Ahasan Ullah Khan, Arnika Afrin Proma, Margia Akter, Matiur Rahaman, Shobhan Das
The viral diseases are a malign condition in the world from 2001 to 2020. The human novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was an initial identification in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The major objective is to critically review the present situation of coronavirus in the world. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2001, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the COVID-19 in 2019 had serious effects in human life in China, Saudi Arabia, and China, respectively. The COVID-19 is a highly mutated virus for the human population in 2020. This review study reveals the host of the virus, history, characteristics, preventive measure, treatment, effects and the epidemic situation in the world.
{"title":"A Review on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic Threat for Global Health in 2020","authors":"Ahasan Ullah Khan, Arnika Afrin Proma, Margia Akter, Matiur Rahaman, Shobhan Das","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"The viral diseases are a malign condition in the world from 2001 to 2020. The human novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was an initial identification in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The major objective is to critically review the present situation of coronavirus in the world. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2001, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the COVID-19 in 2019 had serious effects in human life in China, Saudi Arabia, and China, respectively. The COVID-19 is a highly mutated virus for the human population in 2020. This review study reveals the host of the virus, history, characteristics, preventive measure, treatment, effects and the epidemic situation in the world.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81809767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pal, Bethlehem Mesfen Teashal, Fikru Gizaw, G. Alemayehu, V. Kandi
Salmonellosis is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused frequently by two species of Salmonella (Salmonella enterica, and Salmonella bongori). Although primarily an intestinal bacterium, Salmonellae are widespread in the environment and are commonly found in farm effluents, human sewage and in any material that is subjected to fecal contamination. Salmonella cause diarrheal and systemic infections in humans. The infection most commonly results due to the consumption of food originating from animals and the environment. Studies have attributed that the subclinical infection in farm animals may lead to the contamination of meat, eggs, and milk or cause secondary contamination of fruits and vegetables that have been fertilized or irrigated with water containing fecal wastes. Salmonellosis causes significant economic loss in the management of farm animals. This can be attributed to the cost associated with the diagnosis and to treat the disease, the cost of cleaning and disinfection, and the cost of control and prevention. Moreover, emerging antimicrobial resistance can increase morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with disease management. Salmonellosis has both the social and economic consequences that require strong scientific and public health efforts to improve the situation. Because of the financial constraints, serological tests are conducted on a statistically representative sample of the population where the results are not always indicative of active infection in the herd. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are available for some serovars of Salmonella and may be used for serological diagnosis and surveillance, especially in poultry and pigs. Vaccination, herd immunity, and antigenic cross-reactivity may compromise the diagnostic value of serological tests. Many inactivated vaccines are used against salmonellosis and some live vaccines are available commercially. Owing to the low efficacy of inactivated vaccines, oil or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants are used to improve their immunogenic properties. There is no vaccine to prevent salmonellosis in adults, whereas, a vaccine against Salmonella typhi has been developed, which is in use especially in children, but is only 60% effective. Prevention strategies include maintenance of sanitary/hygienic conditions in food processing plants, avoidance of cross-contamination of food, proper refrigeration of food, the supply of Salmonella free feed to animals, a strict inspection of meat originating from animals, detection and exclusion of carriers from food handling, and personal hygiene. Awareness should be created among the public about the risks associated with the consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk, smoked fish, un-cleaned vegetables, and contaminated water. This review attempts to highlight the role of farm animals in the transmission of salmonellosis, its epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, economic impact, and public health significance.
