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Structural Changes of Hog Farming in China: Good or Bad? A Case Study of Wuxue City in Hubei Province 中国养猪业的结构性变化:是好是坏?以湖北省武薛市为例
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253674
Liange Zhao, Hong-yun Han
China’s hog sector is undergoing the shift from family farming system to commercialized intensive production. The empirical analysis indicates that middle-size hog farms (100
中国生猪行业正经历着从家庭养殖向商业化集约化生产的转变。实证分析表明,中型生猪养殖场(100< q‰¤1000)在环境保护和经济效益的追求上优于其他生猪养殖场;然而,45.5%的取样猪场是小于100头的小型猪场。为了实现经济效益和环境保护的双赢,中国政府必须通过承包生产、仔猪专业化、建立养猪业协会等方式促进小猪场结构变革的演变。
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引用次数: 2
Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Wine Exports and Initiatives to Reduce their Effects 葡萄酒出口的关税和非关税壁垒以及减少其影响的举措
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253673
A. Mariani, F. Napoletano, E. Pomarici, R. Vecchio
In the past, international wine trade experienced a significant increase mainly due to the growth in demand in northern Europe and the USA. Since the beginning of the new millennium, new import markets are developing, where market access is hampered by tariff and non-tariff barriers. As a result of this change, the problem of trade barriers and their phasing out takes on a new centrality. The objective of this paper is to analyse trade barriers and to discuss the new path of trade liberalization process. The paper first provides an overview of main trends in wine international trade and of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Subsequently, it offers an analysis of the main initiatives designed to lower trade barriers, depicting the results achieved by the World Wine Trade Group (WWTG) and preferential trade agreements (PTAs) signed by the main wine exporters. Thirdly, it presents a reclassification of exports allowing a quantitative assessment of the flows more at risk of being hindered by trade barriers, considering trade within Regional Integrated Areas and within the WWTG countries. Compared with the importance of the topic, literature on tariff and non-tariff barriers to wine trade is still quite limited. The current work intends to contribute to a better comprehension of the global situation by framing the issues in a qualitative and quantitative matter. Results may be useful as a basis for policy makers and traders, and foster further academic investigations.
过去,国际葡萄酒贸易经历了显著增长,主要是由于北欧和美国需求的增长。自新千年开始以来,新的进口市场正在发展,其中市场准入受到关税和非关税壁垒的阻碍。由于这种变化,贸易壁垒及其逐步消除的问题呈现出新的中心地位。本文的目的是分析贸易壁垒,探讨贸易自由化进程的新路径。本文首先概述了葡萄酒国际贸易的主要趋势以及关税和非关税壁垒。随后,对旨在降低贸易壁垒的主要举措进行了分析,描述了世界葡萄酒贸易集团(WWTG)和主要葡萄酒出口商签署的优惠贸易协定(pta)所取得的成果。第三,它提出了对出口的重新分类,以便对更有可能受到贸易壁垒阻碍的流量进行定量评估,同时考虑到区域一体化区内和全球污水处理工作组国家内的贸易。与这一课题的重要性相比,关于葡萄酒贸易的关税和非关税壁垒的文献仍然相当有限。目前的工作旨在通过从质量和数量上界定这些问题,从而有助于更好地了解全球局势。研究结果可以作为政策制定者和交易者的基础,并促进进一步的学术研究。
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引用次数: 10
Quality perception of PDO extra-virgin olive oil: which attributes most influence Italian consumers? PDO特级初榨橄榄油的质量认知:哪些属性对意大利消费者影响最大?
Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253544
G. Vita, M. D’Amico, G. L. Via, E. Caniglia
Given the regional dimension has become an extremely widespread concern in recent investigations of agro-food economics, this study aims at detecting extra-virgin olive oil's main attributes through a qualitative analysis of consumer behaviour in Sicily and in some Italian metropolitan areas (Rome and Milan), in order to identify the main variables that affect local with respect to regional production. The paper's aim is to inform olive oil stakeholders about consumer preferences regarding extra-virgin olive oil attributes, that include area of origin, geographical designation (PDO and PGI), organic certification and price. The aforementioned attributes constitute an additional factor of overall perceived quality, and verify if the perception of quality varies among consumers in different geographic areas. Findings emphasise the leading role that price plays and highlights how Italian olive oil consumers are positively influenced by an organic method of production and PDO certification. Furthermore, consumers from traditional olive oil production areas tend to identify their local extra-virgin olive oil as superior to others. Consumers from areas not traditionally olive oil producers consider price to be an indicator of quality and often purchase more expensive extra-virgin olive oil.
