Pub Date : 1977-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80003-6
U.N. Riede , J. Staubesand
The cells of the connective tissues contain lysosomes with enzymes capable of degrading intercellular substances (collagen, elastin, proteoglycans) and release their enzymes in membrane-bound or in free form into their intercellular substance. In this way extra-cellularly located lysosomes (= matrix lysosomes) can be detected by morphological and enzymatic means as well as by their metal concentrating property. This function of such matrix-lysosomes is in connection with the two step-degradation of the connective tissue and is thought to be the main part for the fibrocytic fibrolysis, chondrocytic chondrolysis, osteocytic osteolysis and myocytic mediolyses in the vessel wall. The cells of the mesenchymal tissues thus control the turnover and transformation of their own ground substance. Inflammatory and immunologic processes are suggested to be superimposed on this lysosomal action. If the lysosomal enzyme system in the connective tissues and the vessel wall gets out of control, the consequences can be dangerous as e.g. in case of relapsing polychondritis and arterial aneurysms. In this enzyme system proteolytic activators as well as proteolytic decomposable inhibitors are present. The corresponding proteolytic processes are of lysosomal nature and are subordinated to other regulatory mechanisms.
{"title":"A Unifying Concept for the Role of Matrix Vesicles and Lysosomes in the Formal Pathogenesis of Diseases of Connective Tissues and Blood Vessels","authors":"U.N. Riede , J. Staubesand","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80003-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80003-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cells of the connective tissues contain lysosomes with enzymes capable of degrading intercellular substances (collagen, elastin, proteoglycans) and release their enzymes in membrane-bound or in free form into their intercellular substance. In this way extra-cellularly located lysosomes (= matrix lysosomes) can be detected by morphological and enzymatic means as well as by their metal concentrating property. This function of such matrix-lysosomes is in connection with the two step-degradation of the connective tissue and is thought to be the main part for the fibrocytic fibrolysis, chondrocytic chondrolysis, osteocytic osteolysis and myocytic mediolyses in the vessel wall. The cells of the mesenchymal tissues thus control the turnover and transformation of their own ground substance. Inflammatory and immunologic processes are suggested to be superimposed on this lysosomal action. If the lysosomal enzyme system in the connective tissues and the vessel wall gets out of control, the consequences can be dangerous as e.g. in case of relapsing polychondritis and arterial aneurysms. In this enzyme system proteolytic activators as well as proteolytic decomposable inhibitors are present. The corresponding proteolytic processes are of lysosomal nature and are subordinated to other regulatory mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"160 1","pages":"Pages 3-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80003-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12057127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a report of two brothers iwth mucopolysaccharidosis. The 8- and 10-year-old boys presented the characteristic clinical symptoms of the syndrome in their entirety. Both had a highly increased excretion of heparan sulfate in urine. The elder boy died and was autopsied and diagnosed as having Sanfilippo disease Typ A by a drastic reduction of heparan sulfate sulfamidase activity in organ extracts. Histochemically, highly water-soluble, sulfate acid mucopolysaccharides were demonstrated in liver, spleen, and cerebrum of the deceased child. Chemical analyses revealed a 12-fold increase of sulfated mucopolysaccharide in the patients liver and a 4.5-fold increase in the cerebrum when compared with normal controls. The sulfated polysaccharide consisted mainly of heparan sulfate, which was of low molecular size, heterogeneous in charge, and rich in its sulfamino hexose content. In addition, the gangliocytes of cerebrum and cerebellum had accumulated glycolipids. Electron microscopically the storage cells were overloaded with lysosomal residual bodies. The mitral valve was also involved in the storage process, which is a rare manifestation of the Sanfilippo syndrome. Acid mucopolysaccharides were deposited intracellularly as well as extracellularly in the mitral valve tissue. Polarisation microscopically there was found a change from normally positive to negative birefringence in the connective tissue ground substance of the mitral valve when containing stored mucopolysaccharides.
