Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16150
Murray Dunn, Antoinette Malan
Developing repeatable protocols for the in vitro liquid mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is a difficult task and depends on the nematode species being cultured. Of critical importance is the establishment of a monoxenic population of nematodes as a stock culture for optimisation and experimental purposes. Establishing a new stock inoculum culture flask of pure infective juveniles (IJs) is challenging, particularly for the Heterorhabditis species, due to their affinity for developing into an amphimictic second generation that does not copulate in liquid culture flasks. Developing mass production protocols for multiple EPNs is advisable because different pest insects are susceptible to different species of EPN. This study attempted to mass-produce a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica and its symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus thracensis, using in vitro liquid culture technology methods previously developed for Steinernema species. The results indicate that the pre-culture protocols developed for Steinernema species are applicable to a H. zealandica isolate. Moreover, the results, in terms of the protein source optimisation experiments, confirm that different EPN species have different culture conditions and nutrient requirements, with H. zealandica seeming to prefer soy-based protein instead of egg yolk, having higher recovery and producing more hermaphrodites, using soy protein. This study illustrates the importance of developing dependable and infallible preculture methods, prior to the flask mass production process.
{"title":"In vitro liquid mass production of a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica","authors":"Murray Dunn, Antoinette Malan","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16150","url":null,"abstract":"Developing repeatable protocols for the in vitro liquid mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is a difficult task and depends on the nematode species being cultured. Of critical importance is the establishment of a monoxenic population of nematodes as a stock culture for optimisation and experimental purposes. Establishing a new stock inoculum culture flask of pure infective juveniles (IJs) is challenging, particularly for the Heterorhabditis species, due to their affinity for developing into an amphimictic second generation that does not copulate in liquid culture flasks. Developing mass production protocols for multiple EPNs is advisable because different pest insects are susceptible to different species of EPN. This study attempted to mass-produce a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica and its symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus thracensis, using in vitro liquid culture technology methods previously developed for Steinernema species. The results indicate that the pre-culture protocols developed for Steinernema species are applicable to a H. zealandica isolate. Moreover, the results, in terms of the protein source optimisation experiments, confirm that different EPN species have different culture conditions and nutrient requirements, with H. zealandica seeming to prefer soy-based protein instead of egg yolk, having higher recovery and producing more hermaphrodites, using soy protein. This study illustrates the importance of developing dependable and infallible preculture methods, prior to the flask mass production process.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"113 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135511651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15990
Rudi Verovnik, Marko Kosmač, Alrabea Ishag, Hathal Al Dhafer
During surveys in February and September 2022 focused on the butterfly fauna of the mountainous southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we unexpectedly discovered the alien species Western Pygmy Blue (Brephidium exilis) at two locations. These are the first records of this species in the southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula, where its main range was previously restricted to the Arabian Gulf region. Adults were observed at atypical elevations and in forested areas. These findings indicate greater ecological plasticity of the species and possibly suggest its further dispersal into North Africa and the Mediterranean region. While long distance dispersal from Arabian gulf region seems the most reasonable origin, human introduction via transfer of host plants could not be excluded.
{"title":"First records of Brephidium exilis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from south-western part of the Arabian Peninsula suggests possible further dispersal into North Africa","authors":"Rudi Verovnik, Marko Kosmač, Alrabea Ishag, Hathal Al Dhafer","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15990","url":null,"abstract":"During surveys in February and September 2022 focused on the butterfly fauna of the mountainous southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we unexpectedly discovered the alien species Western Pygmy Blue (Brephidium exilis) at two locations. These are the first records of this species in the southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula, where its main range was previously restricted to the Arabian Gulf region. Adults were observed at atypical elevations and in forested areas. These findings indicate greater ecological plasticity of the species and possibly suggest its further dispersal into North Africa and the Mediterranean region. While long distance dispersal from Arabian gulf region seems the most reasonable origin, human introduction via transfer of host plants could not be excluded.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136313510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15613
Benjamin Miller, Julie Coetzee, Martin Hill
Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is the most recent of nine biological control agents developed to manage invasive water hyacinth, Pontederia (=Eichhornia) crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae), in South Africa. More than a million M. scutellaris have been mass-reared and released since the first introduction of the agent into South Africa in 2013, successfully establishing overwintering populations at 32 sites in seven of the nine provinces. Establishment has also been recorded at seven of these sites through natural dispersal from sites where they had established. Inundative releases, where large numbers of M. scutellaris are released regularly, have resulted in excellent establishment, and caused a significant reduction in water hyacinth cover in areas where, historically, biological control seemed unlikely due to excessive eutrophication. Although M. scutellaris has established well throughout South Africa through classical biological control methods, this study also showed that inundative releases of biological control agents over multiple seasons results in the most effective control of the weed, especially at cool temperate and eutrophic sites.
