristics of its fatty acids. The most fatty acids found in diatoms are myristic acid, palmitic acid, DHA and EPA. One of marine microalgae contain lot of fatty acids is diatom Navicula salinicola. This study was aim to analyze fatty acid composition of marine microalgae Navicula salinicola. Navicula salinicola was cultivated in Guillard medium with 2.5; 5; and 7.5 % of nitrogen composition and cultivated for 11 days. Dry biomass obtained from harvesting was used for the extraction. Extraction of lipid from microalgae used Bligh & Dyer method with 9,9%; 14.5%, and 17.5% of oil yield. Result of GC-FID analysis that were 6 types of fatty acids that identified are palmitic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid, EPA. The highest fatty acid was palmitic acid with fatty acids percentage were 64.04%; 65.03%; and 53.55% respectively.","PeriodicalId":7535,"journal":{"name":"Al-Kimia","volume":"25 S61","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41255940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.5610
A. Nursanti, I. H. Suparto, Tetty Kemala
The study aimed to determine the secondary metabolites contained in raw banana peel waste, and to test the inhibitory activity in bacteria. Banana skin waste is used namely; banana kepok (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), uli banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) and nangka banana (Musa sp L) extracted using distilled water with the dekok method. The phytochemicals and antibacterial activity were tested for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Phytochemical test results showed the three banana peel extracts contain the same compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols. Different content of kepok banana peel extract is triterpenoid compounds which are not possessed by uli banana peel extract or banana jackfruit extract. The higher the concentration of extract used, the greater the inhibitory power of the bacteria. Antibacterial test results showed that 25% concentration of uli banana peel had the best antibacterial inhibition on S. aureus bacteria compared with kepok banana peel extract and jackfruit banana could not inhibit the growth of E. coli bacteria.
本研究旨在测定生香蕉皮废料中所含的次生代谢产物，并测试其对细菌的抑制活性。即香蕉皮废料；香蕉kepok（Musa acuminata x balbisiana）、uli香蕉（Musa paradisiaca sapientum）和nangka香蕉（Musa-sp-L）。对金黄色葡萄球菌（S.aureus）和大肠杆菌（E.coli）进行了植物化学物质和抗菌活性测试。植物化学测试结果表明，三种香蕉皮提取物含有相同的化合物，即生物碱、黄酮、皂苷、单宁和酚类。不同含量的kepok香蕉皮提取物是乌里香蕉皮提取物和菠萝蜜提取物所不具备的三萜类化合物。所用提取物的浓度越高，细菌的抑制力就越大。抗菌试验结果表明，与kepok香蕉皮提取物相比，25%浓度的uli香蕉皮对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌效果最好，菠萝蜜香蕉对大肠杆菌的生长没有抑制作用。
{"title":"Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Uji Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Limbah Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), Kulit Pisang Uli (Musa Paradisiaca Sapientum), dan Kulit Pisang Nangka (Musa sp L)","authors":"A. Nursanti, I. H. Suparto, Tetty Kemala","doi":"10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.5610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.5610","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to determine the secondary metabolites contained in raw banana peel waste, and to test the inhibitory activity in bacteria. Banana skin waste is used namely; banana kepok (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), uli banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) and nangka banana (Musa sp L) extracted using distilled water with the dekok method. The phytochemicals and antibacterial activity were tested for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Phytochemical test results showed the three banana peel extracts contain the same compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols. Different content of kepok banana peel extract is triterpenoid compounds which are not possessed by uli banana peel extract or banana jackfruit extract. The higher the concentration of extract used, the greater the inhibitory power of the bacteria. Antibacterial test results showed that 25% concentration of uli banana peel had the best antibacterial inhibition on S. aureus bacteria compared with kepok banana peel extract and jackfruit banana could not inhibit the growth of E. coli bacteria.","PeriodicalId":7535,"journal":{"name":"Al-Kimia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48660800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6300
Dian Siska Rf, D. Saprudin, D. Iswantini, N. Nurhidayat
Biosensor based on biofilm of L. plantarum has been successfully done for determination of uric acid in human urine compared with colorimetric enzymatic produced relative error of less than 5%. L. plantarum has uricase activity to react with uric acid, to maintain the stability of bacteria forming themselves into biofilms. Magnetite is known to increase sensitivity of the biosensor. The combination of magnetite-polyethylene glycol (Fe3O4-PEG) was used to modify the surface of Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode modified (SPCE) and the resulting modified electrode (biofilm/Fe3O4/PEG/SPCE) displayed good electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of UA. The composition of biofilms with optical density 1, magnetite 100 mgmL-1 and PEG 3% v / v were able to increase the current up to 48% in 4mM of UA. The biosensor with an optimum composition produced good linearity with a concentration range, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, sensitivity, and repeatability were found to be 0.1 - 4.3 mM, 70 µM, 234 µM, 25.392 µA mM-1, 2.38%, respectively. This biosensor stable up to 49 days of measurement with the remaining activity was 90.70% and selective for interference compounds such as salt, urea, glucose, ascorbic acid. This method has a good stability, sensitivity, and potential application in clinical analysis. Keyword: biofilm, biosensor, L. plantarum, magnetite, uric acid.