鉴于区域维度在最近的农业食品经济学调查中已成为一个极其广泛的关注,本研究旨在通过对西西里岛和一些意大利大都市地区(罗马和米兰)的消费者行为进行定性分析,以检测特级初榨橄榄油的主要属性,以便确定影响当地区域生产的主要变量。该文件的目的是告知橄榄油利益相关者关于消费者对特级初榨橄榄油属性的偏好,包括原产地、地理标识(PDO和PGI)、有机认证和价格。上述属性构成了整体感知质量的附加因素,并验证了不同地理区域的消费者对质量的感知是否存在差异。研究结果强调了价格的主导作用,并强调了意大利橄榄油消费者如何受到有机生产方法和PDO认证的积极影响。此外,来自传统橄榄油产区的消费者倾向于认为他们当地的特级初榨橄榄油优于其他地区的橄榄油。来自非传统橄榄油生产地区的消费者认为价格是质量的一个指标,通常会购买更昂贵的特级初榨橄榄油。
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引用次数: 66
Efficiency and Productivity Change in the Greek Dairy Industry 希腊乳业的效率和生产力变化
Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253542
G. Vlontzos, A. Theodoridis
The objective of this paper is to measure the efficiency and the productivity change of Greek dairy firms, using non parametric approaches. This assessment is being achieved by the computation of the CRS and the VRS DEA models, the context dependent DEA approach and finally, the evolution of the Malmquist productivity index. These empirical analyses are based on data from 29 Greek dairy firms. This implementation provided helpful information regarding the efficiency ranking of the firms that operate in the Greek dairy industry. Findings that inefficient firms are over-invested and overexposed to high risk operation practices provide suggestions for future reparative actions in order to improve efficiency. This goal does not require radial effort from firms to achieve intermediate targets. Finally, stagnated mean efficiency change does not imply stagnated efficiency change for individual firms, but it is the outcome of a large variance of efficiency change scores being achieved by dairy firms from period to period.
本文的目的是衡量效率和生产率变化的希腊乳制品公司,使用非参数方法。这一评价是通过计算CRS和VRS DEA模型、基于上下文的DEA方法以及Malmquist生产力指数的演化来实现的。这些实证分析基于29家希腊乳制品公司的数据。这一实施提供了有关在希腊乳制品行业经营的公司效率排名的有用信息。研究发现,效率低下的企业过度投资和过度暴露于高风险的经营实践,为未来的补救行动提供了建议,以提高效率。这一目标不需要企业为实现中间目标而付出径向努力。最后,平均效率变化停滞并不意味着单个企业的效率变化停滞,但它是奶制品企业在不同时期取得的效率变化分数的巨大差异的结果。
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引用次数: 14
A tool for uniform classification and analyses of budgetary support to agriculture for the EU accession countries 为欧盟加入国统一分类和分析农业预算支持的工具
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253539
M. Rednak, T. Volk, E. Erjavec
Allowing for the comparison of agricultural policies among countries and supporting the European integration process, a methodological tool was developed called the APM (Agri-Policy Measures tool). The tool enables the cross country qualitative and quantitative analysis of budgetary support to agriculture using uniform classification and systemization template primarily based on the current EU concept of the policy pillars. All agricultural policy measures are grounded on three main pillars: market and direct producer support measures, structural and rural development measures and general measures related to agriculture. Total budgetary support to agriculture should represent the sum of all transfers related to agriculture from all sources, but without administrative costs and transfers to non-agricultural sectors. The tool was applied for the analysis and comparison of agricultural policies in the Western Balkan countries and it proved to be useful for policy analysis in relation to the EU accession process.
