Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV16
J. M. Casado
People living in care-homes has been Covid-19 pandemia’s preferential victims. Our aim is to offer some reflexions about it: 1) Nursing-home problems related to Covid-19 were detected to late. Legal supervisors of these centers, CCAA, were, probably, negligent. 2) Residential centers are a very heterogeneus world from any point of view we should take into account: size, institutional dependency, number and qualification of health and non-health workers, resources, functional protocols, etc. We can not consider them as an unitariam group, 3) Health vulnerability is the rule. Many reasons help to understand it: high age (mean about 90 y,), presence of chronic diseases, rates of physical and mental dependency, need of intensive help for daily living’s activities, etc. They live in closed spaces, with many common activities, and difficulties for isolation. Social ageism has added another perverse factor. The result has been a very high rates of mortality. 4) A key point to understand the past and to prevent future similar events, would be to analyce the degree of medicalization each nursing-home needs. 5) We must learn from this experience and we must change many of our previous standard thoughts regarding the functional approach to this sort of setting.
{"title":"Nursing-home and Covid-19: What have we learnt?","authors":"J. M. Casado","doi":"10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV16","url":null,"abstract":"People living in care-homes has been Covid-19 pandemia’s preferential victims. Our aim is to offer some reflexions about it: 1) Nursing-home problems related to Covid-19 were detected to late. Legal supervisors of these centers, CCAA, were, probably, negligent. 2) Residential centers are a very heterogeneus world from any point of view we should take into account: size, institutional dependency, number and qualification of health and non-health workers, resources, functional protocols, etc. We can not consider them as an unitariam group, 3) Health vulnerability is the rule. Many reasons help to understand it: high age (mean about 90 y,), presence of chronic diseases, rates of physical and mental dependency, need of intensive help for daily living’s activities, etc. They live in closed spaces, with many common activities, and difficulties for isolation. Social ageism has added another perverse factor. The result has been a very high rates of mortality. 4) A key point to understand the past and to prevent future similar events, would be to analyce the degree of medicalization each nursing-home needs. 5) We must learn from this experience and we must change many of our previous standard thoughts regarding the functional approach to this sort of setting.","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45836923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.32440/ar.2020.137.02.rev15
D. Fernández-Nieto
The cutaneous manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are frequent and varied. Knowing these manifestations facilitates the diagnosis of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases, contributing to reduce the spread of the virus. There are 5 main presentation patterns: acral areas of erythema-oedema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo-perniosis), other vesicular eruptions, urticarial lesions, maculopapular eruptions and livedo or necrosis. Most patterns can be further subdivided. The prognosis depends on the age of the patient and the severity of the respiratory clinic, not on the skin manifestation itself. Pseudo-chilblain lesions and vesicular eruptions are considered suggestive of COVID-19, while the rest of manifestations are unspecific and could occur in the context of other diseases. The physiopathological mechanisms involved in the appearance of skin lesions have yet to be categorized. There are 3 main hypotheses: hyperactive immune response, activation of the complement pathway and alterations in the coagulation cascade. Different alterations in each pathway would justify the great variety in the way that the different skin manifestations are presented. The causal relationship between some of the skin manifestations and COVID-19 is not yet fully demonstrated, since there are other factors such as drugs or fever that could be confounding factors. The presence of viral particles has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques in pseudo-chilblain lesions, purpuric maculopapular exanthema and erythema multiforme. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques from the skin samples have been negative in every conducted study.