{"title":"Evaluating the establishment of a new water hyacinth biological control agent in South Africa","authors":"Benjamin Miller, Julie Coetzee, Martin Hill","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15613","url":null,"abstract":"Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is the most recent of nine biological control agents developed to manage invasive water hyacinth, Pontederia (=Eichhornia) crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae), in South Africa. More than a million M. scutellaris have been mass-reared and released since the first introduction of the agent into South Africa in 2013, successfully establishing overwintering populations at 32 sites in seven of the nine provinces. Establishment has also been recorded at seven of these sites through natural dispersal from sites where they had established. Inundative releases, where large numbers of M. scutellaris are released regularly, have resulted in excellent establishment, and caused a significant reduction in water hyacinth cover in areas where, historically, biological control seemed unlikely due to excessive eutrophication. Although M. scutellaris has established well throughout South Africa through classical biological control methods, this study also showed that inundative releases of biological control agents over multiple seasons results in the most effective control of the weed, especially at cool temperate and eutrophic sites.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135784516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13198
A. S. Apostolopoulos, T. K. Philips
Five new species of the South African endemic spider beetle genus Pseudomezium Pic are described from the Western Cape province. They are Pseudomezium altimontanum, Pseudomezium glabrum, Pseudomezium periculum, Pseudomezium stenochasma and Pseudomezium swartbergense. Illustrations of the external morphology and male genitalia of each species are provided, as well as a distribution map. An updated key to all described Pseudomezium species is provided. Four previously established species names in the genus Pseudomezium are corrected because of their Code-incompliance. These names after mandatory nomenclatural correction are Pseudomezium brunneaurantiacum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium brunneaurant”; Pseudomezium diteinum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium diteinus”; Pseudomezium dolichotrichinum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium dolichothrixus”; and Pseudomezium polyomorphum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium polyomorphus.” The diversity of spider beetles in South Africa is also summarised.
{"title":"Five new species of Pseudomezium Pic (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ptininae), a genus endemic to South Africa","authors":"A. S. Apostolopoulos, T. K. Philips","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13198","url":null,"abstract":"Five new species of the South African endemic spider beetle genus Pseudomezium Pic are described from the Western Cape province. They are Pseudomezium altimontanum, Pseudomezium glabrum, Pseudomezium periculum, Pseudomezium stenochasma and Pseudomezium swartbergense. Illustrations of the external morphology and male genitalia of each species are provided, as well as a distribution map. An updated key to all described Pseudomezium species is provided. Four previously established species names in the genus Pseudomezium are corrected because of their Code-incompliance. These names after mandatory nomenclatural correction are Pseudomezium brunneaurantiacum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium brunneaurant”; Pseudomezium diteinum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium diteinus”; Pseudomezium dolichotrichinum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium dolichothrixus”; and Pseudomezium polyomorphum Smiley & Philips for “Pseudomezium polyomorphus.” The diversity of spider beetles in South Africa is also summarised.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45065354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a14674
Johannie de Beer, C. Sole, C. Pirk, C. Weldon
Insect gut microbes have a disproportionate effect on their hosts, including the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. The honey bee gut, and that of other species that have been investigated, harbours a specific gut community that is conserved across populations globally. However, this gut community changes between different castes, sexes and life stages, which is largely due to diet and gut physiology. Evidence suggests that a healthy gut community is essential for honey bees to maintain functional immunity and nutrition. Without the four important gut symbionts (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Snodgrassella alvi and Gilliamella apicola), honey bees lack the ability to gain sufficient nutrients, protect themselves against pathogens and prevent intoxication. Unfortunately, honey bee gut symbionts are under threat due to in-hive pesticides, antibiotics and climate change. Therefore, we discourage the overuse of antibiotics and in-hive pesticides, as they could have unforeseen consequences for the honey bee gut microbiota. Instead, we recommend that beekeepers and scientists explore alternative options, such as bolstering honey bee resilience through probiotics.
