Beitrage zur Pathologie最新文献

After colorectal polypectomy the further surgical therapy is based upon histomorphological features. In case of an adenoma with carcinoma, statements concerning classification, degree of differentiation (grade of malignancy), and depth of invasion are necessary. For the histopathological report a form is recommended. When completing this form all clinically essential informations are given.

A case of rheumatoid disease with localised granulomatous involvement of the leptomeninges is described. This meningeal disease apparently caused a symptomatic epilepsy. This is thought to be only the second reported case of rheumatoid granulomatous involvement of the leptomeninges.

The exfoliating epithelial surface of 15 invasive squamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix was investigated with the aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). At low magnification (⩽ 5,000 X) thirteen tumors presented irregular cobblestone-like structures and the remaining two, irregular intermediate formations (i.e. between cobblestones and mosaics). Cellular overlapping was found in three tumors. At higher magnifications (up to 25,000 X) all 15 tumors showed irregular disorganized structures such as bizarre microvilli with or without fragmented microrugae. Seven tumors had in addition tall finger-shaped protrusions and two rumors crater-like formations covered by irregular microvilli. The SEM structures found in invasive squamous carcinoma differed from the SEM structures earlier reported for the normal squamous or glandular epithelium, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix.

Introduction: After feeding fructose for 7 days rat liver cells show an accumulation of glycogen, a high activity of glucose-6-phosphatase combined with a SER- and RER-reduction. This result was reviewed by mouse liver cells using histochemical and morphometrical methods.

Material and Methods: 60% fructose in drinking water was given mice as only nutritional source. Controls had free access to Altromin-R-standard diet and drinking water. Glycogen and glycogen metabolizing enzymes are demonstrated in the course of an 1–14 days fructose diet. After a 7 days diet liver tissue was analysed morphometrically.

Results and discussion: Feeding of fructose leads to a high glycogen content, combined with a high activity of glycogen-phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver parenchyma of mouse. Glycogen-synthetase activity falls to a low level. The SER and RER and the peroxisomes are reduced. The single volume of the hepatic nucleus is decreased and the hepatocellular chondrioma is transformed in a smaller number of larger mitochondria. Compared with the rat the analysed organelles and enzymes of mouse liver show only slight quantitative differences. The increase of glucose-6-phosphatase and simultaneous reduction of endoplasmic reticulum-membranes is illustrated by the dynamic structure of endoplasmic reticulum-membranes, which adapt to metabolic changes. The variable turnover of different parts of endoplasmic reticulum-membranes seems to be very important.

Tissue sections of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches were examined using an immunohistochemical demonstration of T- and B-lymphocytes in athymic homozygous nude mice possessing a known 1–5% of T-lymphocytes. Some of the few lymphocytes in the tyhmus-dependent periarteriolar zone of the spleen white pulp, the paracortex of lymph nodes and interfollicular area of Peyer's patches were identified as T-lymphocytes. Also, singular T-lymphocytes occur in the thymus-independent marginal zone of the spleen white pulp, cortex and medulla of lymph nodes, as well as the follicular and subepithelial zones of Peyer's patches. These results indicate that the decreased numbers of T-cells in nude mice are found preferably in thymus-dependent regions, and to a smaller degree may recirculate in a similar way as in normal mice.

Kryostatschnitte von Milz, Lymphknoten und Peyerschen Platten homozygoter thymusloser „nude“ Mäuse wurden immunhistochemisch bezüglich der Verteilung von T- und B-Lymphozyten untersucht. Es ist bekannt, daß „nude“ Mäuse 1–5% T-Lymphozyten besitzen können. Tatsächlich sind einige der wenigen Lymphozyten in den thymusabhängigen Bezirken — periarterioläre Zone der weißen Pulpa der Milz, Parakortikalregion der Lymphknoten, interfollikulär in den Peyerschen Platten — als T-Lymphozyten zu identifizieren. Auch sind einzelne T-Lymphozyten in den thymusunabhängigen Bereichen — Marginalzone der weißen Pulpa der Milz, Cortex und Medulla der Lymphknoten sowie follikulär und subepithelial in den Peyerschen Platten — zu finden. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die wenigen in „nude“ Mäusen vorhandenen T-Lymphozyten überwiegend in den thymusabhängigen Regionen lokalisiert sind und vermutlich nur ein kleiner Teil durch thymusunabhängige Gebiete rezirkuliert.

Verrucous endocarditis in the newborn is not only a rare but also a problematic disease as concerns its etiology and pathogenesis. In the older literature septic infections of mother and child were said to be the causative factors. Recent experiences with the pathophysiology and pathomorphology of shock have also shown new aspects of the origin of this kind of endocarditis.