{"title":"Mucopolysaccharidosis III A (Sanfilippo disease type A). Histochemical, electron microscopical and biochemical findings.","authors":"H Cain, E Egner, H Kresse","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is a report of two brothers iwth mucopolysaccharidosis. The 8- and 10-year-old boys presented the characteristic clinical symptoms of the syndrome in their entirety. Both had a highly increased excretion of heparan sulfate in urine. The elder boy died and was autopsied and diagnosed as having Sanfilippo disease Typ A by a drastic reduction of heparan sulfate sulfamidase activity in organ extracts. Histochemically, highly water-soluble, sulfate acid mucopolysaccharides were demonstrated in liver, spleen, and cerebrum of the deceased child. Chemical analyses revealed a 12-fold increase of sulfated mucopolysaccharide in the patients liver and a 4.5-fold increase in the cerebrum when compared with normal controls. The sulfated polysaccharide consisted mainly of heparan sulfate, which was of low molecular size, heterogeneous in charge, and rich in its sulfamino hexose content. In addition, the gangliocytes of cerebrum and cerebellum had accumulated glycolipids. Electron microscopically the storage cells were overloaded with lysosomal residual bodies. The mitral valve was also involved in the storage process, which is a rare manifestation of the Sanfilippo syndrome. Acid mucopolysaccharides were deposited intracellularly as well as extracellularly in the mitral valve tissue. Polarisation microscopically there was found a change from normally positive to negative birefringence in the connective tissue ground substance of the mitral valve when containing stored mucopolysaccharides.</p>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"160 1","pages":"58-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11612399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80084-X
C. Witting
In an attempt to apply immunomorphologic techniques to formalin-fixed material, various tissues were studied by indirect immunofluorescence. To minimize nonspecific background staining, formalin-fixed paraffin sections were treated with pronase prior to incubation with the antisera. This technique was published by Huang in 1975 to study hepatitis B core and surface antigen in formalin-fixed liver-tissue.
Our examination demonstrate that this technique might enable the morphologist to identify immunoglobulins in formalin-fixed tissues and so to get new criteria for their diagnosis.
{"title":"Immunofluorescence studies on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material","authors":"C. Witting","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80084-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80084-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In an attempt to apply immunomorphologic techniques to formalin-fixed material, various tissues were studied by indirect immunofluorescence. To minimize nonspecific background staining, formalin-fixed paraffin sections were treated with pronase prior to incubation with the antisera. This technique was published by Huang in 1975 to study hepatitis B core and surface antigen in formalin-fixed liver-tissue.</p><p>Our examination demonstrate that this technique might enable the morphologist to identify immunoglobulins in formalin-fixed tissues and so to get new criteria for their diagnosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 288-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80084-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11553179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80080-2
O. Hunziker , A. Schweizer
The present study investigated the influence of different postmortem times on stereological parameters of capillaries in the cerebral cortex. For the human investigation different brain regions of two 77 and 79 year-old subjects were examined. The animal experiment, carried out on 10 male cats, allowed a comparison between intravitam deepfrozen cerebral cortex and tissue obtained after decapitation. The parameters were diameter {ie1}, volume fraction {ie2}, surface-to-volume ratio {ie3}, mean minimal distance between capillary centers of gravity {ie4}, length per unit cortex volume {ie5} and number of fragments per measuring field {ie6}, AT.
Neither the cat experiment nor the human investigation yielded a noteworthy change of the capillary diameter in the postmortem cortical tissue. Nevertheless, a significantly enlarged mean minimal distance between capillaries in the cat cerebral cortex shortly after decapitation (30 sec) suggests the formation of edema which then regresses. Furthermore the experiment revealed that 22 hours after death there is a significantly (p < 0.01) diminished volume fraction and length per unit cortex volume with an augmented surfaceto-volume ratio. These changes are thought to be a consequence of water loss. In contrast to the animal experiment the human cerebral capillaries showed no changes in stereological parameters at two different postmortem times. These results encourage continuation of further stereological investigations on human brains obtained at autopsy and may contribute to the understanding of the aging process in the human cerebral cortex.
Die vorliegende quantitativ-histologische Untersuchung umfaβt ein Tierexperiment mit 10 männlichen Katzen sowie menschliches, autoptisch gewonnenes Groβhirnmaterial von zwei 77- und 79jährigen Männern. Sie dient dem Studium des Einflusses verschiedener Gewebsentnahmezeiten nach dem Tod auf stereologische Kapillarparameter der Groβhirnrinde. Das Tierexperiment erlaubte den Vergleich zwischen intra vitam eingefrorenem Groβhirnkortex mit nach Dekapitation entnommenem Gewebe. Folgende Parameter alkalischer Phosphatase-positiver Kapillaren wurden ermittelt: Durchmesser Di, Volumenfraktion Vvi, Oberflächen-Volumenverhältnis Si/Vi, mittlerer minimaler Abstand zwischen kapillaren Schwerpunkten Δab, Länge pro Volumeneinheit Kortexgewebe Lvi und Anzahl Kapiüarstücke pro Meβfeld Ni, at.
