Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a17451
Dave Edge
Southern African Moths and their Caterpillars. Hermann Staude, Mike Picker and Charles Griffiths. Pelagic Publishing, 20–22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, UK. 464 pp. ISBN 978-1-78427-347-7. This long-awaited guide to an important and ubiquitous faunal group will not only be a valuable reference for serious lepidopterists, but also a valuable tool to enable the ever growing band of citizen scientists and conservationists to become more familiar with their subjects. It is written for the most part in plain language, whilst also exposing the reader to terms used by experts to describe moths and their caterpillars, thus also having an educational purpose. The adult photographs are of moths in the wild, in contrast to earlier publications, which were of museum specimens.
南部非洲飞蛾及其毛虫。Hermann Staude、Mike Picker 和 Charles Griffiths。Pelagic Publishing, 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, UK.464 页。ISBN 978-1-78427-347-7.这本期待已久的指南介绍了一个重要且无处不在的动物群体，它不仅是严肃的鳞翅目学家的重要参考资料，也是不断壮大的公民科学家和保护主义者队伍更加熟悉其研究对象的重要工具。本书大部分内容用通俗易懂的语言撰写，同时也向读者介绍了专家用于描述蛾类及其毛虫的术语，因此也具有教育意义。书中的成虫照片均为野外飞蛾，这与早期出版物中的博物馆标本截然不同。
{"title":"Book Review: Southern African Moths and their Caterpillars","authors":"Dave Edge","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a17451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a17451","url":null,"abstract":"Southern African Moths and their Caterpillars. Hermann Staude, Mike Picker and Charles Griffiths. Pelagic Publishing, 20–22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, UK. 464 pp. ISBN 978-1-78427-347-7.\u0000This long-awaited guide to an important and ubiquitous faunal group will not only be a valuable reference for serious lepidopterists, but also a valuable tool to enable the ever growing band of citizen scientists and conservationists to become more familiar with their subjects. It is written for the most part in plain language, whilst also exposing the reader to terms used by experts to describe moths and their caterpillars, thus also having an educational purpose. The adult photographs are of moths in the wild, in contrast to earlier publications, which were of museum specimens.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a17455
Henk Geertsema
Southern African Moths & Their Caterpillars, Hermann Staude, Mike Picker and Charles Griffiths, 2023. Struik Nature/Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 978 1 77584 795 (Print), ISBN 978 177584 796 0 (ePub). Paper back R 550; Pelagic Publishing (UK) ISBN 99781784273477. Paper back ₤39.99. 464 pp.
南部非洲飞蛾及其毛虫》，赫尔曼-施陶德、迈克-皮克和查尔斯-格里菲斯，2023 年。Struik Nature/Penguin Random House South Africa。ISBN 978 1 77584 795（印刷版），ISBN 978 177584 796 0（电子书）。纸背 550 兰特；Pelagic 出版社（英国）ISBN 99781784273477。纸背 39.99 英镑。464 pp.
{"title":"Book Review: Southern African Moths and their Caterpillars","authors":"Henk Geertsema","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a17455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a17455","url":null,"abstract":"Southern African Moths & Their Caterpillars, Hermann Staude, Mike Picker and Charles Griffiths, 2023. \u0000Struik Nature/Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 978 1 77584 795 (Print), ISBN 978 177584 796 0 (ePub). Paper back R 550; Pelagic Publishing (UK) ISBN 99781784273477. Paper back ₤39.99. 464 pp.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16110
JR Henschel, W. R. J. Dean, S. Milton, A. Dippenaar-Schoeman
Previous studies of some species of Ammoxenus spiders demonstrated them to be monophagous predators of certain termites. Upon observing Ammoxenus spiders preying on the hodotermitid, Microhodotermes viator, we examined the distribution of spiders on or off termitaria (termed heuweltjies) at the Tierberg-LTER study site in the Karoo using pitfall traps deployed monthly over two years. Four species of Ammoxenus were found, but only one, Ammoxenus pentheri, has been described, the other three being new to science. Their coexistence prompts questions concerning niche partitioning among several specialist predators. Our initial study revealed that Ammoxenus and other ground spiders were more abundant on heuweltjies than in the matrix between heuweltjies. The different Ammoxenus species appeared to be disparately associated or disassociated with heuweltjies and had different phenologies. This case of niche partitioning among specialist predators warrants further study.
