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Climate change, rural household food consumption and vulnerability: the case of Ben Tre province in Vietnam. 气候变化、农村家庭粮食消费和脆弱性:以越南本崔省为例。
Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253795
K. Nguyen, C. Jolly, Chuong Bui, Trang Le
Climate change is associated to sea level rise, increases in temperature and inland salt water intrusion in Vietnam. Ben Tre Province in the Mekong Delta has suffered immensely from recent climate change triggered weather events. Along with salt water intrusion, unusual typhoons also inflicted serious damages to the economy of the province. In this study, we attempt to measure the effects of climate change on household consumption and levels of vulnerability. Three hundred households were surveyed. The distribution of vulnerability index showed that on average there is a 43 percent probability that a coastal household will fall below the minimum consumption threshold level of US $1.25 per capita per day. Forty-six percent of households are vulnerable to climatic risk, while 54 percent of households are considered not vulnerable. The factors affecting food consumption in rural households in Ben Tre Province are the households other sources of income, education level of head of households, livelihood diversity index, the number of contacts the household made to access credit, gender of the head of the household and the number of young people working outside the household. Level of education of the head of household marginally increases consumption risks. The average number of floods that affect the household in the past 10 years reduces consumption vulnerability while the average number of the floods that inundated the community in the past ten years increases consumption vulnerability
越南的气候变化与海平面上升、气温升高和内陆盐水入侵有关。湄公河三角洲的本崔省受到最近气候变化引发的天气事件的严重影响。随着咸水的入侵,罕见的台风也给该省的经济造成了严重的破坏。在这项研究中,我们试图衡量气候变化对家庭消费和脆弱性水平的影响。调查了300个家庭。脆弱性指数的分布表明,平均而言,沿海家庭低于人均每天1.25美元的最低消费门槛水平的概率为43%。46%的家庭容易受到气候风险的影响,而54%的家庭被认为不容易受到气候风险的影响。影响本特雷省农村家庭食品消费的因素是家庭其他收入来源、户主的教育水平、生计多样性指数、家庭获得信贷的接触次数、户主的性别和在家庭外工作的年轻人数量。户主的受教育程度略微增加了消费风险。过去10年影响家庭的平均洪水次数降低了消费脆弱性,而过去10年淹没社区的平均洪水次数增加了消费脆弱性
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引用次数: 8
Technical and Scale Efficiency in the Italian Citrus Farming: Comparison between SFA and DEA Approaches 意大利柑橘种植的技术效率和规模效率:SFA和DEA方法的比较
Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253696
F. Madau
Several studies have compared technical efficiency estimates derived from parametric and non parametric approaches, whereas a very small number of studies have aimed to compare scale efficiency estimations. This paper aims to estimate technical and scale efficiency in the Italian citrus farming. Estimation was carried out using both Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Empirical findings suggest that the greater portion of overall inefficiency in the sample might depend on producing below the production frontier than on operating under an inefficient scale. Furthermore, we found that the estimated technical efficiency from the SFA model is substantially at the same level of this estimated from DEA model, whereas the scale efficiency arisen from SFA is larger than this obtained from DEA analysis.
一些研究比较了从参数方法和非参数方法得出的技术效率估计,而很少有研究旨在比较规模效率估计。本文旨在评估意大利柑橘种植的技术效率和规模效率。采用数据包络分析(DEA)和随机前沿分析(SFA)进行估计。实证研究结果表明,样本中整体效率低下的更大一部分可能取决于低于生产边界的生产,而不是在低效率规模下经营。此外,我们发现SFA模型估算的技术效率与DEA模型估算的技术效率基本处于同一水平,而SFA模型产生的规模效率大于DEA分析。
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引用次数: 16
Determining Factors of Farm Exit in Agriculture in Switzerland 瑞士农业农业出口的决定因素
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253691
A. Ferjani, A. Zimmermann, A. Roesch
Over the past 30 years, the number of farms in Switzerland decreased by an average of almost 2% per annum. The average area per farm rose from 10 ha to over 19 ha. In order to analyse the forces driving farm exits, this study uses data from the Swiss Farm Structure Survey (FSS) between 2001 and 2011. These data are used in binary logistic regression models to estimate exit probabilities and determining factors of structural change. The logit results show that the probability of farm exit decreases for younger but increases for older operators. Organic farming, farm size, number of manpower units per hectare and farming full-time are also found to have a significant negative influence on exit. By contrast, work intensity and sex of the farm operator positively influence farm exits
在过去的30年里,瑞士的农场数量平均每年减少近2%。每个农场的平均面积从10公顷增加到19公顷以上。为了分析推动农场退出的力量,本研究使用了2001年至2011年瑞士农场结构调查(FSS)的数据。这些数据被用于二元逻辑回归模型来估计退出概率和确定结构变化的因素。logit结果表明,年轻经营者退出农场的概率降低,而年老经营者退出农场的概率增加。有机农业、农场规模、每公顷人力单位数和全职耕作对出口也有显著的负向影响。相反,农场经营者的工作强度和性别对农场出口有正向影响
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引用次数: 11
Financial Flexibility in agricultural investment decisions: A discrete choice experiment 农业投资决策中的财务灵活性:一个离散选择实验
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253690
Friederike Anastassiadis, U. Liebe, O. Musshoff
Using a discrete choice experiment we examine the role of financial flexibility in agricultural investment decisions. The data is analyzed with a mixed logit model and reveals that financial flexibility is an important decision-making factor. Every third participant indicates that, compared to the criteria profitability and risk, financial flexibility is even determining his/her investment decision. Furthermore, it was possible to quantify an economic value for the financial flexibility that is significantly different from zero.