Der Kapillardurchmsser des post mortem entnommenen Rindengewebes zeigte weder experimentell noch bei der humanen Untersuchung erhebliche Veränderungen. Ein signifikant vergröβerter minimaler Kapillarabstand im Groβhirnkortex der Katze 30 sec nach Dekapitation läβt die Bildung eines ödems vermuten, das aber mit der postmortalen Zeit abnahm. Experimentell, 22 Std. post mortem festgestellte, signifikant (p < 0,01) verkleinerte Volumenfraktion und Länge pro Volumeneinh
本研究探讨了不同死后时间对大脑皮层毛细血管体力学参数的影响。在人类研究中，研究人员检查了两名77岁和79岁受试者的不同大脑区域。这项动物实验是在10只公猫身上进行的，可以比较静脉注射深度冷冻的大脑皮层和斩首后获得的组织。参数为直径{ie1}、体积分数{ie2}、表面体积比{ie3}、毛细血管重心之间的平均最小距离{ie4}、单位皮质体积长度{ie5}和每个测量场碎片数{ie6}、AT。猫实验和人实验均未发现死后皮质组织毛细血管直径的显著变化。然而，在猫被斩首后不久(30秒)，猫大脑皮层毛细血管之间的平均最小距离显著增大，表明水肿形成，随后消退。此外，实验显示，在死亡后22小时，有一个显著的(p <0.01)体积分数和单位皮质体积长度减少，表面积体积比增加。这些变化被认为是水分流失的结果。与动物实验相反，人类大脑毛细血管在两个不同的死后时间没有显示出体力学参数的变化。这些结果鼓励在尸检中对人类大脑进行进一步的体视学研究，并可能有助于理解人类大脑皮层的衰老过程。Die vorliegende定量组织学Untersuchung umfa - β - in - Tierexperiment mit 10 männlichen Katzen sowie menschliches, autoptisch gewonnenes groβ - hirnmaterial von zwei 77- and 79jährigen Männern。本文介绍了一种新型的三维立体模型，该模型研究了三维立体模型中的Kapillarparameter参数。实验结果表明，在不同的脱水条件下，维生素e与β - β的相互作用是不同的。Folgende参数alkischer phosphatase阳性Kapillaren wurden ermittelt: Durchmesser Di, Volumenfraktion Vvi, Oberflächen-Volumenverhältnis Si/Vi, mittlerer minimaler Abstand zwischen Kapillaren Schwerpunkten Δab, Länge pro Volumeneinheit Kortexgewebe Lvi und Anzahl kapi arstcke pro Meβfeld Ni, at。Der Kapillardurchmsser des postmornmenmenen rendengewebes zeigte weder实验告诉我们，在人类中，没有人会在人类中出现。Ein significant vergröβerter minimaler Kapillarabstand in Groβhirnkortex der Katze 30 sec nach Dekapitation läβt die Bildung eines ödems vermuten, das aber mit der postmortalen Zeit abnahm。实验研究，22日，死后试验，显著性(p <[1] [1] [verkleinte Volumeneinheit Kortexgewebe mit] erhöhtem Oberflächen-Volumenverhältnis [weisen aufein k rzeres]， [weniger gewdenes] Kapillarnetz] .]Vermutlich sind diese Veränderungen Folge eines Wasserverlusts。[3][1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1]。【参考译文】在德国，人们常说:“我们的身体会变得更好，我们的身体会变得更好。”【参考译文】
{"title":"Postmortem changes in stereological parameters of cerebral capillaries","authors":"O. Hunziker , A. Schweizer","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80080-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80080-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigated the influence of different postmortem times on stereological parameters of capillaries in the cerebral cortex. For the human investigation different brain regions of two 77 and 79 year-old subjects were examined. The animal experiment, carried out on 10 male cats, allowed a comparison between intravitam deepfrozen cerebral cortex and tissue obtained after decapitation. The parameters were diameter {ie1}, volume fraction {ie2}, surface-to-volume ratio {ie3}, mean minimal distance between capillary centers of gravity {ie4}, length per unit cortex volume {ie5} and number of fragments per measuring field {ie6}, <span>AT</span>.</p><p>Neither the cat experiment nor the human investigation yielded a noteworthy change of the capillary diameter in the postmortem cortical tissue. Nevertheless, a significantly enlarged mean minimal distance between capillaries in the cat cerebral cortex shortly after decapitation (30 sec) suggests the formation of edema which then regresses. Furthermore the experiment revealed that 22 hours after death there is a significantly (p < 0.01) diminished volume fraction and length per unit cortex volume with an augmented surfaceto-volume ratio. These changes are thought to be a consequence of water loss. In contrast to the animal experiment the human cerebral capillaries showed no changes in stereological parameters at two different postmortem times. These results encourage continuation of further stereological investigations on human brains obtained at autopsy and may contribute to the understanding of the aging process in the human cerebral cortex.