{"title":"Coexistence of Ammoxenus (Gnaphosidae) spider species on and between termitaria of Microhodotermes viator (Hodotermitidae) at a Karoo site","authors":"JR Henschel, W. R. J. Dean, S. Milton, A. Dippenaar-Schoeman","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16110","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies of some species of Ammoxenus spiders demonstrated them to be monophagous predators of certain termites. Upon observing Ammoxenus spiders preying on the hodotermitid, Microhodotermes viator, we examined the distribution of spiders on or off termitaria (termed heuweltjies) at the Tierberg-LTER study site in the Karoo using pitfall traps deployed monthly over two years. Four species of Ammoxenus were found, but only one, Ammoxenus pentheri, has been described, the other three being new to science. Their coexistence prompts questions concerning niche partitioning among several specialist predators. Our initial study revealed that Ammoxenus and other ground spiders were more abundant on heuweltjies than in the matrix between heuweltjies. The different Ammoxenus species appeared to be disparately associated or disassociated with heuweltjies and had different phenologies. This case of niche partitioning among specialist predators warrants further study.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15654
Megan Mulcahy, Des Conlong, Martin Hill
An area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme was developed to improve management of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a major pest of South African sugarcane. Push-pull technology is an important component of this AW-IPM approach. The sugarcane push-pull programme uses plants which are both repellent (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (Cyperales: Poaceae)) and attractive (Cyperus dives Delile and Cyperus papyrus L. (both Cyperales: Cyperaceae) to E. saccharina. Previous research demonstrated the efficacy of push-pull in the Midlands North region of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. To date, little research has been conducted in coastal sugarcane growing areas. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using push-pull for management of E. saccharina in coastal KZN, using large-scale on-farm field trials conducted on five model farms. On each farm, wetland habitats were rehabilitated with pull plants (C. dives and C. papyrus) and fields were intercropped with the repellent grass M. minutiflora. Eldana saccharina damage and infestation levels were recorded to assess the efficacy of push-pull, using a multiple before-after-control-impact (mBACI) design. Push-pull treatment sites showed a significant reduction in mean percentage stalk damage and E. saccharina abundance relative to control sites. Furthermore, stemborer surveys in wetland habitats revealed higher numbers of E. saccharina within Cyperus spp. stands. Pull plants were therefore effective at attracting E. saccharina away from sugarcane. The success of the push-pull trials in this study indicates that it is a useful tool for managing E. saccharina populations in coastal sugarcane, especially in conjunction with other management practices.