{"title":"Animals and Food of Animal Origin as a Potential Source of Salmonellosis: A Review of the Epidemiology, Laboratory Diagnosis, Economic Impact and Public Health Significance","authors":"M. Pal, Bethlehem Mesfen Teashal, Fikru Gizaw, G. Alemayehu, V. Kandi","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonellosis is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused frequently by two species of Salmonella (Salmonella enterica, and Salmonella bongori). Although primarily an intestinal bacterium, Salmonellae are widespread in the environment and are commonly found in farm effluents, human sewage and in any material that is subjected to fecal contamination. Salmonella cause diarrheal and systemic infections in humans. The infection most commonly results due to the consumption of food originating from animals and the environment. Studies have attributed that the subclinical infection in farm animals may lead to the contamination of meat, eggs, and milk or cause secondary contamination of fruits and vegetables that have been fertilized or irrigated with water containing fecal wastes. Salmonellosis causes significant economic loss in the management of farm animals. This can be attributed to the cost associated with the diagnosis and to treat the disease, the cost of cleaning and disinfection, and the cost of control and prevention. Moreover, emerging antimicrobial resistance can increase morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with disease management. Salmonellosis has both the social and economic consequences that require strong scientific and public health efforts to improve the situation. Because of the financial constraints, serological tests are conducted on a statistically representative sample of the population where the results are not always indicative of active infection in the herd. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are available for some serovars of Salmonella and may be used for serological diagnosis and surveillance, especially in poultry and pigs. Vaccination, herd immunity, and antigenic cross-reactivity may compromise the diagnostic value of serological tests. Many inactivated vaccines are used against salmonellosis and some live vaccines are available commercially. Owing to the low efficacy of inactivated vaccines, oil or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants are used to improve their immunogenic properties. There is no vaccine to prevent salmonellosis in adults, whereas, a vaccine against Salmonella typhi has been developed, which is in use especially in children, but is only 60% effective. Prevention strategies include maintenance of sanitary/hygienic conditions in food processing plants, avoidance of cross-contamination of food, proper refrigeration of food, the supply of Salmonella free feed to animals, a strict inspection of meat originating from animals, detection and exclusion of carriers from food handling, and personal hygiene. Awareness should be created among the public about the risks associated with the consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk, smoked fish, un-cleaned vegetables, and contaminated water. This review attempts to highlight the role of farm animals in the transmission of salmonellosis, its epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, economic impact, and public health significance.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79920907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Infection with hepatitis B virus are often occult, as positive result but no symptoms, so this will cause increase of infection without knowing. Pregnant women suffer always form complications regarding the gestation itself or related issues cause miscarriage, which may be devastated if it became adaily routine making history for coming future. Therefore, this study aimed to guage prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus by different methods so as to make sure of the techniques regarding the result and to ascertain how the virus has been spread among recurrent miscarriage history women in Gezira state-Sudan. Material and method: Whole blood samples were obtained from each participant, serum was separated for detection of antibodies IgG and IgM of HBV via ICT and EISA, and EDTA added blood later used for DNA extraction so as to perform PCR genotype for HBV. Laboratory work was conducted at Alneelain University-faculty of medical laboratory science-microbiology department. Data analyzed using SPSS version 21. Result: Ninety women were enrolled in each arm of study. All samples enrolled during this study were provides a positive 4 (4.4%) for IgG antibodies for HbV by ELISA. However, There have been abig difference in miscarriage and non miscarriage serum IgM and pcr -positivity for HbV (0 (0%)%) vs 90 (100%) and borderline4(4.4%). by ELISA. In logistic multivairte analysis of the predictors for miscarriage (OR=000, 95%Cl=0.000-0.000, P value= 0.993) IgM sero-negative for miscarriage. Other significant risk factors include microcytic hypochromic anemia, vaginal bleeding, pre-eclampsia and case history. Conclusion: In the current study HBV Immunodiagnostic and molecular negatively isn’t related to miscarriage. . hould be introduced for pregnant women during this setting.further research is required.