利用离散选择实验,我们考察了财务灵活性在农业投资决策中的作用。采用混合logit模型对数据进行分析,发现财务灵活性是一个重要的决策因素。三分之一的参与者表示,与盈利能力和风险标准相比,财务灵活性甚至决定了他/她的投资决策。此外,有可能量化财务灵活性的经济价值,它与零有很大的不同。
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引用次数: 7
Attitudes towards organic fruits and vegetables 对有机水果和蔬菜的态度
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253688
T. Vukasović
Organic food market is very challenging in Europe and developing rapidly with different rates between western and eastern part. Consumers have raised great interest to healthy and tasty diet with high nutritional compounds, confidence in food safety, environmental and animal welfare concern and also sustainability. The objective of this paper is to gain knowledge about attitudes toward organic fruits and vegetables among European Union (EU) consumers. Results indicated that organic buyers tend to be younger and higher educated than those who do not buy them. In addition, consumers’ trust in the authenticity of the goods and price are also issues. According to the research results an important task for the producers will be to increase consumers’ knowledge of what an organic product is and how to differentiate it in the marketplace. Along with knowledgeable and educated consumers, consumption could be raised on another level.
有机食品市场在欧洲发展迅速,但东西部发展速度不同。消费者对健康、美味、高营养化合物的饮食产生了极大的兴趣,对食品安全、环境和动物福利以及可持续发展充满信心。本文的目的是了解欧盟(EU)消费者对有机水果和蔬菜的态度。结果表明,有机食品的购买者往往比那些不购买有机食品的人更年轻,受教育程度更高。此外,消费者对商品真实性和价格的信任也是问题。根据研究结果,生产者的一个重要任务是增加消费者对什么是有机产品以及如何在市场上区分它的知识。随着有知识和受过教育的消费者,消费可以在另一个层面上提高。
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引用次数: 12
Competitive strategies in the Italian pasta industry 意大利面食行业的竞争策略
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253693
M. Simeone, G. Marotta, Giacomo Rotondo
The aim of this research paper is to analyse the Italian pasta market with a specific focus on the competitive strategies played by different brands. We applied a theoretical approach to statistical data from preeminent sources. For each company, we calculated an index in order to infer the price elasticity. From the results, we deduced that for some of the companies analysed, the value assumed by the index has led to a cross price elasticity rather than own price elasticity. For these companies, the economic results are influenced mainly by the competitors’ price policies rather than from their own price policies. That indicator I·, whose calculation is straightforward, is able to relate the variation of quantities sold to the variations of sales revenues. This is an index of strength or vulnerability of each company that gives a measure of competition. The effectiveness of the non-price strategies will be undoubtedly reflected on the parameter I·.