为了更好地防治南非甘蔗的主要害虫 Eldana saccharina Walker（鳞翅目：吡蚜科），制定了一项全地区害虫综合防治（AW-IPM）计划。推拉技术是这一 AW-IPM 方法的重要组成部分。甘蔗推拉计划使用的植物既能驱虫（Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. （Cyperales: Poaceae）），又能诱虫（Cyperus dives Delile 和 Cyperus papyrus L. （均为 Cyperales: Cyperaceae））。之前的研究表明，推拉法在南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省（KZN）北部中部地区很有效。迄今为止，在沿海甘蔗种植区进行的研究很少。本研究的目的是通过在五个示范农场进行大规模田间试验，评估在克瓦祖鲁-纳塔尔省沿海地区使用推拉法管理 E. saccharina 的可行性。在每个农场中，湿地栖息地都恢复了牵拉植物（C. dives 和 C. papyrus），田间间作了驱避草 M. minutiflora。采用多重前后控制影响（mBACI）设计，记录 Eldana saccharina 的损害和侵扰水平，以评估推拉法的效果。与对照地点相比，推拉处理地点的平均茎秆受损百分比和矢车菊虫数量显著减少。此外，在湿地栖息地进行的螟虫调查显示，在香附属植物丛中有更多的囊蚋。因此，拔节草能有效地将囊茎虫从甘蔗上引开。本研究中推拉试验的成功表明，它是管理沿海甘蔗中糖刺尾孢蝇种群的有用工具，尤其是与其他管理措施结合使用时。
{"title":"Determining the efficacy of push-pull for management of Eldana saccharina (Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane through on-farm field trials in KwaZulu-Natal.","authors":"Megan Mulcahy, Des Conlong, Martin Hill","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15654","url":null,"abstract":"An area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme was developed to improve management of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a major pest of South African sugarcane. Push-pull technology is an important component of this AW-IPM approach. The sugarcane push-pull programme uses plants which are both repellent (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (Cyperales: Poaceae)) and attractive (Cyperus dives Delile and Cyperus papyrus L. (both Cyperales: Cyperaceae) to E. saccharina. Previous research demonstrated the efficacy of push-pull in the Midlands North region of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. To date, little research has been conducted in coastal sugarcane growing areas. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using push-pull for management of E. saccharina in coastal KZN, using large-scale on-farm field trials conducted on five model farms. On each farm, wetland habitats were rehabilitated with pull plants (C. dives and C. papyrus) and fields were intercropped with the repellent grass M. minutiflora. Eldana saccharina damage and infestation levels were recorded to assess the efficacy of push-pull, using a multiple before-after-control-impact (mBACI) design. Push-pull treatment sites showed a significant reduction in mean percentage stalk damage and E. saccharina abundance relative to control sites. Furthermore, stemborer surveys in wetland habitats revealed higher numbers of E. saccharina within Cyperus spp. stands. Pull plants were therefore effective at attracting E. saccharina away from sugarcane. The success of the push-pull trials in this study indicates that it is a useful tool for managing E. saccharina populations in coastal sugarcane, especially in conjunction with other management practices.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16258
Elizabeth Yvonne Gleeson, Ajw Van der Merwe, Louwrens C. Hoffman, Elsje Pieterse
The larvae of the copper-tailed blowfly (Chrysomya chloropyga) have the potential to break down high-risk waste such as abattoir waste and ameliorate the nutrients to be reintroduced into the food chain by including them in broiler feeds. Chrysomya chloropyga larvae were grown on abattoir waste, harvested, processed, and included in broiler diets at inclusion rates of either 5, 10 or 15%. Thereafter the carcass traits, meat quality characteristics and descriptive sensory attributes were determined. Further to this the mineral content of the tibia, as well as the tibia bone strength were determined. The highest inclusion rate of 15% resulted in broiler carcass and meat characteristics that were on par with a formulated soya-based control diet. The chemical composition of the meat was predominantly not significantly affected by the dietary larval meal inclusion (p > 0.05). In terms of its sensory attributes, meat from broilers fed C. chloropyga meal showed some significant differences for chicken aroma and initial juiciness (p ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for any of five other sensory attributes of importance. Interestingly, the dietary inclusion of C. chloropyga meal was significantly related to increased tibia potassium and iron content, which could be linked to the insects’ accumulating these minerals present in the abattoir waste. The results indicate that C. chloropyga larval meal could be included in broiler diets at up to 15% without any negative effects on the aforementioned characteristics and could even influence them positively.