{"title":"Assessment of Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Detection of Hepatitis B among Pregnant Women (Spontaneous Recurrent Miscarriage and with No History of Miscarriage) - in Gezira State -2018","authors":"Maab Abdalbaset, O. Khair, N. Abuzeid","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Infection with hepatitis B virus are often occult, as positive result but no symptoms, so this will cause increase of infection without knowing. Pregnant women suffer always form complications regarding the gestation itself or related issues cause miscarriage, which may be devastated if it became adaily routine making history for coming future. Therefore, this study aimed to guage prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus by different methods so as to make sure of the techniques regarding the result and to ascertain how the virus has been spread among recurrent miscarriage history women in Gezira state-Sudan. Material and method: Whole blood samples were obtained from each participant, serum was separated for detection of antibodies IgG and IgM of HBV via ICT and EISA, and EDTA added blood later used for DNA extraction so as to perform PCR genotype for HBV. Laboratory work was conducted at Alneelain University-faculty of medical laboratory science-microbiology department. Data analyzed using SPSS version 21. Result: Ninety women were enrolled in each arm of study. All samples enrolled during this study were provides a positive 4 (4.4%) for IgG antibodies for HbV by ELISA. However, There have been abig difference in miscarriage and non miscarriage serum IgM and pcr -positivity for HbV (0 (0%)%) vs 90 (100%) and borderline4(4.4%). by ELISA. In logistic multivairte analysis of the predictors for miscarriage (OR=000, 95%Cl=0.000-0.000, P value= 0.993) IgM sero-negative for miscarriage. Other significant risk factors include microcytic hypochromic anemia, vaginal bleeding, pre-eclampsia and case history. Conclusion: In the current study HBV Immunodiagnostic and molecular negatively isn’t related to miscarriage. . hould be introduced for pregnant women during this setting.further research is required.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"42-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80683809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted on polluted soil from a refitting oil station at Pointe-Noire in Congo. The aim of the work was to study the composition of the soil microbial community. Microbial diversity was assessed using the 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that microbial diversity was represented by 1986 OTUs assigned to the Bacteria domain with 97% of similarity. However, only 246 OTUs were affiliated with 12 Phyla, 24 Classes, 56 Orders and 85 Families. The Proteobacteria (73%), Chloroflexi (16.85%), Bacteroidetes (2.68%) and Actinobacteria (2.65%) were the most representative bacterial phyla. The dominant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteria. The most abundant orders are represented by Rhizobiales (22.94%), Sphingomodales (7.07%), Caulobacterales (6.68%) and three unknown orders corresponding to 28.96%. Bradyrhizobiaceae (14.10%), Sphingomonadaceae (7.05%) and Caulobacteraceae (6.68%) were the best distributed families in the microbial community. This soil could serve for isolation of microorganism consortia for bioremediation.
{"title":"Assessment of Bacterial Diversity of Sandy-Loam Soil Polluted by Hydrocarbons Using 454 Pyrosequencing","authors":"Goma-Tchimbakala Joseph, Lebonguy Augustin Aimé","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted on polluted soil from a refitting oil station at Pointe-Noire in Congo. The aim of the work was to study the composition of the soil microbial community. Microbial diversity was assessed using the 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that microbial diversity was represented by 1986 OTUs assigned to the Bacteria domain with 97% of similarity. However, only 246 OTUs were affiliated with 12 Phyla, 24 Classes, 56 Orders and 85 Families. The Proteobacteria (73%), Chloroflexi (16.85%), Bacteroidetes (2.68%) and Actinobacteria (2.65%) were the most representative bacterial phyla. The dominant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteria. The most abundant orders are represented by Rhizobiales (22.94%), Sphingomodales (7.07%), Caulobacterales (6.68%) and three unknown orders corresponding to 28.96%. Bradyrhizobiaceae (14.10%), Sphingomonadaceae (7.05%) and Caulobacteraceae (6.68%) were the best distributed families in the microbial community. This soil could serve for isolation of microorganism consortia for bioremediation.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83004190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Efiuvwevwere, C. Ogugbue, G. Emoghene, A. K. Ngbara-ue
Shrimps are highly valued worldwide. However, they deteriorate rapidly after harvest except preserved or subjected to hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP). Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to determine the microbiological and physico-chemical [pH and trimethylamine (TMA)] characteristics of shrimps subjected to several critical control points (CCPs) including 100 ppm sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5) alone or followed by 10 ppm calcium hypochlorite Ca[OCL]2 before ambient (27-35°C) or refrigeration (4-6°C) storage. Also, shrimp types (whole, head or tail subjected to CCPs (iced or un-iced storage) wereanalysed for total viable counts (TVCs), coliforms, Staphylococcus spp.,Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. counts; pH and TMA contents. Significant (p2S2O5 followed by Ca[OCL]2 before 27-35°C storage. Significant different bacterial populations occurred with the un-iced whole shrimps showing maximum population (2.9 x 105cfu/g) of coliforms. Additionally, Staphylococcus spp. had the maximum count (8.2 x 103cfu/g) in un-iced whole samples while the lowest (7.8 x 101cfu/g) occurred in tail samples treated with Na2S2O5 followed by Ca[OCL]2 before 4-6°C storage. Variations in bacterial profiles were influenced by the CCPs resulting in diverse bacteria with iced head samples showing Bacillus spp.,E.coli, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus while the others differed. Most bacterial pathogens occurred in tail samples subjected to CCPs before 27-35°C storage. Highest pH (7.85) and TMA (37.48mgN/100g) occurred in tail samples treated with Na2S2O5 followed by Ca[OCL]2 before ambient storage. Significant positive correlation occurred between TVCs and coliforms (r = 0.9011) and others. However, pH and TMA showed negative or poor correlation against the different bacterial groups.Percentage frequency of bacterial occurrence differed. This study has demonstrated the importance of HACCP and the need to adopt its concept and application to enhance microbial safety of shrimps.