{"title":"Dermatologic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","authors":"D. Fernández-Nieto","doi":"10.32440/ar.2020.137.02.rev15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/ar.2020.137.02.rev15","url":null,"abstract":"The cutaneous manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are frequent and varied. Knowing these manifestations facilitates the diagnosis of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases, contributing to reduce the spread of the virus.\u0000There are 5 main presentation patterns: acral areas of erythema-oedema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo-perniosis), other vesicular eruptions, urticarial lesions, maculopapular eruptions and livedo or necrosis. Most patterns can be further subdivided. The prognosis depends on the age of the patient and the severity of the respiratory clinic, not on the skin manifestation itself.\u0000Pseudo-chilblain lesions and vesicular eruptions are considered suggestive of COVID-19, while the rest of manifestations are unspecific and could occur in the context of other diseases.\u0000The physiopathological mechanisms involved in the appearance of skin lesions have yet to be categorized. There are 3 main hypotheses: hyperactive immune response, activation of the complement pathway and alterations in the coagulation cascade. Different alterations in each pathway would justify the great variety in the way that the different skin manifestations are presented.\u0000The causal relationship between some of the skin manifestations and COVID-19 is not yet fully demonstrated, since there are other factors such as drugs or fever that could be confounding factors. The presence of viral particles has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques in pseudo-chilblain lesions, purpuric maculopapular exanthema and erythema multiforme. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques from the skin samples have been negative in every conducted study.","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44503441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV18
M. Esteban, J. G. Arriaza
There is a general consensus that the only way to stop the pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is through the development of an effective and safe vaccine. Various countries have move forward to develop a vaccine, and currently a number of preclinical and clinical trials phase I/II revealed that some of the vaccines triggered activation of humoral and cellular immune responses that could be relevant in protection against the coronavirus, but it remains yet to demonstrated efficacy in the population of any of the vaccines. Our group of Poxvirus and Vaccines at the CNB-CSIC started with the development of a vaccine immediately after the full genome (30.000 nucleotides) sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 was published in January 10, 2020. In this article we describe the steps that we have follow up to develop a vaccine candidate using as a vector (vehicle) an attenuated strain of modified vaccinia virus strain (MVA) expressing the full-length S (Spike) protein of SARS-CoV-2. We have demonstrated in cultured cells and in animals (mice) that the vaccine fulfills relevant criteria to be considered a candidate against COVID-19, like expression of the entire protein at the cell membrane, formation of oligomers (trimers), high stability and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies, a type of Th1 response and induction of a wide spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells, like CD4+, CD8+, Tfh, Tregs and memory cells. We have programmed efficacy studies in animals (humanized mice and macaques) and phase I/II and III clinical trials. The GMP lot is under production by an Spanish company and a patent has been presented.
{"title":"Towards the spanish vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the pandemic Covid-19","authors":"M. Esteban, J. G. Arriaza","doi":"10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV18","url":null,"abstract":"There is a general consensus that the only way to stop the pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is through the development of an effective and safe vaccine. Various countries have move forward to develop a vaccine, and currently a number of preclinical and clinical trials phase I/II revealed that some of the vaccines triggered activation of humoral and cellular immune responses that could be relevant in protection against the coronavirus, but it remains yet to demonstrated efficacy in the population of any of the vaccines. Our group of Poxvirus and Vaccines at the CNB-CSIC started with the development of a vaccine immediately after the full genome (30.000 nucleotides) sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 was published in January 10, 2020. In this article we describe the steps that we have follow up to develop a vaccine candidate using as a vector (vehicle) an attenuated strain of modified vaccinia virus strain (MVA) expressing the full-length S (Spike) protein of SARS-CoV-2. We have demonstrated in cultured cells and in animals (mice) that the vaccine fulfills relevant criteria to be considered a candidate against COVID-19, like expression of the entire protein at the cell membrane, formation of oligomers (trimers), high stability and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies, a type of Th1 response and induction of a wide spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells, like CD4+, CD8+, Tfh, Tregs and memory cells. We have programmed efficacy studies in animals (humanized mice and macaques) and phase I/II and III clinical trials. The GMP lot is under production by an Spanish company and a patent has been presented.","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46770822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV14
J. García-Moncó
The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has conditioned a severe pulmonary disease with multi-system involvement. Recently, a variety of neurological disorders has been associated with this infection, including lack of smell (anosmia), lack of taste (ageusia), headache, myalgias, confusional states (encephalopathies), dizziness, seizures, strokes, and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies. A direct damage by the virus as well as secondary inflammatory and immune mechanisms triggered by the viral infection may be responsible for the nervous system abnormalities. The virus can gain access to the nervous system from the bloodstream and/or through the peripheral nerves in a retrograde transport. There is no specific therapy for these problems, thus treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Oftentimes a prothrombotic state is created during the infection; hence, anticoagulation should be considered in those patients.