铜尾粉虱（Chrysomya chloropyga）幼虫具有分解高风险废弃物（如屠宰场废弃物）的潜力，通过在肉鸡饲料中添加铜尾粉虱（Chrysomya chloropyga）幼虫，可改善食物链中的营养成分。在屠宰场废弃物上培育绿僵菌幼虫，收获、加工并以 5%、10% 或 15%的添加率添加到肉鸡日粮中。随后测定了肉鸡的胴体性状、肉质特征和描述性感官属性。此外，还测定了胫骨的矿物质含量和胫骨骨强度。最高添加率为 15%时，肉鸡的胴体和肉质特征与以大豆为基础的对照日粮相当。肉的化学成分主要不受日粮中幼虫粉添加量的显著影响（p > 0.05）。在感官属性方面，饲喂 C. chloropyga 幼虫粉的肉鸡的肉在鸡肉香味和初始多汁度方面有显著差异（p ≤ 0.05）。然而，在其他五种重要感官属性中均未观察到明显差异。有趣的是，膳食中添加 C. chloropyga 粉与胫骨钾和铁含量的增加有显著关系，这可能与昆虫在屠宰场废物中积累这些矿物质有关。研究结果表明，在肉鸡日粮中添加高达 15%的 C. chloropyga 幼虫粉不会对上述特征产生任何负面影响，甚至会产生积极影响。
{"title":"Chrysomya chloropyga (copper-tailed blowfly) larvae reared on abattoir waste as a protein source for broiler production: carcass traits, meat quality and sensory attributes","authors":"Elizabeth Yvonne Gleeson, Ajw Van der Merwe, Louwrens C. Hoffman, Elsje Pieterse","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16258","url":null,"abstract":"The larvae of the copper-tailed blowfly (Chrysomya chloropyga) have the potential to break down high-risk waste such as abattoir waste and ameliorate the nutrients to be reintroduced into the food chain by including them in broiler feeds. Chrysomya chloropyga larvae were grown on abattoir waste, harvested, processed, and included in broiler diets at inclusion rates of either 5, 10 or 15%. Thereafter the carcass traits, meat quality characteristics and descriptive sensory attributes were determined. Further to this the mineral content of the tibia, as well as the tibia bone strength were determined. The highest inclusion rate of 15% resulted in broiler carcass and meat characteristics that were on par with a formulated soya-based control diet. The chemical composition of the meat was predominantly not significantly affected by the dietary larval meal inclusion (p > 0.05). In terms of its sensory attributes, meat from broilers fed C. chloropyga meal showed some significant differences for chicken aroma and initial juiciness (p ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for any of five other sensory attributes of importance. Interestingly, the dietary inclusion of C. chloropyga meal was significantly related to increased tibia potassium and iron content, which could be linked to the insects’ accumulating these minerals present in the abattoir waste. The results indicate that C. chloropyga larval meal could be included in broiler diets at up to 15% without any negative effects on the aforementioned characteristics and could even influence them positively.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-24DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16178
Colin Morrison, R. Plowes, I. Ng’iru, Aaron C. Rhodes, Dino Martins, Lawrence Gilbert
Invasive species are the second largest contributor to biodiversity loss and drivers of ecosystem change. Buffelgrass is a C4, perennial grass native to Africa and Asia that was widely introduced across tropical and subtropical rangelands as livestock forage. Buffelgrass reduces native biodiversity and ecosystem stability in its introduced range when it escapes livestock pastures. Understanding the ecology of insects associated with buffelgrass in its native range may provide an understanding of invasion processes and biological control opportunities where buffelgrass has become an invasive challenge. Here, we present the results of a six-year survey of herbivorous arthropods of a native buffelgrass population from Kenya. Buffelgrass was examined for externally and internally feeding insects of vegetative and reproductive tissues. We also categorised buffelgrass detritivores and parasitoids that may use buffelgrass herbivores as hosts. The samples were photographed and Sanger sequenced to identify them to the lowest possible taxonomic ranking. We collected information on sample abundances, phenologies, tissues consumed, and putative diet breadths. We identified 25 morphospecies representing seven orders and 16 families. The putative host plant specialisation was as high as 67% for Diptera. Phenological variation in herbivore presence correlated with seasonal rainfall and provided a guide for when to conduct follow-up biological control agent searches. The most abundant herbivore was a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that inhabits buffelgrass culms. Additional research should focus on bringing this species into containment where host choice trials can be conducted to determine if it is truly monophagous and assess its impact on buffelgrass growth.
