Ceskoslovenska epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie最新文献

Based on reports of the hygiene service on the morbidity from tick-borne encephalitis during the period of 1953-1987, data in the literature and results of the authors' field research on the incidence of ticks, the authors defined foci of the disease. In Bohemia there is an extensive important focus of tick-borne encephalitis in the Central Bohemian region in the Krivoklát area, along the Berounka river, along the mid Vltava river and lower Sázava river, in the area of the Brdy mountains and Czech Karst, linked in the South along the Vltava river to foci in the South Bohemian region in the districts of Písek and Ceské Budĕjovice and in the West linked along the Berounka river with the focus in the central part of the West Bohemian region. In the North Bohemian region and East Bohemian region, only minor separate relict foci of tick-borne encephalitis were found. In Moravia there are extensive foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the North Moravian region in the districts of Opava and Bruntál, in the South Moravian region in its central and southern parts. The foci in Bohemia are separated from foci in neighbouring countries, foci in Moravia are continuous with those in Poland and Austria. It was proved that ticks and the revealed foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic are in areas of original oak groves. Areas of beech woods, even those which are below areas where ticks are found, i.e. lower that 700 m above sea level, do not offer favourable conditions for ticks andare not foci of tick-borne encephalitis. Assessment of areas with regard to the prevailing flora and fauna proved a useful method of prediction of the occurrence of ticks and foci of disease they transmit.

Serological examination of 420 domestic animals for the presence of antilegionella antibodies indicates their high exposure to legionellae. On examination by the microagglutination reaction with a serum dilution of 1:64 or more the highest positive values were recorded in horses which reacted with antigens of L. pneumophila 1-14 in 36.2% and with antigens of another 19 types of legionellae in 47.8%. In pigs positive values recorded in 16.2% and in 21.1%; in cattle in 3.8% and 29.5%, in sheep in 7.5% and 11.3% and laboratory rabbits were quite negative. The importance of these findings with regard to the possible role of animals in the ecology of legionellae is obscure.

The hitherto used traditional control of food hygiene focused on assessment whether the controlled sanitary and technological practice is consistent with requirements of regulations sometimes comprises also details of minor importance. To put it briefly, in the course of the production process are many check-up points, but only some or possibly only one is a critical control point. Moreover, by periodic supervision the hygienist is able to record the hygienic and technological state typical only for the time of control. Microbiological examination of final products can reveal only negative sequelae of microbial processes; it does not provide information on the conditions of contamination nor ensure protection against it. For these and other reasons the conclusion is reached that the hitherto used traditional approach of the hygiene supervision is not quite effective and must be replaced by a more active approach focused on the control of factors threatening the wholesomeness already during the production process. The new approach to supervision of food hygiene is the HACCP system (hazard analysis critical control points). The system works rationally as it is based on analysis of systematically assembled data on the causes and conditions which evoked the illness of the consumers by food products or meals. HACCP can be described as prompt, as health or quality problems are revealed immediately after their genesis during production or processing and are eliminated immediately. The system is also comprehensive as it comprises not only the basic technological process incl. processing or modification of ingredients but takes into account also the handling of the given food product after termination of production and in particular final culinar processing. The system can be applied to all pathogenic agents transmitted by foods to man from bacteria and their toxins, viruses, parasites, moulds and mycotoxins, biotoxins but also contaminants and radionuclides. The system requires reliable epidemiological statistics of alimentary infections and intoxications and in practice the participation of an epidemiologist, hygienist and food technologist.

The authors present a report on the first detection of the strain Dermatophilus congolensis in Czechoslovakia. The strain was isolated from ulcerations on the dorsal part of the foot of a 47-year-old patient who previously worked for several years in Libya. Based on examinations of smears from cultures of an isolated strain and four strains from a collection, from experimental dermatofilosis of a rabbit the authors describe the micromorphology of strains of D. congolensis under a light and electron microscope (transmission an and raster microscope). They describe the colonial morphology, haemolytic properties and in particular detail the haemolytic interaction of strains of D. congolensis with Streptococcus agalactiae, Rhodococcus equi and with strains of S. aureus (monoproducers of beta-haemolysin and delta-haemolysin resp.). They assessed the sensitivity of strains of D. congolensis to some staphylococcal bacteriocin-like substances.

The most frequent cause of death of patients with multiple injuries are infectious complications developing on the basis of secondary posttraumatic immunodeficiency syndrome. The authors submit their experience with monitoring of some immunological parameters of these patients and with the use of immunomodulation therapy with transfer factor--a leucocyte dialysate (TF, DLE, Immodin Sevac). They discuss problems pertaining to the mode of therapy, amounts and time of immunomodulation treatment in these patients.

In the submitted paper the author discusses quantitative and qualitative methods of examination of sputum, using different reagents for blending and lysis of sputum. The micromodification of Dixon-Miller's method is most effective from the economic aspect and as regards quality of the examination. The dilution method makes it possible, using selective media, to complete the whole examination in a shorter time without using special equipment for cultivation and assessment of sensitivity to antibiotics in ordinary microbiological field laboratories.

At 55 sites of a health institution in July and September 1990 a total of 161 specimens of arthropods were detected, 30 outdoors and 131 on the premises of the health institution. On their bodies 116 bacterial strains were isolated, mostly Gram-negative rods (more than 85%), in particular spp. Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas. Gram-positive cocci accounted for cca 12%, in particular strains of S. haemolyticus and S. hominis. The greatest number of strains was detected on bodies of cockroaches, flies, Chironomus and Tenebrio. In about one third of strains the diffuse disk test revealed resistance to more than three antibiotics. The investigation was supplemented by microbiological examination of strains from a hospital environment (45 smears) and strains from biological material (82 specimens), from patients with nosocomial infections.

The authors present preliminary data on the infestation of ticks Ixodes ricinus with Borrelia in the town of Kosice and surroundings. The authors found a mean 4.7% positivity which means that more systematic attention should be paid to the problem.