{"title":"Nutritive and immunological benefits derived from the honey bee gut microbiome are threatened by anthropogenic stressors","authors":"Johannie de Beer, C. Sole, C. Pirk, C. Weldon","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a14674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a14674","url":null,"abstract":"Insect gut microbes have a disproportionate effect on their hosts, including the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. The honey bee gut, and that of other species that have been investigated, harbours a specific gut community that is conserved across populations globally. However, this gut community changes between different castes, sexes and life stages, which is largely due to diet and gut physiology. Evidence suggests that a healthy gut community is essential for honey bees to maintain functional immunity and nutrition. Without the four important gut symbionts (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Snodgrassella alvi and Gilliamella apicola), honey bees lack the ability to gain sufficient nutrients, protect themselves against pathogens and prevent intoxication. Unfortunately, honey bee gut symbionts are under threat due to in-hive pesticides, antibiotics and climate change. Therefore, we discourage the overuse of antibiotics and in-hive pesticides, as they could have unforeseen consequences for the honey bee gut microbiota. Instead, we recommend that beekeepers and scientists explore alternative options, such as bolstering honey bee resilience through probiotics.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41424049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15585
M. De Meyer, Luis Bota, Beatriz Daniel, Mirene Mussumbi, Myriam Vandenbosch, L. Canhanga, Elias Cambula, M. Mansell, D. Cugala, M. Virgilio
Here we present a checklist of all records of dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from Mozambique, based on verified specimen records in natural history collections and literature records. In total, 57 Dacinae species are recorded from Mozambique, of which only one is considered endemic. This relatively low species diversity compared to other African countries appears to be related to incomplete sampling. For each species the localities from which it was recorded are given (including geocoordinates), or a general distribution is provided. The checklist is discussed briefly in terms of species richness, endemism and geographic distribution.
{"title":"A checklist of the dacine fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae, Dacinae) of Mozambique","authors":"M. De Meyer, Luis Bota, Beatriz Daniel, Mirene Mussumbi, Myriam Vandenbosch, L. Canhanga, Elias Cambula, M. Mansell, D. Cugala, M. Virgilio","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15585","url":null,"abstract":"Here we present a checklist of all records of dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from Mozambique, based on verified specimen records in natural history collections and literature records. In total, 57 Dacinae species are recorded from Mozambique, of which only one is considered endemic. This relatively low species diversity compared to other African countries appears to be related to incomplete sampling. For each species the localities from which it was recorded are given (including geocoordinates), or a general distribution is provided. The checklist is discussed briefly in terms of species richness, endemism and geographic distribution.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47677147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15285
E. Allsopp, Muriel C Knipe, B. van Asch, V. Caleca
Wild olive seed weevil, Anchonocranus oleae Marshall, larvae as well as oviposition and feeding damage were recorded in cultivated olives during a recent study on olive seed wasps. Prematurely dropped fruit and fruit picked at harvest in two orchards near Stellenbosch and Agter-Paarl were examined regularly for olive seed wasp infestation over three seasons. In addition, olives were collected in the olive growing regions of the Western Cape province for a survey to determine olive seed wasp distribution. DNA barcoding was used to confirm the identity of weevil larvae in kernels. The number of A. oleae larvae found in olive seeds and the number of olives with weevil oviposition or feeding damage in this study were low. The presence of larvae and weevil damage in two orchards in the survey with no wild olive trees in close proximity suggest that the weevil could breed and persist in cultivated olive orchards. Currently A. oleae is not of economic concern, but if infested olives are discarded at harvest and left in orchards, the weevils could complete their development in the kernels and numbers could eventually increase to damaging levels.