{"title":"Arthropod associates of Kenyan buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris): a field survey for biological control candidates of a globally important invasive grass","authors":"Colin Morrison, R. Plowes, I. Ng’iru, Aaron C. Rhodes, Dino Martins, Lawrence Gilbert","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16178","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive species are the second largest contributor to biodiversity loss and drivers of ecosystem change. Buffelgrass is a C4, perennial grass native to Africa and Asia that was widely introduced across tropical and subtropical rangelands as livestock forage. Buffelgrass reduces native biodiversity and ecosystem stability in its introduced range when it escapes livestock pastures. Understanding the ecology of insects associated with buffelgrass in its native range may provide an understanding of invasion processes and biological control opportunities where buffelgrass has become an invasive challenge. Here, we present the results of a six-year survey of herbivorous arthropods of a native buffelgrass population from Kenya. Buffelgrass was examined for externally and internally feeding insects of vegetative and reproductive tissues. We also categorised buffelgrass detritivores and parasitoids that may use buffelgrass herbivores as hosts. The samples were photographed and Sanger sequenced to identify them to the lowest possible taxonomic ranking. We collected information on sample abundances, phenologies, tissues consumed, and putative diet breadths. We identified 25 morphospecies representing seven orders and 16 families. The putative host plant specialisation was as high as 67% for Diptera. Phenological variation in herbivore presence correlated with seasonal rainfall and provided a guide for when to conduct follow-up biological control agent searches. The most abundant herbivore was a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that inhabits buffelgrass culms. Additional research should focus on bringing this species into containment where host choice trials can be conducted to determine if it is truly monophagous and assess its impact on buffelgrass growth.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13386
Sara Salgado, Grant Martin
Honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabaceae) is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to North America. The tree has been introduced worldwide and has become invasive in South Africa. In 2017, it was listed as one of the nine fastest-spreading weeds in South Africa. Once established, it competes with and displaces indigenous species and dense stands can significantly reduce stream flow. The Asian seed-feeding bruchid, Megabruchidius tonkineus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was introduced into South Africa and has subsequently taken honey locust as a host plant. The beetle damages honey locust seeds and is therefore considered a biological control agent, despite no host-specificity or impact studies having been conducted. This study shows that M. tonkineus has established across the entire G. triacanthos population range in South Africa, damaging approximately 9% of seeds. Laboratory studies show that M. tonkineus completes its larval development in the seeds of G. triacanthos in about 66.80 ± 0.69 SE days before emerging. This study is the first to describe the distribution and impact of this alien insect in South Africa.
蜜刺槐是一种生长迅速的落叶乔木，原产于北美。这种树已被引入世界各地，并已成为南非的入侵物种。2017年，它被列为南非传播最快的九种杂草之一。一旦建立，它就会与本地物种竞争并取代本地物种，密集的林分可以显著减少溪流流量。亚洲取食种子的野蝇(鞘翅目:金蝇科:野蝇科)被引入南非，随后以蜜蝗为寄主植物。这种甲虫破坏蜜刺槐种子，因此被认为是一种生物防治剂，尽管没有进行宿主特异性或影响研究。该研究表明，tonkineus已经在南非的整个三棘虫种群范围内建立，破坏了大约9%的种子。实验室研究表明，在三棘藻种子中，tonkineus在出蛹前约66.80±0.69 SE d完成幼虫发育。这项研究首次描述了这种外来昆虫在南非的分布和影响。
{"title":"Distribution and impact of the Asian seed beetle, Megabruchidius tonkineus (Pic, 1904) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) on Gleditsia triacanthos L. seeds in South Africa","authors":"Sara Salgado, Grant Martin","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a13386","url":null,"abstract":"Honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabaceae) is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to North America. The tree has been introduced worldwide and has become invasive in South Africa. In 2017, it was listed as one of the nine fastest-spreading weeds in South Africa. Once established, it competes with and displaces indigenous species and dense stands can significantly reduce stream flow. The Asian seed-feeding bruchid, Megabruchidius tonkineus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was introduced into South Africa and has subsequently taken honey locust as a host plant. The beetle damages honey locust seeds and is therefore considered a biological control agent, despite no host-specificity or impact studies having been conducted. This study shows that M. tonkineus has established across the entire G. triacanthos population range in South Africa, damaging approximately 9% of seeds. Laboratory studies show that M. tonkineus completes its larval development in the seeds of G. triacanthos in about 66.80 ± 0.69 SE days before emerging. This study is the first to describe the distribution and impact of this alien insect in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16314