</p></div><div><p>Die vorliegende quantitativ-histologische Untersuchung umfaβt ein Tierexperiment mit 10 männlichen Katzen sowie menschliches, autoptisch gewonnenes Groβhirnmaterial von zwei 77- und 79jährigen Männern. Sie dient dem Studium des Einflusses verschiedener Gewebsentnahmezeiten nach dem Tod auf stereologische Kapillarparameter der Groβhirnrinde. Das Tierexperiment erlaubte den Vergleich zwischen intra vitam eingefrorenem Groβhirnkortex mit nach Dekapitation entnommenem Gewebe. Folgende Parameter alkalischer Phosphatase-positiver Kapillaren wurden ermittelt: Durchmesser Di, Volumenfraktion Vv<sub>i</sub>, Oberflächen-Volumenverhältnis S<sub>i</sub>/V<sub>i</sub>, mittlerer minimaler Abstand zwischen kapillaren Schwerpunkten Δ<span>ab</span>, Länge pro Volumeneinheit Kortexgewebe Lv<sub>i</sub> und Anzahl Kapiüarstücke pro Meβfeld N<sub>i</sub>, <span>at</span>.</p><p>Der Kapillardurchmsser des post mortem entnommenen Rindengewebes zeigte weder experimentell noch bei der humanen Untersuchung erhebliche Veränderungen. Ein signifikant vergröβerter minimaler Kapillarabstand im Groβhirnkortex der Katze 30 sec nach Dekapitation läβt die Bildung eines ödems vermuten, das aber mit der postmortalen Zeit abnahm. Experimentell, 22 Std. post mortem festgestellte, signifikant (p < 0,01) verkleinerte Volumenfraktion und Länge pro Volumeneinh","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 244-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80080-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11806866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80078-4
G. Mazzocchi, G. Neri, A.S. Belloni, C. Robba, G.G. Nussdorfer
The effects of dexamethasone on the half-life of rat adrenocortical mitochondria were investigated by high resolution autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectroscopy. According to the method employed, the half-life averaged 11.27 and 10.46 days. Dexamethasone was found to decrease significantly this parameter (to about 5 days). Since dexamethasone-treated rats can be regarded as pharmacologically hypophysectomized animals, the data indicates that ACTH is involved in the maintenance of the half-life of adrenocortical mitochondria.
{"title":"Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria. XI. Effects of dexamethasone on the half-life of mitochondria from the rat zona fasciculata","authors":"G. Mazzocchi, G. Neri, A.S. Belloni, C. Robba, G.G. Nussdorfer","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80078-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80078-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of dexamethasone on the half-life of rat adrenocortical mitochondria were investigated by high resolution autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectroscopy. According to the method employed, the half-life averaged 11.27 and 10.46 days. Dexamethasone was found to decrease significantly this parameter (to about 5 days). Since dexamethasone-treated rats can be regarded as pharmacologically hypophysectomized animals, the data indicates that ACTH is involved in the maintenance of the half-life of adrenocortical mitochondria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 221-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80078-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11419216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80081-4
L. Rakow
Introduction
The size of the adipose tissue depot in man and animals is ultimately dependent upon the number and size of its constituent cells. Thus, the final dimension achieved by this organ will be modified by factors that exert their effect on cell division or cellular enlargement. It has been demonstrated earlier (Rakow et al., 1971a) that obesity induced in adult animals is due to an increase in adipocyte size only, and therefore resembles a cellular hypertrophy of adipose tissue. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that the number of stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts and cells of the wall of vessels) within the adipose tissue shows a marked increase. Considering the results obtained by other authors (Knittle et al., 1968), it was desirable to establish whether obesity induced during the suckling period of animals is accompanied by an increase in adipocyte number only, resembling a numerical hypertrophy of adipose tissue, and if this type of obesity is accompanied by an increase in stromal cell number.