本研究论文的目的是分析意大利面食市场,特别关注不同品牌的竞争策略。我们采用理论方法处理来自卓越来源的统计数据。对于每个公司,我们计算了一个指数来推断价格弹性。从结果来看,我们推断,对于一些被分析的公司,指数假设的价值导致了交叉价格弹性,而不是自身的价格弹性。对于这些公司来说,其经济效益主要受竞争对手的价格政策影响,而不是受自己的价格政策影响。该指标I·的计算很简单,能够将销售数量的变化与销售收入的变化联系起来。这是每个公司的优势或弱点的指数,给出了一个衡量竞争的指标。非价格策略的有效性无疑将反映在参数I·上。
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引用次数: 4
Bio-economic modelling to assess the impact of water pricing policies at the farm level in the Oum Zessar watershed, southern Tunisia 利用生物经济模型评估突尼斯南部Oum Zessar流域农场水价政策的影响
Pub Date : 2014-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253681
H. Jeder, M. Sghaier, K. Louhichi, P. Reidsma
For integrated assessment at farm level, the Farm System SIMulator model (FSSIM) was used. FSSIM is a bio-economic model developed for the European context, and was adapted and tested for Tunisian conditions to assess, ex-ante, impacts of water pricing policies at the farm level to the year 2015. The results show that all farm types are strongly dependent on the water pricing policy. Farmers that have private irrigation systems and pay for pumping mainly, are more sensitive to the progressive increase of irrigation water costs compared to farms that obtain water from public irrigation systems, who pay for the amount of water received. A sensitivity analysis showed that increasing the water price with more than 17% is not advisable to local decision makers, because the net income continued to decline, while the water consumption remained stable with further increases. Hence, there is no further gain in terms of water saving. Overall, intensive agricultural systems with private irrigation systems seem more vulnerable and unsustainable and therefore the extension of public irrigation systems and semi-intensive agriculture is recommendable to improve the sustainability of agriculture in this arid zone.
采用农场系统模拟器模型(FSSIM)对农场水平进行综合评价。FSSIM是为欧洲环境开发的生物经济模型,并根据突尼斯的情况进行了调整和测试,以事先评估到2015年农场水价政策的影响。结果表明,各类型养殖场对水价政策的依赖程度均较高。与从公共灌溉系统取水的农场相比,拥有私人灌溉系统并主要支付抽水费用的农民对灌溉用水成本的逐步增加更为敏感,而从公共灌溉系统取水的农场则需要支付取水费用。敏感性分析表明,水价上涨超过17%对地方决策者来说是不可取的,因为净收入持续下降,而用水量在进一步上涨后保持稳定。因此,在节水方面没有进一步的收益。总的来说,具有私人灌溉系统的集约化农业系统似乎更脆弱和不可持续,因此建议扩大公共灌溉系统和半集约化农业,以改善这一干旱区农业的可持续性。
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引用次数: 4
Using private food safety standards to manage complexity: a moral hazard perspective. 使用私人食品安全标准管理复杂性:道德风险视角。
Pub Date : 2014-07-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253686
C. Russo, M. Perito, A. D. Fonzo
Private food safety standards (PFSS) are widely adopted by firms in the agro-food system, as they meet an increasing consumer demand for safety and quality. Yet, recent economic literature found that PFSS might serve other purposes than just ensuring food safety. Our paper contributes to this literature, framing PFSS within a contract-theory model. We conclude that PFSS can be used to lower the coordination costs along the supply chain and that their effects go beyond ensuring the production of quality and safety attributes. The model shows that PFSS can reduce the cost of solving moral hazard problems for non-discriminating buyers facing heterogeneous suppliers. Noticeably, the opportunism may concern any of the many dimensions of the transaction, without being limited to the production of quality or safety attributes that are normed by the standard. The optimal strategy requires that the supplier’s adoption cost of the standard must be a non-negligible specific investment. This condition explains why we observe PFSS that are heterogeneous (i.e., the certification cannot be used in other transaction freely) and much more rigorous than public regulations (i.e., they require incremental costs).