Ayesha, S Aswat, Riann Christian, Lizette Koekemoer
Malaria is one of the most severe vector-borne diseases caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Laboratory-reared anophelines are essential to advance research needed to reduce or eliminate malaria. The success of laboratory rearing as well as studies on parasite-mosquito transmission, is advanced by using an artificial membrane feeding systems. These require the optimisation of mosquito feeding to ensure that an optimal number of mosquitoes feed, thereby enabling successful reproduction or research sample sizes. In this study, various parameters such as the type of artificial membrane, density of adults in the feeding cup, age of the mosquito, duration of starvation, method of starvation, the volume of blood meal, duration of feeding, feeding in the light or dark and the effect of lactic acid were evaluated to determine their impact on the feeding rate of a main African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus. By optimising the artificial membrane feeding parameters, an increase in the feeding rate of the An. funestus mosquitoes was observed. The results obtained from these parameters increased the feeding rate of An. funestus above 50%. However, feeding rates were not significantly increased by the type of membrane, mosquito density, the volume of blood meal, duration of feeding and the addition of lactic acid to the cattle intestine membrane. Therefore, this study provides information on suitable conditions for adult mosquito feeding that allows for successful laboratory rearing and colony maintenance. Furthermore, it provides additional information for research studies that are dependent on blood-feeding, such as transmission blocking studies, endectocide studies etc.
{"title":"Optimisation of adult Anopheles funestus blood-feeding on an artificial membrane feeding system","authors":"Ayesha, S Aswat, Riann Christian, Lizette Koekemoer","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a16314","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is one of the most severe vector-borne diseases caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Laboratory-reared anophelines are essential to advance research needed to reduce or eliminate malaria. The success of laboratory rearing as well as studies on parasite-mosquito transmission, is advanced by using an artificial membrane feeding systems. These require the optimisation of mosquito feeding to ensure that an optimal number of mosquitoes feed, thereby enabling successful reproduction or research sample sizes. In this study, various parameters such as the type of artificial membrane, density of adults in the feeding cup, age of the mosquito, duration of starvation, method of starvation, the volume of blood meal, duration of feeding, feeding in the light or dark and the effect of lactic acid were evaluated to determine their impact on the feeding rate of a main African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus. By optimising the artificial membrane feeding parameters, an increase in the feeding rate of the An. funestus mosquitoes was observed. The results obtained from these parameters increased the feeding rate of An. funestus above 50%. However, feeding rates were not significantly increased by the type of membrane, mosquito density, the volume of blood meal, duration of feeding and the addition of lactic acid to the cattle intestine membrane. Therefore, this study provides information on suitable conditions for adult mosquito feeding that allows for successful laboratory rearing and colony maintenance. Furthermore, it provides additional information for research studies that are dependent on blood-feeding, such as transmission blocking studies, endectocide studies etc.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136316787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a11581
Alfonce Leonard, James Peter Egonyu, Fathiya Khamis, Chrysantus Tanga, Sunday Ekesi, Samuel Kyamanywa, Sevgan Subramanian