Material and methods
In the present report we have examined the effect of early nutrition on the cellularity in the epidedymal fat pad of NMRI albino mice. Caloric intake was varied during the suckling period by manipulating litter size immediately after birth in a manner similar to that described by Parkes (1926). At birth the litters of a large number of mothers were redistributed to give some mothers a litter of four and others a litter of twelve. After weaning (21 days), all animals had free access to food. Ten animals in each experimental group were sacrificed at three and six weeks and at three and six months of age. Both epididymal fat pads were removed intact for determination of wet weight, adipocyte size and number, whole DNA-content and cytophotometric DNA-measurement of cell nuclei. One of both fat pads of each animal was used for chemical investigation. After PCA-treatment (Rakow et al, 1971b), the DNA-content (Burton, 1956) was determined in the supernatant. The remaining second fat pad was used for calculations of cell numbers (Rakow et al., 1975a). For this reason adipocytes were isolated according to Rodbell (1964). The adipocyte diameters were determined microscopically and the average mass of the adipocytes was estimated. The number of adipocytes was calculated from the wet weight of the fat pad and the average adipocyte mass. The remaining suspension of adipocytes and stromal cells was utilized for cell smears. These smears were stained with Schiffs reagent (Feulgen et al., 1924). The average relative DNA-content of single cell nuclei was measured with an integrating microdensitometer (Deeley, 1955); and the ploidy patterns were estimated. The number of stromal cells was calculated from the whole DNA-content of the fat pads and the DNA-content of the adipocytes.
Results
Significant elevations in body weight of the animals raised in small litters are seen at
人和动物脂肪组织库的大小最终取决于其组成细胞的数量和大小。因此，该器官的最终尺寸将受到影响细胞分裂或细胞扩大的因素的影响。早些时候已经证明(Rakow et al.， 1971a)，成年动物的肥胖仅是由于脂肪细胞大小的增加，因此类似于脂肪组织的细胞肥大。此外，可以证明脂肪组织内的基质细胞(如成纤维细胞和血管壁细胞)的数量明显增加。考虑到其他作者的研究结果(Knittle et al.， 1968)，有必要确定动物在哺乳期诱导的肥胖是否仅仅伴随着脂肪细胞数量的增加，类似于脂肪组织的数量肥大，以及这种类型的肥胖是否伴随着基质细胞数量的增加。材料和方法在本报告中，我们研究了早期营养对NMRI白化小鼠表皮脂肪垫细胞结构的影响。与Parkes(1926)描述的方法类似，在哺乳期间，通过在出生后立即控制产仔数来改变热量摄入。在出生时，大量母亲的一窝被重新分配，给一些母亲一窝4窝，另一些母亲一窝12窝。断奶后(21 d)，所有动物均可自由进食。实验组各10只，分别于3周龄、6周龄和3月龄、6月龄时处死。取完整的附睾脂肪垫，测定湿重、脂肪细胞大小和数量、细胞核全dna含量和细胞光度测定dna。每只动物的两个脂肪垫各取一个用于化学研究。经pca处理后(Rakow et al .， 1971b)，测定上清液中的dna含量(Burton, 1956)。剩余的第二脂肪垫用于计算细胞数(Rakow et al.， 1975a)。因此，根据Rodbell(1964)，脂肪细胞被分离出来。显微镜下测定脂肪细胞直径，估计脂肪细胞的平均质量。脂肪细胞的数量由脂肪垫的湿重和平均脂肪细胞质量计算。剩余的脂肪细胞和基质细胞悬浮液用于细胞涂片。这些涂片用希夫斯试剂染色(Feulgen et al.， 1924)。用积分微密度计测量单个细胞核的平均相对dna含量(Deeley, 1955);并对其倍性模式进行了估计。根据脂肪垫的全dna含量和脂肪细胞的dna含量计算基质细胞的数量。结果:小窝饲养的动物在断奶时体重显著增加，并在整个研究期间持续增加。脂肪垫的湿重也有类似的升高。尽管所有动物在哺乳期后都可以自由获取食物，但仍会出现这些升高。在所有年龄的研究中，小窝饲养的动物比大窝饲养的动物有更多的脂肪细胞。相比之下，小窝饲养的动物脂肪细胞仅在断奶时较大，在研究的所有年龄，这些动物的脂肪细胞都没有比大窝饲养的动物大。因此，在小窝饲养的动物中，脂肪组织质量的升高类似于细胞肥厚型肥胖。此外，在所有年龄的研究中，小窝饲养的动物在脂肪组织中也有更多的基质细胞。这些结果支持了脂肪组织中的脂肪细胞数量在生命早期取决于可用营养水平的假设。在生命的后期，脂肪细胞的数量保持不变，不受营养状况的影响，营养状况只影响脂肪细胞的大小。这些发现以及人类肥胖伴随着细胞结构的类似改变的事实表明，早期的营养经历可以指导人类肥胖的病因。此外，数值型肥厚型和细胞型肥厚型肥胖均可增加脂肪组织内基质细胞的数量。应该强调的是，脂肪组织质量的任何升高都伴随着基质细胞数量的增加。这一事实可能是由于脂肪细胞对热量摄入变化非常敏感的独特性，以及脂肪组织内基质细胞的类似特异性。
{"title":"Effect of early nutrition on the development of mouse epididymal fat pads: cellularity of adipocyte and stromal cell compartment","authors":"L. Rakow","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80081-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80081-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The size of the adipose tissue depot in man and animals is ultimately dependent upon the number and size of its constituent cells. Thus, the final dimension achieved by this organ will be modified by factors that exert their effect on cell division or cellular enlargement. It has been demonstrated earlier (Rakow et al., 1971a) that obesity induced in adult animals is due to an increase in adipocyte size only, and therefore resembles a cellular hypertrophy of adipose tissue. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that the number of stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts and cells of the wall of vessels) within the adipose tissue shows a marked increase. Considering the results obtained by other authors (Knittle et al., 1968), it was desirable to establish whether obesity induced during the suckling period of animals is accompanied by an increase in adipocyte number only, resembling a numerical hypertrophy of adipose tissue, and if this type of obesity is accompanied by an increase in stromal cell number.