私营食品安全标准(PFSS)被农业食品系统中的公司广泛采用,因为它们满足了消费者对安全和质量日益增长的需求。然而,最近的经济学文献发现,PFSS可能有其他目的,而不仅仅是确保食品安全。我们的论文为这一文献做出了贡献,在契约理论模型中构建了PFSS。我们认为,PFSS可以降低供应链上的协调成本,其影响不仅仅是确保生产的质量和安全属性。模型表明,对于面对异质供应商的非歧视性购买者,PFSS可以降低解决道德风险问题的成本。值得注意的是,机会主义可能涉及交易的许多方面中的任何一个,而不限于生产标准所规范的质量或安全属性。最优策略要求供应商采用标准的成本必须是不可忽略的特定投资。这个条件解释了为什么我们观察到PFSS是异构的(即,认证不能在其他交易中自由使用),并且比公共法规严格得多(即,它们需要增加成本)。
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引用次数: 6
Agricultural Trade Integration in Western Balkans: Orientation and Complementarity 西巴尔干地区农业贸易一体化:取向与互补性
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253684
Dimitrios Natos, Christos Staboulis, E. Tsakiridou
As guidance for the integration of Western Balkans (WBs) to EU is based on the lessons learnt by the accession of Central and Eastern Europe countries in 2004 and 2007, an important element for the prospects of WBs EU membership, is the regional trade integration through the CEFTA2006 agreement. Since CEFTA2006 entry into force in 2007, agricultural trade among CEFTA2006 members as well as among Western Balkan countries and EU members expanded significantly. EU countries constitute the destination of almost half of Western Balkan agricultural exports. In this context, this study attempts firstly to evaluate the degree of sectoral and geographical dispersion of six selected Western Balkan countries and CEFTA2006 members’ agricultural exports, namely Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia and Serbia and secondly to assess the extent of agricultural trade complementarity between Western Balkans and EU countries. The study, utilizing the latest available agricultural trade data (classified by the Combined nomenclature at two digit level) for the period 2007-2012, identifies twenty four agricultural sectors (C codes 01-24) in order to construct three trade indices, namely Regional Hirschmann, Sectoral Hirschmann and the Trade Complementarity Index. Calculations indicate that among Western Balkan countries, Serbia and FYR Macedonia displays the utmost geographical distribution of their agricultural exports, while Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro exhibit the greatest sectoral exports dispersion. As it concerns the complementarity of Western Balkans agricultural exports to EU markets, overall, neighboring EU members are not calculated as favorable towards agricultural exports, while orth-Western EU countries like Finland, Germany, UK or France are displaying greater potentials as future exporting markets.
由于西巴尔干地区(WBs)加入欧盟的指导是基于2004年和2007年中欧和东欧国家加入欧盟的经验教训,因此WBs加入欧盟的前景的一个重要因素是通过CEFTA2006协议实现区域贸易一体化。自2007年CEFTA2006生效以来,CEFTA2006成员国之间以及西巴尔干国家与欧盟成员国之间的农业贸易显著扩大。欧盟国家几乎占西巴尔干农业出口的一半。在此背景下,本研究首先试图评估选定的六个西巴尔干国家和CEFTA2006成员国(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚、黑山、前南斯拉夫马其顿和塞尔维亚)的农业出口部门和地理分散程度,其次评估西巴尔干国家与欧盟国家之间的农业贸易互补性程度。本研究利用2007-2012年期间可获得的最新农业贸易数据(按两位数组合命名法分类),确定了24个农业部门(C代码01-24),以构建三个贸易指数,即区域Hirschmann、部门Hirschmann和贸易互补性指数。计算表明,在西巴尔干国家中,塞尔维亚和前南斯拉夫马其顿的农业出口地理分布最大,而波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那和黑山的部门出口分散程度最大。考虑到西巴尔干地区农产品出口对欧盟市场的互补性,总体而言,邻近的欧盟成员国并不看好农产品出口,而芬兰、德国、英国或法国等欧盟西北部国家则显示出更大的未来出口市场潜力。
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引用次数: 4
Young Farmers' Perceived Service Quality of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture: A SERVQUAL Approach 希腊农业部青年农民感知服务质量:SERVQUAL方法
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.253676
A. Kontogeorgos, Dimitrios Tselempis, P. Karipidis
The Greek State, through the Ministry of Rural Development and Food (MRDF) offers different types of public services for rural development to farmers and especially young farmers. The evaluation of these services is of critical importance for the government, concerning the adopted policy and the farmers themselves. In this study, SERVQUAL instrument has been used in a sample of 146 young farmers participating in the measure 112 ‘Setting up of young farmers’ (Common Agricultural Policy, Pillar II), in order to explore their expectations, their perceptions and, through them, the service quality provided by the Ministry of Rural Development and Food in central Macedonia – Greece. Τhe results indicate that the level of quality of the services provided by the ministry is not satisfactory. These quality gaps are observed in quality characteristics concerning the “social skills” of the MRDF’s employees.
希腊国家通过农村发展和食品部向农民,特别是青年农民提供不同类型的农村发展公共服务。对这些服务的评估对政府来说至关重要,这关系到所采取的政策和农民本身。在本研究中,SERVQUAL工具在146名参与措施112“建立青年农民”(共同农业政策第二支柱)的青年农民样本中使用,以探索他们的期望、看法,并通过他们了解马其顿-希腊中部农村发展和食品部提供的服务质量。Τhe结果表明,该部提供的服务质量水平并不令人满意。这些质量差距在MRDF员工的“社交技能”质量特征中被观察到。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Agricultural Economics Review
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