Natural enemies are major challenges in laboratory rearing of grasshoppers, but the identity and virulence of these towards the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is scarcely known. In this study, fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens collected from Mbarara, Masaka, Hoima, Kampala and Kabale districts in Uganda in 2018, cultured on standard microbial media, identified using molecular techniques and screened for virulence against the insect in laboratory bioassays. Fourteen and nine species of fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens, respectively, with the number of isolates varying based on collection site. The most prevalent entomopathogenic fungal species were Aspergillus flavus Link (27.3%), Fusarium equiseti (Corda) (24.2%), Mucor fragilis Fresen (12.1%), Clonostachys rosea (Link) (6.0%) and Aspergillus tamarii Kita (6.0%); whereas the most prevalent bacterial isolates were Serratia marcescens Bizio (38.1%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (14.3%) and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) (14.3%). Nine of the fungal species namely Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn), Trichoderma koningii Oudem, F. equiseti, M. fragilis, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Epicoccum sorghinum (Saccardo), C. rosea, Penicillium commune Charles Thom; and five bacterial species (Proteus penneri Hickman, S. marcescens, B. thuringiensis, Staphylococcus sciuri Kloos and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder)) were ~5–7-fold and ~4–5-fold, more lethal to third instars of R. differens than untreated controls, respectively. This study is the first to report C. lusitaniae, Exserohilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri and E. cloacae as insect pathogens. The results suggest a need to quarantine field collected R. differens before introducing them into the insectary, as well as performing antimicrobial practices during rearing of the insect to prevent entomopathogen-based mortality.
天敌是实验室饲养蚱蜢的主要挑战，但这些天敌对可食用长角蚱蜢的身份和毒力知之甚少。在本研究中，从2018年在乌干达姆巴拉拉、马萨卡、霍伊马、坎帕拉和卡巴莱地区收集的异棘虫中分离出真菌和细菌，在标准微生物培养基上培养，使用分子技术进行鉴定，并在实验室生物测定中筛选对昆虫的毒力。在不同的采集地点，分别分离到14种真菌和9种细菌。最常见的昆虫病原真菌种类为黄曲霉(27.3%)、牛毛镰刀菌(24.2%)、脆弱毛霉(12.1%)、玫瑰红曲霉(6.0%)和柽柳曲霉(6.0%);以粘质沙雷氏菌(38.1%)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(14.3%)和阴沟肠杆菌(14.3%)最为常见。其中9种真菌分别为lusitania clavisporae Rodrigues de Miranda、corymbifera (Cohn)、koningtrichoderma Oudem、F. equiseti、M. fragilis、niger Aspergillus van Tieghem、Epicoccum sorghinum (sacardo)、C. rosesea、commune Penicillium Charles Thom;5种细菌(penneri Hickman变形杆菌、粘质链球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、重度葡萄球菌Kloos和粪肠球菌(Andrewes和Horder))的致死率分别为未处理对照的~5 - 7倍和~4 - 5倍。本研究首次报道了lusitaniae, exserhilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri和E. cloacae作为昆虫病原体。结果提示，有必要对野外采集的异田鼠进行检疫，然后再将其引入昆虫，并在饲养过程中进行抗菌措施，以防止昆虫病原性死亡。
{"title":"Identification and virulence screening of fungal and bacterial entomophathogens of the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Uganda","authors":"Alfonce Leonard, James Peter Egonyu, Fathiya Khamis, Chrysantus Tanga, Sunday Ekesi, Samuel Kyamanywa, Sevgan Subramanian","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a11581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a11581","url":null,"abstract":"Natural enemies are major challenges in laboratory rearing of grasshoppers, but the identity and virulence of these towards the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is scarcely known. In this study, fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens collected from Mbarara, Masaka, Hoima, Kampala and Kabale districts in Uganda in 2018, cultured on standard microbial media, identified using molecular techniques and screened for virulence against the insect in laboratory bioassays. Fourteen and nine species of fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens, respectively, with the number of isolates varying based on collection site. The most prevalent entomopathogenic fungal species were Aspergillus flavus Link (27.3%), Fusarium equiseti (Corda) (24.2%), Mucor fragilis Fresen (12.1%), Clonostachys rosea (Link) (6.0%) and Aspergillus tamarii Kita (6.0%); whereas the most prevalent bacterial isolates were Serratia marcescens Bizio (38.1%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (14.3%) and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) (14.3%). Nine of the fungal species namely Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn), Trichoderma koningii Oudem, F. equiseti, M. fragilis, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Epicoccum sorghinum (Saccardo), C. rosea, Penicillium commune Charles Thom; and five bacterial species (Proteus penneri Hickman, S. marcescens, B. thuringiensis, Staphylococcus sciuri Kloos and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder)) were ~5–7-fold and ~4–5-fold, more lethal to third instars of R. differens than untreated controls, respectively. This study is the first to report C. lusitaniae, Exserohilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri and E. cloacae as insect pathogens. The results suggest a need to quarantine field collected R. differens before introducing them into the insectary, as well as performing antimicrobial practices during rearing of the insect to prevent entomopathogen-based mortality.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15329