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>In the present report we have examined the effect of early nutrition on the cellularity in the epidedymal fat pad of NMRI albino mice. Caloric intake was varied during the suckling period by manipulating litter size immediately after birth in a manner similar to that described by Parkes (1926). At birth the litters of a large number of mothers were redistributed to give some mothers a litter of four and others a litter of twelve. After weaning (21 days), all animals had free access to food. Ten animals in each experimental group were sacrificed at three and six weeks and at three and six months of age. Both epididymal fat pads were removed intact for determination of wet weight, adipocyte size and number, whole DNA-content and cytophotometric DNA-measurement of cell nuclei. One of both fat pads of each animal was used for chemical investigation. After PCA-treatment (Rakow et al, 1971b), the DNA-content (Burton, 1956) was determined in the supernatant. The remaining second fat pad was used for calculations of cell numbers (Rakow et al., 1975a). For this reason adipocytes were isolated according to Rodbell (1964). The adipocyte diameters were determined microscopically and the average mass of the adipocytes was estimated. The number of adipocytes was calculated from the wet weight of the fat pad and the average adipocyte mass. The remaining suspension of adipocytes and stromal cells was utilized for cell smears. These smears were stained with Schiffs reagent (Feulgen et al., 1924). The average relative DNA-content of single cell nuclei was measured with an integrating microdensitometer (Deeley, 1955); and the ploidy patterns were estimated. The number of stromal cells was calculated from the whole DNA-content of the fat pads and the DNA-content of the adipocytes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Significant elevations in body weight of the animals raised in small litters are seen at ","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 256-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80081-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11767502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80083-8
K. Brass
Among 5 875 children with a lifetime between 24 hours to 14 years, autopsiated during period 1951-1970, were found 115 cases of naked eye pulmonary thrombo-embolism. 96 cases occurred in children with a lifetime between 24 hours and 4 years. This extremly high frequency is caused by an unusualy high number of thrombosis in renal veins and craneal sinuses, following severe diarrhetic diseases with deshydratation and haemoconcentration Severity and frequency of this enterocolitis of different aetiology, affecting especially children of poor people, are favoured by the climatic, sanitarious and socio-economical conditions of Valencia. Surprisingly, literature do not mention comparables observations about infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism, observed in territories of similar structure.
Unter 5 875 Autopsien von Kindern im Alter zwischen 24 Stunden und 14 Jahren finden sich 115 (1,97%) makroskopisch feststellbare Lungenembolien. Im gleichen Zeitraum (1951-1970) wurden unter rund 8000 Nekropsien Erwachsener nur 544 (6,8%) Lungenembolien angetroffen. 98 der 115 infantilen Lungenembolien entfielen auf Kleinkinder bis zum Abschluβ des 4. Lebensjahres. Die von uns — vor allem an Kleinkindern — beobachtete Lungenemboliefrequenz ist die höchste jemals in einem gröβeren Kinderkollektiv nachgewiesene. Sie geht hauptsächlich zu Lasten einer ungewöhnlichen Häufung sinusaler Thrombosen, die sich im tropischen Klima Valencias nicht selten im Gefolge verschiedenartiger Durchfallkrankheiten mit allgemeiner Deshydratation und Hämokonzentration einstellen. Die betroffenen Kinder entstammen überwiegend armen Bevölkerungsschichten. Unerfahrenheit der Eltern und ungünstige sozio-ökonomische Struktur jener Bevölkerungsgruppe dürften für die hohe Lungenemboliequote unseres Materials daher mitverantwortlich sein.