{"title":"Neurological disorders in Covid-19: clinical involvement and pathophysiological mechanisms","authors":"J. García-Moncó","doi":"10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV14","url":null,"abstract":"The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has conditioned a severe pulmonary disease with multi-system involvement. Recently, a variety of neurological disorders has been associated with this infection, including lack of smell (anosmia), lack of taste (ageusia), headache, myalgias, confusional states (encephalopathies), dizziness, seizures, strokes, and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies.\u0000A direct damage by the virus as well as secondary inflammatory and immune mechanisms triggered by the viral infection may be responsible for the nervous system abnormalities. The virus can gain access to the nervous system from the bloodstream and/or through the peripheral nerves in a retrograde transport.\u0000There is no specific therapy for these problems, thus treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Oftentimes a prothrombotic state is created during the infection; hence, anticoagulation should be considered in those patients.","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48016332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV02
J. Martin-Moreno
Increasing globalization drives complex human, biological and commercial interactions that affect the way we live and get sick. The pandemic risk that has appeared with the COVID-19 had already been anticipated by many institutions and experts, yet our governments and decision-makers have not prepared themselves sufficiently. This has meant that the devastating epidemic we have suffered has caught our entire system off guard. The SARS in 2003 and the MERS in 2012 were previous warnings of coronavirus mutations that presented a worrying infectivity and lethality, although they managed to be controlled with public health measures. On this occasion, the arrogance of many of our countries has meant that although the pandemic was coming progressively and announced, we did not do enough to prepare and strengthen the health system and public health. In this paper, we basically review the etiological agent, the incubation period, the mechanisms of transmission, the risk factors, the summarized clinical manifestations, the epidemiological analysis of the situation (including incidence or new cases, mortality and lethality, and estimating the excess mortality associated with the COVID-19), and the confinement and gradual stages of de-escalation. From the social point of view, the vulnerable groups that have been particularly affected by COVID-19 in Spain are identified. The article concludes by reviewing preventive medicine and public health measures in the face of COVID-19. This is articulated through the measures of basic hygiene and to investigate what we can expect from primary prevention through the mechanism of immunization that can provide us with vaccines. In the final part, the problem is discussed in order to develop, select, prioritize, and distribute these vaccines as a universal good, and it is emphasized that for now, and while we lack vaccines, our obligation is to continue insisting on hygiene and… on healthy behaviors. And to emphasize the importance of education for a better world.
{"title":"COVID-19 crisis: epidemiological and social perspective of an unprecedented pandemic in our lives","authors":"J. Martin-Moreno","doi":"10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.REV02","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing globalization drives complex human, biological and commercial interactions that affect the way we live and get sick. The pandemic risk that has appeared with the COVID-19 had already been anticipated by many institutions and experts, yet our governments and decision-makers have not prepared themselves sufficiently. This has meant that the devastating epidemic we have suffered has caught our entire system off guard. The SARS in 2003 and the MERS in 2012 were previous warnings of coronavirus mutations that presented a worrying infectivity and lethality, although they managed to be controlled with public health measures. On this occasion, the arrogance of many of our countries has meant that although the pandemic was coming progressively and announced, we did not do enough to prepare and strengthen the health system and public health.\u0000In this paper, we basically review the etiological agent, the incubation period, the mechanisms of transmission, the risk factors, the summarized clinical manifestations, the epidemiological analysis of the situation (including incidence or new cases, mortality and lethality, and estimating the excess mortality associated with the COVID-19), and the confinement and gradual stages of de-escalation. From the social point of view, the vulnerable groups that have been particularly affected by COVID-19 in Spain are identified. The article concludes by reviewing preventive medicine and public health measures in the face of COVID-19. This is articulated through the measures of basic hygiene and to investigate what we can expect from primary prevention through the mechanism of immunization that can provide us with vaccines. In the final part, the problem is discussed in order to develop, select, prioritize, and distribute these vaccines as a universal good, and it is emphasized that for now, and while we lack vaccines, our obligation is to continue insisting on hygiene and… on healthy behaviors. And to emphasize the importance of education for a better world.","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42751591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.CC02
A. C. Jentoft
Empezó un domingo en el monte. Más precisamente cerca de la cumbre del Cerro de la Almenara, junto a Robledo de Chavela, donde noté un primer escalofrío que atribuí a un desequilibrio entre la cantidad de ropa de abrigo y la frialdad del viento. Nada más. Me sentía fuerte y capaz: volví a casa tras más de 15 km de senderismo en perfecta forma física, sin agujetas, con el sano cansancio de esta actividad.
