Ceskoslovenska epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie最新文献

In 475 students attending the last school year in four high schools in the town of Povazská Bystrica, Slovakia a questionnaire survey of students' knowledge of HIV infection and AIDS was carried out. 76.33% of all answers to questions in the questionnaire were correct. We found no significant differences between the percentage of correct answers among schools, among boys and girls and among students living in the country and in town. 56% of the students fought that there is enough information about HIV infection, AIDS and about prevention of that infection. Nevertheless the percentage of correct answers to some questions in the questionnaire do not correspond to this statement.

Examination of 276 smears and scrapings from the uterine cervix of women before delivery and during the puerperium revealed in 28.0% positive findings. Perinatal infection was confirmed by the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in 35.5% neonates with conjunctivitis and 27.3% positive smears from the nasopharynx. The authors used the direct immunofluorescence method. For immunofluorescent staining they used Chlamyset of Orion Co., Finland.

Oral colonization with the non-pathogenic strain of E. coli 083:K24:H31 stimulated in a significant way the local antibody formation in the gut, saliva and milk of mothers of the colonized infants. Early induction of SIgA formation is important in particular in infants who are not breastfed where it replaces partially the lacking immunoglobulin supplied in breast milk. In premature and risk infants colonization had a favourable effect on reduction of the number of infections, deaths in conjunction with infection, a reduced presence of pathogenic microflora in the alimentary tract and elsewhere. In carriers the strain replaced successfully pathogenic strains and assisted the restitution of the impaired intestinal microflora.

The author draws attention to some aspects of the development and treatment of candidosis. She describes in detail factors which have a dominant importance in the development of the disease, and the most important components of the protective barrier of the host against the infection. She presents also a classification of known antifungal substances, their mechanism of action and use in therapeutic practice.

In 1980-1990 in the Strakonice district parallel serological examinations, using the Sabin-Feldman test (SFT) and complement fixation test (CFT), were made in 2,758 blood donors for the presence of antibodies against toxoplasmosis. The total number of examinations was 8,245. In the course of the mentioned time interval no significant increase or decrease of the serological prevalence occurred. During the first examination of blood donors the SFR antibodies (titre > or = 4) were detected in 45.4%, CFT (titre > or = 10) in 24.6% donors. 651 blood donors were examined four times or more frequently after 6-month intervals. 22.9% donors lacked antibodies (SFT and CFT) permanently, a rarely present low titre was recorded in another 22.9% donors, a repeated low titre in 43.6% and a repeatedly encountered medium or high titre in 10.6% of blood donors.

The authors present three main trends of prevention of Gram-negative opportunistic infections investigated at the Cardiosurgical Clinic of the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. An important part is played by active and systematic surveillance with early signalling and analysis of new infections with subsequent aimed interventions against concrete sources of infection and mechanisms of transmission. It is necessary to think more of activation of endogenous infection the specific features of which make repression difficult and motivate investigations of preventive approaches. Rational antibiotic policy has so far not appreciated the danger of selection of endogenous and exogenous agents in standard situations where antibiotic therapy lacks an aimed and restrained approach. Immunoprophylaxis with the PSAEVA vaccine in the first preliminary controlled clinical investigation was characterized by the absence of nosocomial epidemics and septicaemia and a significant (fivefold) reduction of the incidence of non-pyocyanic Gram-negative bacteriaemia. The success of vaccination seems to be related to the anti-colonization and anti-invasive mechanism of specific and unspecific nature.

The indirect enzyme test ELISA with soluble complex antigen of M. kansasii, used for assessment of the titre of IgG serum antibodies in a group of patients suffering from mycobacteriosis M. kansasii and in a control group of patients suffering from tuberculosis did not reveal statistically significant differences between serological responses of these two groups. On the other hand, the immunoblot analysis revealed in sera selected at random from these two groups differences at the level of subprotein units against the complex antigen of M. kansasii. In a group of 15 sera of patients with M. kansasii the immunodominant area was 42-45 kD protein subunits, in the control group of 10 sera with M. tuberculosis the area was 35-39 kD. The western blot technique is more perspective for improvement of the serum diagnosis of M. kansasii, in particular where a specific antigen is not available.

For concurrent detection of mycobacteria by the radiometric method BACTEC and the standard cultivation technique 96 samples of pathological material from patients hospitalized with suspected or confirmed tuberculosis was used. The total number of positive samples was 30, using the BACTEC method only, four samples and using the cultivation method only, 10 samples. The assessed difference was not statistically significant. The mean period of positivity with the BACTEC method was 20.4 days, in cultivations 28.8 days. The higher yield of the cultivation method could be caused by various factors. For the BACTEC system inocula of 0.5 ml were used and one cultivation bottle, for the cultivation inocula 1.0 ml and four test tubes for one sample were used. From five samples, positive only on cultivation, only sporadic colonies were obtained after 42-63 days cultivation and in all instances only on one of four media.

During 1990 and partly also 1991, after a practically 10-year zero incidence of measles on the territory of the Czech Republic a measles epidemic broke out. The most severely affected group were adolescents aged 15-19 years who were immunized only by a single dose of vaccine. Conversely the lowest morbidity was recorded in 2-9-year-old children who were immunized already with two doses. The cause of the epidemic was primary failure of the vaccine leading to a low level of collective immunity in some population age brackets. The authors discuss and explain the strategy of immunization against measles involving two doses of vaccine after a 6-10-month interval. In the conclusion possibilities to achieve permanent elimination of measles on our territory are discussed.