在1951 ~ 1970年间解剖的5 875例年龄在24小时~ 14岁的儿童中，发现115例裸眼肺血栓栓塞。96例发生在寿命在24小时至4岁之间的儿童中。这种非常高的发病率是由于在严重的腹泻病引起脱水和血液浓缩后，肾静脉和颅窦血栓形成的数量异常多造成的。瓦伦西亚的气候、卫生和社会经济条件有利于不同病因的小肠结肠炎的严重程度和发病率，特别是影响穷人的儿童。令人惊讶的是，文献中并没有提到在相似结构区域观察到的婴儿肺血栓栓塞的可比观察结果。[5] [875] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]Im gleichen Zeitraum (1951-1970) wurden unterund 8000 Nekropsien Erwachsener nur 544 (6.8%) Lungenembolien angetroffen。[8] [der] 115 infantilen Lungenembolien entfielen auf Kleinkinder is zum Abschluβ des]。Lebensjahres。Die von uns - vor allem and Kleinkindern - beobachtete Lungenemboliefrequenz ist Die höchste jemals in einem gröβeren Kinderkollektiv nachgewiesene。我们见hauptsächlich zu Lasten einer ungewöhnlichen Häufung sinusaler血栓形成，我们见Klima Valencias，我们见Gefolge，我们见Durchfallkrankheiten，我们见allgemeiner脱水和Hämokonzentration爱因斯坦。Die betroffenen Kinder entstammen berwiegend armen Bevölkerungsschichten。underfahrenheit der Eltern und unstige unstige sozio-ökonomische Struktur jener Bevölkerungsgruppe dd通常为 (r die hohe Lungenemboliequote unseres Materials daher mitverantwortrich sein)。
{"title":"Extremly high frecuency of infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism","authors":"K. Brass","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80083-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80083-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among 5 875 children with a lifetime between 24 hours to 14 years, autopsiated during period 1951-1970, were found 115 cases of naked eye pulmonary thrombo-embolism. 96 cases occurred in children with a lifetime between 24 hours and 4 years. This extremly high frequency is caused by an unusualy high number of thrombosis in renal veins and craneal sinuses, following severe diarrhetic diseases with deshydratation and haemoconcentration Severity and frequency of this enterocolitis of different aetiology, affecting especially children of poor people, are favoured by the climatic, sanitarious and socio-economical conditions of Valencia. Surprisingly, literature do not mention comparables observations about infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism, observed in territories of similar structure.</p></div><div><p>Unter 5 875 Autopsien von Kindern im Alter zwischen 24 Stunden und 14 Jahren finden sich 115 (1,97%) makroskopisch feststellbare Lungenembolien. Im gleichen Zeitraum (1951-1970) wurden unter rund 8000 Nekropsien Erwachsener nur 544 (6,8%) Lungenembolien angetroffen. 98 der 115 infantilen Lungenembolien entfielen auf Kleinkinder bis zum Abschluβ des 4. Lebensjahres. Die von uns — vor allem an Kleinkindern — beobachtete Lungenemboliefrequenz ist die höchste jemals in einem gröβeren Kinderkollektiv nachgewiesene. Sie geht hauptsächlich zu Lasten einer ungewöhnlichen Häufung sinusaler Thrombosen, die sich im tropischen Klima Valencias nicht selten im Gefolge verschiedenartiger Durchfallkrankheiten mit allgemeiner Deshydratation und Hämokonzentration einstellen. Die betroffenen Kinder entstammen überwiegend armen Bevölkerungsschichten. Unerfahrenheit der Eltern und ungünstige sozio-ökonomische Struktur jener Bevölkerungsgruppe dürften für die hohe Lungenemboliequote unseres Materials daher mitverantwortlich sein.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 283-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80083-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11806867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80077-2
M. Persigehl , H. Schicha , K. Kasperek , H.J. Klein
There is evidence from epidemiological studies that concentration of various trace elements in human organism is not only changed by different diseases but also by the environment. Interpretation of such data requires definition of normal concentration of trace elements in the different organs.
Material and Methods
In 21 patients aged o to 83 years, skin, lung, heart, liver, renal medulla, renal cortex, aorta abdominalis, and brain were assayed. All samples were dried at 100° C for two days. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine the element concentration of Co, Fe, Zn, Rb, Se, Cr, Sb, Sc, Cs.