{"title":"Uric Acid Biosensor Based on Biofilm of L. plantarum using Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified by Magnetite","authors":"Dian Siska Rf, D. Saprudin, D. Iswantini, N. Nurhidayat","doi":"10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I2.6300","url":null,"abstract":"Biosensor based on biofilm of L. plantarum has been successfully done for determination of uric acid in human urine compared with colorimetric enzymatic produced relative error of less than 5%. L. plantarum has uricase activity to react with uric acid, to maintain the stability of bacteria forming themselves into biofilms. Magnetite is known to increase sensitivity of the biosensor. The combination of magnetite-polyethylene glycol (Fe3O4-PEG) was used to modify the surface of Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode modified (SPCE) and the resulting modified electrode (biofilm/Fe3O4/PEG/SPCE) displayed good electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of UA. The composition of biofilms with optical density 1, magnetite 100 mgmL-1 and PEG 3% v / v were able to increase the current up to 48% in 4mM of UA. The biosensor with an optimum composition produced good linearity with a concentration range, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, sensitivity, and repeatability were found to be 0.1 - 4.3 mM, 70 µM, 234 µM, 25.392 µA mM-1, 2.38%, respectively. This biosensor stable up to 49 days of measurement with the remaining activity was 90.70% and selective for interference compounds such as salt, urea, glucose, ascorbic acid. This method has a good stability, sensitivity, and potential application in clinical analysis. Keyword: biofilm, biosensor, L. plantarum, magnetite, uric acid.","PeriodicalId":7535,"journal":{"name":"Al-Kimia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44039475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesia as the third largest grain producer in the world produces large amounts of bran. High contain Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in rice bran oil causes it can be converted into the fatty acid ethyl esters (biodiesel) by esterification and transesterification methods. The rice bran oil was obtained by rice bran extraction using n-hexane. The esterification process was catalyzed by HCl. In this study, the transesterification process to convert triglycerides into ethyl esters (biodiesel) was conducted by the addition of KOH as a neutralizer and a catalyst Oil and ethanol by ratio 1:6 using 0,5% KOH as catalysator were reacted by utilizing 47 kHz ultrasonic wave for 45, 60 and 75 minutes. Biodiesel conversion value obtained were 49,23%; 70,55% and 52,04% respectively. Biodiesel product spectrum was analyzed using FTIR and GCMS instrument. The density, viscosity and flash point is also measured. FTIR analysis on all variations give similar data spectrum, where the ethyl ester products are characterized by typical bands at specific frequencies such as -C=O; -C-C; -C-H (sp3) and = C-H (sp2) stretch. Based on the data from GCMS spectrum, the product components are ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl stearate and ethyl oleate.
{"title":"Produksi Etil Ester Dari Minyak Dedak Padi (Oryza Sativa) Menggunakan Reaktor Ultrasonik","authors":"A. Aisyah, Riskayanti Riskayanti, Iin Novianty, Asriyani Ilyas, Sjamsiah Sjamsiah, Sitti Chadijah","doi":"10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I1.3036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24252/AL-KIMIA.V6I1.3036","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia as the third largest grain producer in the world produces large amounts of bran. High contain Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in rice bran oil causes it can be converted into the fatty acid ethyl esters (biodiesel) by esterification and transesterification methods. The rice bran oil was obtained by rice bran extraction using n-hexane. The esterification process was catalyzed by HCl. In this study, the transesterification process to convert triglycerides into ethyl esters (biodiesel) was conducted by the addition of KOH as a neutralizer and a catalyst Oil and ethanol by ratio 1:6 using 0,5% KOH as catalysator were reacted by utilizing 47 kHz ultrasonic wave for 45, 60 and 75 minutes. Biodiesel conversion value obtained were 49,23%; 70,55% and 52,04% respectively. Biodiesel product spectrum was analyzed using FTIR and GCMS instrument. The density, viscosity and flash point is also measured. FTIR analysis on all variations give similar data spectrum, where the ethyl ester products are characterized by typical bands at specific frequencies such as -C=O; -C-C; -C-H (sp3) and = C-H (sp2) stretch. Based on the data from GCMS spectrum, the product components are ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl stearate and ethyl oleate.","PeriodicalId":7535,"journal":{"name":"Al-Kimia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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