为了比较各国之间的农业政策并支持欧洲一体化进程,开发了一种称为APM(农业政策措施工具)的方法工具。该工具能够使用统一的分类和系统化模板,主要基于当前欧盟政策支柱概念,对农业预算支持进行跨国定性和定量分析。所有农业政策措施都以三个主要支柱为基础:市场和直接生产者支持措施、结构性和农村发展措施以及与农业有关的一般措施。对农业的全部预算支助应包括来自所有来源的与农业有关的所有转移的总和,但不包括行政费用和向非农业部门的转移。该工具用于分析和比较西巴尔干国家的农业政策,并证明对有关加入欧盟进程的政策分析是有用的。
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引用次数: 7
US Cotton Exports and Bilateral Exchange Rates 美国棉花出口与双边汇率
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253534
Nazif Durmaz, H. Thompson
This paper compares the sensitivity of US cotton exports to the bilateral exchange rate for three Asian textile producers with a long series of yearly data from 1978 to 2010. The model of the cotton market includes an alternate supply, US production cost, and local mill use. Effects of each bilateral exchange rate vary considerably across these countries. Aggregation and the related trade weighted exchange rate lead to misleading results. Changes in the rate of depreciation have more robust effects than depreciation, suggesting a wealth effect on cash balance.
本文利用1978年至2010年的一长串年度数据,比较了三个亚洲纺织品生产国的美国棉花出口对双边汇率的敏感性。棉花市场模型包括替代供应、美国生产成本和当地工厂使用。每种双边汇率的影响在这些国家之间差别很大。汇总和相关的贸易加权汇率导致误导性的结果。折旧率的变化比折旧的影响更大,这表明对现金余额有财富效应。
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引用次数: 4
Factors affecting use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels: evidences from customers 影响使用和理解食品标签上的营养信息的因素:来自顾客的证据
Pub Date : 2012-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253513
Azzurra Annunziata, R. Vecchio
In the past few years, Europe has experienced an increase in several chronic diseases linked to dietary and lifestyle factors. In particular obesity is increasing at an alarming rate all over Europe, while warnings about it have intensified. As result nutritionrelated measures are ranking as first in the agenda of the EU political priorities. Particularly at the end of 2011 the EU introduced new rules on food labeling requirement by inserting a nutritional declaration. In this context the proposed paper aims to explore factors affecting use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels in Italy to provide useful guidance in the implementation of new nutrition labelling. The study presents some results of a direct survey on a sample of 400 consumers and provides a market segmentation identifying different profiles of consumers, through the use of PCA and Cluster Analysis. The results obtained from this analysis suggest the need to focus mainly on education campaigns and providing several indications for developers and marketers as well as government bodies that are interested in designing consumer communication strategies and effective health programs.
在过去几年中,欧洲经历了与饮食和生活方式因素有关的几种慢性疾病的增加。特别是肥胖在整个欧洲正以惊人的速度增长,而有关肥胖的警告也越来越多。因此,与营养有关的措施在欧盟政治优先议程中排名第一。特别是在2011年底,欧盟引入了新的食品标签规定,加入了营养声明。在此背景下,本文旨在探讨影响意大利食品标签上营养信息的使用和理解的因素,为实施新的营养标签提供有用的指导。该研究提出了对400名消费者样本进行直接调查的一些结果,并通过使用PCA和聚类分析提供了识别不同消费者概况的市场细分。从这一分析中得出的结果表明,有必要将重点放在教育活动上,并为开发商和营销人员以及对设计消费者沟通策略和有效健康计划感兴趣的政府机构提供一些指示。
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引用次数: 9
Technical efficiency and productivity differentials of dairy farms in three EU countries: the role of CAP subsidies 三个欧盟国家奶牛场的技术效率和生产力差异:CAP补贴的作用
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253496
Xueqin Zhu, R. Demeter, A. Lansink
The impact of EU agricultural support policies on farms’ economic performance is an interesting issue for policy makers. The objective of this paper is to investigate technical efficiency and technical efficiency change of specialized German, Dutch and Swedish dairy farms and to compare their relative productivity. Three subsidy-related variables are introduced to reflect the wealth and insurance effect and the coupling effect of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies. Our results imply that a higher degree of coupling in farm support negatively affects farm efficiency, and the motivation of farmers to work efficiently is lower when they depend to a higher degree on subsidies as a source of income. Our study indicates that the composition of subsidies has a much smaller effect on efficiency than does the composition of total farm income. Relative productivity scores show that German and Swedish dairy farms have potential for improvement in productivity, compared to the production technology in the etherlands. In conclusion, it is questionable whether farm income support of CAP since the 1992 CAP reform is suitable to achieve its goal to increase farmers’ overall competitiveness by improving their efficiency.