{"title":"Wild olive seed weevil, Anchonocranus oleae Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in cultivated olives in South Africa","authors":"E. Allsopp, Muriel C Knipe, B. van Asch, V. Caleca","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15285","url":null,"abstract":"Wild olive seed weevil, Anchonocranus oleae Marshall, larvae as well as oviposition and feeding damage were recorded in cultivated olives during a recent study on olive seed wasps. Prematurely dropped fruit and fruit picked at harvest in two orchards near Stellenbosch and Agter-Paarl were examined regularly for olive seed wasp infestation over three seasons. In addition, olives were collected in the olive growing regions of the Western Cape province for a survey to determine olive seed wasp distribution. DNA barcoding was used to confirm the identity of weevil larvae in kernels. The number of A. oleae larvae found in olive seeds and the number of olives with weevil oviposition or feeding damage in this study were low. The presence of larvae and weevil damage in two orchards in the survey with no wild olive trees in close proximity suggest that the weevil could breed and persist in cultivated olive orchards. Currently A. oleae is not of economic concern, but if infested olives are discarded at harvest and left in orchards, the weevils could complete their development in the kernels and numbers could eventually increase to damaging levels.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44070398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15181
Cyril Kowo, M. Mayi, A. P. G. de Almeida, David Foncha, Mirabel Elad, Esack Andongma, Damian Nota Anong, Charlene Djomo, J. Fru-cho, R. Sehgal, A. Cornel
Male specimens of Aedes stenostylus Cornel, Kowo & Mayi sp. nov. and Aedes leptolabis ssp. talangayensis Cornel, Kowo & Mayi sp. nov. are described. They were collected mainly by sweep netting through forest floor vegetation in partially logged areas and in the surrounding pristine forest (Talangaye Forest) in the Nguti Subdivision in the south-west region of Cameroon. An updated key of the Aedimorphus “Domesticus group” species, based on the morphology of the male genitalia is provided.
{"title":"Descriptions of a new Aedes species and subspecies of the subgenus Aedimorphus, from southwest Cameroon and updated key for the species of the “Domesticus group”","authors":"Cyril Kowo, M. Mayi, A. P. G. de Almeida, David Foncha, Mirabel Elad, Esack Andongma, Damian Nota Anong, Charlene Djomo, J. Fru-cho, R. Sehgal, A. Cornel","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15181","url":null,"abstract":"Male specimens of Aedes stenostylus Cornel, Kowo & Mayi sp. nov. and Aedes leptolabis ssp. talangayensis Cornel, Kowo & Mayi sp. nov. are described. They were collected mainly by sweep netting through forest floor vegetation in partially logged areas and in the surrounding pristine forest (Talangaye Forest) in the Nguti Subdivision in the south-west region of Cameroon. An updated key of the Aedimorphus “Domesticus group” species, based on the morphology of the male genitalia is provided.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41633013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13590
Miclay Carvalho, A. Lopes, Albino Bento, Luís Santos, R. Guedes, PA Casquero
Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867), is a serious insect pest of organic coffee plantation in São Tomé Island. To date, limited information regarding the seasonal phenology of this pest species on the islands limits the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. As part of a coffee farmer training programme, three attractants were evaluated in red vs. transparent traps to assess olfactory and visual stimuli. The experiment was delineated in a split-block design with three types of attractants: commercial ethanol + 40 g of ripe Robusta coffee (A1), proportion 3:1 methanol and ethanol (A2), and commercial ethanol + 10 g of ground roasted Arabica coffee (A3); and two home-made transparent (D1) and red (D2) traps. The results showed that there was significant interaction between the trap model and the attractant for borer capture. The transparent trap baited with methanol and ethanol exhibited the best result with an average of 14.3 ± 5.4 adults/trap/week. Transparent traps baited captured more borers and largest numbers of beetles were trapped late May through September. In short, home-made traps alone are not effective for controlling the coffee berry borer, but they are useful in monitoring this species.