Virginie Roy, Joseph Mpika, Gael Kergoat, Gladrich Feldane Tsoungould Mboussy, Attibayeba Attibayeba
In Central Africa, the development of leguminous crops is accompanied by a proliferation of pests, such as seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Integrated biological control against insect pests requires a preliminary phase of early detection and monitoring of potential invasive species, which is often limited by the availability of diagnostic morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding represents a powerful molecular tool for identifying specimens, and the mitochondrial sequences produced can provide information concerning the origins of introduced species. In this study, we characterized the diversity of insect pests present in farmer storage sites and plots of common bean and pigeon pea, by using DNA barcoding of specimens sampled in the five main agricultural regions of the Republic of Congo. The cosmopolitan seed-beetle species Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was recognized as the major pest sampled on common bean. The sub-Saharan species Specularius erythraeus (Pic, 1908) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was the main species found in pigeon pea plots, sometimes co-occurring with the cosmopolitan species Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). A fourth bruchine, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833), and two moth species were also recognized: a species of the genus Mussidia Ragonot, 1888 (Pyralidae) and the cosmopolitan pest of stored food, Cadra cautella (Walker, 1863) (Pyralidae). These results differ from species lists compiled in the 1980s, thus providing updated knowledge concerning the pest species present in this region and fundamental information for choosing appropriate methods of control.
{"title":"Diversity of insect pests of common bean and pigeon pea in the Republic of Congo revealed by DNA barcoding","authors":"Virginie Roy, Joseph Mpika, Gael Kergoat, Gladrich Feldane Tsoungould Mboussy, Attibayeba Attibayeba","doi":"10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a15329","url":null,"abstract":"In Central Africa, the development of leguminous crops is accompanied by a proliferation of pests, such as seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Integrated biological control against insect pests requires a preliminary phase of early detection and monitoring of potential invasive species, which is often limited by the availability of diagnostic morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding represents a powerful molecular tool for identifying specimens, and the mitochondrial sequences produced can provide information concerning the origins of introduced species. In this study, we characterized the diversity of insect pests present in farmer storage sites and plots of common bean and pigeon pea, by using DNA barcoding of specimens sampled in the five main agricultural regions of the Republic of Congo. The cosmopolitan seed-beetle species Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was recognized as the major pest sampled on common bean. The sub-Saharan species Specularius erythraeus (Pic, 1908) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was the main species found in pigeon pea plots, sometimes co-occurring with the cosmopolitan species Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). A fourth bruchine, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833), and two moth species were also recognized: a species of the genus Mussidia Ragonot, 1888 (Pyralidae) and the cosmopolitan pest of stored food, Cadra cautella (Walker, 1863) (Pyralidae). These results differ from species lists compiled in the 1980s, thus providing updated knowledge concerning the pest species present in this region and fundamental information for choosing appropriate methods of control.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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