欧盟农业支持政策对农场经济表现的影响对政策制定者来说是一个有趣的问题。本文的目的是调查德国、荷兰和瑞典专业奶牛场的技术效率和技术效率的变化,并比较它们的相对生产率。引入三个补贴相关变量来反映共同农业政策补贴的财富保险效应和耦合效应。我们的研究结果表明,农业支持的高耦合程度会对农业效率产生负面影响,当农民高度依赖补贴作为收入来源时,他们高效工作的动机就会降低。我们的研究表明,补贴的构成对效率的影响远小于农业总收入的构成。相对生产率得分表明,与荷兰的生产技术相比,德国和瑞典的奶牛场在生产率方面有改进的潜力。综上所述,自1992年CAP改革以来,CAP的农业收入支持是否适合实现其通过提高农民效率来提高农民整体竞争力的目标是值得怀疑的。
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引用次数: 103
Factors affecting the situation of economically weak farms in Switzerland 影响瑞士经济薄弱农场状况的因素
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253491
A. Roesch
Data from the Farm Accountancy Data etwork (FAD) over the period 2005 to 2010 were used to determine the factors that contribute to the financial performance of economically weak farms in Switzerland. The study analyses the economic performance of all farms represented in the 2005-2010 sample period found in terms of work income per family labour unit. To address this issue, the farms were split into two groups: the successful Group A, comprising farms with incomes above CHF 18,300, and the unsuccessful Group B, in which farms remain below this threshold. The differences between the farms in Group A and B were analysed using a panel data logit models. The study found ample evidence that full-time farms tend to be more successful in belonging to the successful group A than farms run only on a part-time basis. The analysis reveals that farms with specialist crops (fruit, vegetables, vines) and finishing farms (pigs and poultry) more frequently belong to the successful Group A than those geared to a different type of production (e.g. cattle rearing or dairy farming).
2005年至2010年期间来自农场会计数据网络(FAD)的数据用于确定导致瑞士经济薄弱农场财务绩效的因素。该研究以每个家庭劳动单位的工作收入为基础,分析了2005-2010年样本期内所有农场的经济表现。为了解决这个问题,农场被分为两组:成功的A组,包括收入超过18,300瑞士法郎的农场;不成功的B组,其中农场仍低于这一门槛。使用面板数据logit模型分析A组和B组养殖场之间的差异。研究发现,有充分的证据表明,全职农场往往比兼职农场更成功地属于成功的A组。分析显示,拥有特殊作物(水果、蔬菜、葡萄)和育肥农场(猪和家禽)的农场比那些从事其他类型生产(如养牛或奶牛养殖)的农场更经常属于成功的A组。
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引用次数: 5
Do Differences in Technical Efficiency Explain the Adoption Rate of HYV Rice? Evidence from Bangladesh 技术效率差异能解释HYV水稻的采用率吗?来自孟加拉国的证据
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253500
K. M. Z. Islam, J. Sumelius, S. Bäckman
This paper estimates the technical efficiency of traditional variety (TV) and highyielding-variety (HYV) rice producers in Bangladesh as well as explores the determinants of HYV rice adoption in a survey data from 360 farmers for the 2008/09 growing seasons. Estimates by stochastic frontier analysis indicated that in spite of its much yield potential, HYV rice production was associated with lower technical efficiency and had a greater variability in yield. Results indicated that technical efficiency of HYV and TV rice were related to age, experience, off-farm income, extension visits, and access to microfinance. A Tobit analysis revealed that the adoption of HYV rice was significantly and positively influenced by farmers’ age and experience, level of technical efficiency, irrigation coverage, off-farm incomes, access to microfinance, perception of yield and membership of village-local groups.
本文估计了孟加拉国传统品种(TV)和高产品种(HYV)水稻生产者的技术效率,并通过对360名农民2008/09生长季节的调查数据探讨了采用高产品种水稻的决定因素。随机前沿分析估计表明,尽管HYV水稻产量潜力巨大,但其技术效率较低,产量变异性较大。结果表明,HYV和TV水稻的技术效率与年龄、经验、非农收入、推广访问量和小额信贷获取情况有关。Tobit的一项分析显示,农民的年龄和经验、技术效率水平、灌溉覆盖率、非农收入、获得小额信贷的机会、对产量的认识和村-地方团体的成员资格对HYV水稻的采用有显著的积极影响。
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引用次数: 40
期刊
Agricultural Economics Review
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