{"title":"Effectiveness of different traps and lures for coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) in São Tomé Island","authors":"Miclay Carvalho, A. Lopes, Albino Bento, Luís Santos, R. Guedes, PA Casquero","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13590","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867), is a serious insect pest of organic coffee plantation in São Tomé Island. To date, limited information regarding the seasonal phenology of this pest species on the islands limits the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. As part of a coffee farmer training programme, three attractants were evaluated in red vs. transparent traps to assess olfactory and visual stimuli. The experiment was delineated in a split-block design with three types of attractants: commercial ethanol + 40 g of ripe Robusta coffee (A1), proportion 3:1 methanol and ethanol (A2), and commercial ethanol + 10 g of ground roasted Arabica coffee (A3); and two home-made transparent (D1) and red (D2) traps. The results showed that there was significant interaction between the trap model and the attractant for borer capture. The transparent trap baited with methanol and ethanol exhibited the best result with an average of 14.3 ± 5.4 adults/trap/week. Transparent traps baited captured more borers and largest numbers of beetles were trapped late May through September. In short, home-made traps alone are not effective for controlling the coffee berry borer, but they are useful in monitoring this species.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/20232/a13728
L. L. Mathulwe, A. Malan, N. F. Stokwe
Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), woolly apple aphid (WAA) is an important pest on apples globally and a key pest of apple production in South Africa. The aphid has developed some level of resistance against several chemical insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been identified as promising biological control agents against a wide array of insect pests. The main aim of this study was to conduct a survey in local apple orchards in the Western Cape province for EPF and to use isolates to test the susceptibility of WAA under optimum laboratory conditions. Soil samples were collected from apple orchards and EPF, baited and isolated using larvae of Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. Six EPF species: Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps fumosorosea, Metarhizium brunneum, M. pinghaense, M. robertsii and Purpureocillium lilacinum were identified from the soil samples. The results from bioassays showed that Metarhizium robertsii and M. pinghaense isolates were the most effective with an average percentage mortality of > 90%. Metarhizium brunneum also proved to be effective when used against the insect with an average percentage mortality of > 80%, while B. bassiana and C. fumosorosea were the least effective with average percentage mortality of 52% and 48%, respectively. The LT50 and LT90 of M. robertsii (2.12; 4.19) and M. pinghaense (2.05; 4.45) showed to require similar mortality time in days of E. lanigerum. The results obtained in the study have provided an insight into the diversity of EPF species across apple orchards of the Western Cape and shown the efficacy of the Metarhizium isolates as potential biological control agents of the WAA.
羊毛苹果蚜(WAA)是全球苹果的重要害虫，也是南非苹果生产的关键害虫。这种蚜虫对几种化学杀虫剂产生了一定程度的抗药性。昆虫病原真菌(EPF)已被认为是一种很有前途的生物防治剂，可以防治多种害虫。本研究的主要目的是在西开普省的当地苹果园进行EPF调查，并在最佳实验室条件下使用WAA分离物测试WAA的敏感性。在苹果园和EPF采集土壤样品，用黄斑虫和黄粉虫幼虫进行诱捕和分离。从土壤样品中鉴定出球孢白僵菌、烟孢虫草菌、褐绿绿僵菌、平海芽孢杆菌、罗伯特芽孢杆菌和紫紫色紫霉6种EPF。生物测定结果表明，罗伯特绿僵菌和平海分枝杆菌分离株效果最好，平均致死率为90 ~ 90%。褐绿僵菌的平均死亡率为80%，而球孢僵菌和烟孢僵菌的平均死亡率为52%和48%，效果最差。M. robertsii的LT50和LT90 (2.12;4.19)， M. pinghaense (2.05;4.45)的死亡时间与细叶绦虫相似。该研究结果为了解西开普省苹果园EPF物种的多样性提供了线索，并显示了绿僵菌分离物作为WAA潜在生物防治剂的功效。
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