它开始于一个星期天在山上。更准确地说，在Cerro de la Almenara山顶附近，在Robledo de Chavela旁边，我注意到第一次寒意，我认为这是由于暖和的衣服数量和寒冷的风之间的不平衡。而已。我感到强壮而有能力:徒步超过15公里后，我以完美的身体状态回到了家，没有僵硬，这次活动带来了健康的疲劳。
{"title":"Account of a doctor who fell ill with COVID-19","authors":"A. C. Jentoft","doi":"10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.CC02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/AR.2020.137.02.CC02","url":null,"abstract":"Empezó un domingo en el monte. Más precisamente cerca de la cumbre del Cerro de la Almenara, junto a Robledo de Chavela, donde noté un primer escalofrío que atribuí a un desequilibrio entre la cantidad de ropa de abrigo y la frialdad del viento. Nada más. Me sentía fuerte y capaz: volví a casa tras más de 15 km de senderismo en perfecta forma física, sin agujetas, con el sano cansancio de esta actividad.","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45356983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.32440/ar.2020.137.01.rev01
Gabriel Téllez-de-Peralta
The techniques of cardipulmonary recovery constitue a combination of manouvers used in those ocassions that occur with the sudden interruption of breathing and spontaneous circulation, only if it occurs in an unexpected way and is potentially reversible. Mechanical circulatory support has been previously exposed (1,2), thus we will focus on mechanical respiratory support in this publication. Palabras clave:
{"title":"Mechanical respiratory support. ECMO. Liquid ventilation","authors":"Gabriel Téllez-de-Peralta","doi":"10.32440/ar.2020.137.01.rev01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/ar.2020.137.01.rev01","url":null,"abstract":"The techniques of cardipulmonary recovery constitue a combination of manouvers used in those ocassions that occur with the sudden interruption of breathing and spontaneous circulation, only if it occurs in an unexpected way and is potentially reversible. Mechanical circulatory support has been previously exposed (1,2), thus we will focus on mechanical respiratory support in this publication. Palabras clave:","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43164792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.32440/ar.2020.137.01.supl01
{"title":"Vida Académica 2019","authors":"","doi":"10.32440/ar.2020.137.01.supl01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/ar.2020.137.01.supl01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46968255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-05DOI: 10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev07
J. Ribera-Casado, Montserrat Lázaro-Nogal
With this paper authors offer a description of the main problems derived of abuse, mistreatment and negligence produced over elderly people. It is difficult to know the magnitude of the problem, but data suggests that about 10-20% of elders could be victims of this situation. Our aim is to do a call to professionals and society in order to take into account this question, and to look for ways that minimize it. We present data from medical and social publications, and we analyse the different situation of abuse, mistreatment and negligence in financial, psychological, and physical fields, its manifestations and consequences, as well as its risk factors and the profile of victims and aggressors. We offer some suggestions about the ways to procedure in these cases. Palabras clave:
{"title":"Elder abuse and mistreatment","authors":"J. Ribera-Casado, Montserrat Lázaro-Nogal","doi":"10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev07","url":null,"abstract":"With this paper authors offer a description of the main problems derived of abuse, mistreatment and negligence produced over elderly people. It is difficult to know the magnitude of the problem, but data suggests that about 10-20% of elders could be victims of this situation. Our aim is to do a call to professionals and society in order to take into account this question, and to look for ways that minimize it. We present data from medical and social publications, and we analyse the different situation of abuse, mistreatment and negligence in financial, psychological, and physical fields, its manifestations and consequences, as well as its risk factors and the profile of victims and aggressors. We offer some suggestions about the ways to procedure in these cases. Palabras clave:","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49532021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-05DOI: 10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev05
Julián García-Sánchez
{"title":"Chromatic vision","authors":"Julián García-Sánchez","doi":"10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75487,"journal":{"name":"Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47961435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：