Results
The behaviour of several trace elements was not uniform in the different organs. The concentrations of all elements decreased in the skin apart from the non-essential element Cs. The content of all essential and non-essential elements increased in liver and kidneys after the first year of age. The behaviour of all elements was not uniform in lung, heart, aorta, and brain. The concentration of the non-essential elements Sb, Sc, and Cs were raised in nearly all organs except the skin with progressing age; only Sb showed a slight decrease in heart and aorta. Apart from the skin, the concentrations of Co and Fe increased in all organs after the first year of life. The behaviour of the elements Zn, Cr, Se, and Rb varied from organ to organ.
Discussion
The data indicate that the trace element concentrations in human organs are no fixed values. However, they depend on various factors. The definition of normal concentrations of some trace elements has also to regard its function of age. The different alterations of essential trace element concentrations in the varying organs indicate that they are subject to control mechanisms and not a consequence of simple storage, whereas the increasing concentrations of the non-essential elements with progressing age should be explained by storage mechanism.
{"title":"Trace element concentration in human organs in dependence of age","authors":"M. Persigehl , H. Schicha , K. Kasperek , H.J. Klein","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80077-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80077-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is evidence from epidemiological studies that concentration of various trace elements in human organism is not only changed by different diseases but also by the environment. Interpretation of such data requires definition of normal concentration of trace elements in the different organs.</p></div><div><h3>Material and Methods</h3><p>In 21 patients aged o to 83 years, skin, lung, heart, liver, renal medulla, renal cortex, aorta abdominalis, and brain were assayed. All samples were dried at 100° C for two days. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine the element concentration of Co, Fe, Zn, Rb, Se, Cr, Sb, Sc, Cs.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The behaviour of several trace elements was not uniform in the different organs. The concentrations of all elements decreased in the skin apart from the non-essential element Cs. The content of all essential and non-essential elements increased in liver and kidneys after the first year of age. The behaviour of all elements was not uniform in lung, heart, aorta, and brain. The concentration of the non-essential elements Sb, Sc, and Cs were raised in nearly all organs except the skin with progressing age; only Sb showed a slight decrease in heart and aorta. Apart from the skin, the concentrations of Co and Fe increased in all organs after the first year of life. The behaviour of the elements Zn, Cr, Se, and Rb varied from organ to organ.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>The data indicate that the trace element concentrations in human organs are no fixed values. However, they depend on various factors. The definition of normal concentrations of some trace elements has also to regard its function of age. The different alterations of essential trace element concentrations in the varying organs indicate that they are subject to control mechanisms and not a consequence of simple storage, whereas the increasing concentrations of the non-essential elements with progressing age should be explained by storage mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80077-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11807080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80079-6
W.J. Mergner, L. Marzella, C. Mergner, M.W. Kahng, M.W. Smith, B.F. Trump
Electron transport in tissue cubes, isolated mitochondria and submitochondria particles were examined as a function of ischemie time. It was found that electron transport remains active in all systems beyond the 2 hour ischemie time interval. The NADH stimulated respiration, however, declined after 2 hours of ischemia in ASU (Ammonia-Sephadex-Urea) particles followed by respiration with matrix-located dehydrogenases tested by substrates such as glutamate, α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate plus malate. Succinate dependent respiration remains active at control levels. In contrast proton gradient reveals changes in two phases: Phase A is characterized by gradually increasing gradient without valinomycin and by a rapidly declining gradient with valinomycin in the medium. Phase B is characterized by a declining proton gradient with or without valinomycin. It is suggested that the alteration of the proton gradient between 1 and 2 hours ischemia is an important factor contributing to irreversible cell injury.
{"title":"Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury VII. Proton gradient and respiration of renal tissue cubes, renal mitochondrial and submitochondrial particles following ischemic cell injury","authors":"W.J. Mergner, L. Marzella, C. Mergner, M.W. Kahng, M.W. Smith, B.F. Trump","doi":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80079-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80079-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electron transport in tissue cubes, isolated mitochondria and submitochondria particles were examined as a function of ischemie time. It was found that electron transport remains active in all systems beyond the 2 hour ischemie time interval. The NADH stimulated respiration, however, declined after 2 hours of ischemia in ASU (Ammonia-Sephadex-Urea) particles followed by respiration with matrix-located dehydrogenases tested by substrates such as glutamate, α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate plus malate. Succinate dependent respiration remains active at control levels. In contrast proton gradient reveals changes in two phases: Phase A is characterized by gradually increasing gradient without valinomycin and by a rapidly declining gradient with valinomycin in the medium. Phase B is characterized by a declining proton gradient with or without valinomycin. It is suggested that the alteration of the proton gradient between 1 and 2 hours ischemia is an important factor contributing to irreversible cell injury.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75583,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Pathologie","volume":"161 3","pages":"Pages 230-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0005-8165(77)80079-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11807081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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