Two cases from our own experience are compared with 7 cases from the literature. In the maternal history of gestation there was no infectious disease which could explain the endocarditis of the newborn. A short time after delivery the children showed a respiratory distress syndrome and died between 1.5 hours and 3 days after birth. At autopsy verrucous vegetations up to 8 × 5 × 4 mm in diameter were found on the tricuspid valve in 8 cases, once on the mitral valve and twice on both mitral and tricuspid valve. Malformations of the hearts were not noted. Histologically the fresh vegetations consist of clotted platelets and a fibrin network. At the base of the verruca the valvular leaflets show an edema, occasional fibroblastic changes and tiny lympho-histiocytic infiltrates in the subendothelial layer. Extracardial findings are hyaline membranes of the lungs and microthrombi in small vessels of lung, heart, liver and kidney due to shock and consumption-coagulopathy.

According to Mittermayer et al. (1971a, b) who studied endocarditis verrucosa simplex in adults and animal-experiments endocarditis verrucosa simplex of the newborn is probably caused by intrauterine or perinatal shock.

2 eigene Beobachtungen von Endocarditis verrucosa simplex bei Neugeborenen werden mit 7 Berichten aus der Literatur verglichen.

• 1.

  Die Endocarditis verrucosa simplex der Neugeborenen stellt kein eigenständiges Krankheitsbild dar, sondern ist Ausdruck eines Neugeborenenschocks und zumeist mit disseminierter, intravasaler Gerinnung und pulmonalen hyalinen Membranen verbunden.

• 2.

  Die Pathohistologie dieser Endokarditisform entspricht der Endocarditis verrucosa simplex Erwachsener.

• 3.

  Die ungewöhnliche Lokalisation der Endocarditis verrucosa simplex bei Neugeborenen auf der Valvula tricuspidalis könnte durch die besonderen Kreislaufverhältnisse der Fetal- und Neonatalperiode erklärt werden.

• 4.

  Klinische Daten und Schwangerschaftsanamnese schließen eine bakteriell septische Erkrankung als Ursache der Endocarditis verrucosa simplex aus.

The structural features of 26 spontaneous pituitary tumors in aging female Long-Evans rats have been investigated by different morphologic techniques including immunoperoxidase staining and electron microscopy.

By light microscopy, the tumors corresponded to chromophobic-sparsely granulated acidophilic adenomas, containing numerous pigment granules and showing congestion as well as focal hemorrhages. Positive cytoplasmic staining was obtained with Herlant's erythrosin as well as with Brookes' carmoisine methods, used to detect secretory granules of prolactin cells. Immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive prolactin in the cytoplasm of many adenoma cells. Growth hormone and TSH immunostainings were negative. By electron microscopy, the tumors were found to consist of prolactin cells exhibiting marked variability in subcellular morphology and differing considerably from non-tumorous resting prolactin cells. A decrease in size and number of secretory granules, proliferation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, formation of “Nebenkerne”, accumulation of free ribosomes, prominence of Golgi complex and the presence of misplaced exocytosis were characteristic features of the adenoma cells and were interpreted as indicating enhanced secretory activity. Crinophagy and transformation of secretory granules into pigment deposits were striking findings in many adenomas.

Since all the adenomas seemed to derive from prolactin cells and belong to the same tumor class, it is assumed that prolactin cells in female Long-Evans rats are more susceptible to oncogenic stimuli than other hypophysial cell types.

There was a marked decrease in the RES phagocytic activity during the first 12 hours after injection of high concentrations of endotoxin in rats. Phagocytic activity then increased considerably, reaching maximum values on days 3 to 5 and it was still higher than in control animals 20 days later.

Parallel studies on ³H thymidine incorporation showed a significant increase in the rate of DNA-synthesis of reticulum cells of the liver during the 5 days period following endotoxin injection. Peak values were obtained on day 2 when the number of labelled cells was 50 times higher than in the controls. A likely reason for the increased DNA-synthesis is a repair of RES following endotoxin induced damage but it may also represent an endotoxin induced proliferation of reticulum cells that may at least partly account for the enhanced phagocytic activity.

Rats maintained for a period of 16 weeks on a supplemented solid semisynthetic diet and ethanol corresponding to 35% of the total caloric intake developed ultrastructural changes in the small intestine as compared to pair-fed controls. The enterocytes from jejunal and ileal villi of the alcoholic animals exhibited conspicuous alterations of mitochondria and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondrial changes were characterized by enlargement, swelling, decreased matrical density, ruptured cristae, and occasional myelin figures. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was dilated and apparently proliferated in a few epithelial cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared scarce with fewer ribosomes attached to the cisternae. These findings are postulated to provide further evidence that the chronic consumption of ethanol exerts a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of small intestinal damage in rats. Furthermore it can be especulated that these changes could be responsible, at least in part, for the functional abnormalities commonly found in chronic alcoholism.