{"title":"Application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) Concept Using Sodium Metabisulphite and Hypochlorite to Enhance Microbial Safety of Shrimps","authors":"B. Efiuvwevwere, C. Ogugbue, G. Emoghene, A. K. Ngbara-ue","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"Shrimps are highly valued worldwide. However, they deteriorate rapidly after harvest except preserved or subjected to hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP). Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to determine the microbiological and physico-chemical [pH and trimethylamine (TMA)] characteristics of shrimps subjected to several critical control points (CCPs) including 100 ppm sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5) alone or followed by 10 ppm calcium hypochlorite Ca[OCL]2 before ambient (27-35°C) or refrigeration (4-6°C) storage. Also, shrimp types (whole, head or tail subjected to CCPs (iced or un-iced storage) wereanalysed for total viable counts (TVCs), coliforms, Staphylococcus spp.,Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. counts; pH and TMA contents. Significant (p2S2O5 followed by Ca[OCL]2 before 27-35°C storage. Significant different bacterial populations occurred with the un-iced whole shrimps showing maximum population (2.9 x 105cfu/g) of coliforms. Additionally, Staphylococcus spp. had the maximum count (8.2 x 103cfu/g) in un-iced whole samples while the lowest (7.8 x 101cfu/g) occurred in tail samples treated with Na2S2O5 followed by Ca[OCL]2 before 4-6°C storage. Variations in bacterial profiles were influenced by the CCPs resulting in diverse bacteria with iced head samples showing Bacillus spp.,E.coli, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus while the others differed. Most bacterial pathogens occurred in tail samples subjected to CCPs before 27-35°C storage. Highest pH (7.85) and TMA (37.48mgN/100g) occurred in tail samples treated with Na2S2O5 followed by Ca[OCL]2 before ambient storage. Significant positive correlation occurred between TVCs and coliforms (r = 0.9011) and others. However, pH and TMA showed negative or poor correlation against the different bacterial groups.Percentage frequency of bacterial occurrence differed. This study has demonstrated the importance of HACCP and the need to adopt its concept and application to enhance microbial safety of shrimps.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"122 1","pages":"24-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87716073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. I. El-Amir, Asmaa Gaber, Mohamed Yousef, T. Gamal, M. A. El-Feky
Purpose: To determine the bacteriological pattern of bacteria causing surgical site infection (SSI) in Qena University Hospitals and detection of biofilm producing organisms. Methodology: Wound swab from 114 patients with SSI were collected for identification of bacteria and detection of biofilm producing organisms by microtiter plate (MTP) method and tube method (TM). icaA and icaD genes were detected in Staphylococcus spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from extracted bacterial DNA Principal Findings:Patients mean age was 33.6 ± 12.7 years. 56.1% of the patients were enrolled to emergent surgeries. Diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor detected in 17.5%. The highest infection rates were noticed after appendectomy, then followed by cholecystectomy (45.6% and 36.8% respectively). Most of bacteria isolated were gram-negative bacteria 67.2%. Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacteria (32.7%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (26.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.9%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(5.7%), then Proteus spp (2.5%). Significant biofilm production were detected between Staphylococcus aureus and E. colispp by MTP method (P value Staphylococcus strains, While all Staphylococcus strains were negative for icaA gene. All positive strains for icaD gene were strong biofilm producer by MTP method. Conclusion: MTP was better than TM in detection of biofilm formation. icaD gene were positive in strong biofilm producer Staphylococcus by MTP method while icaA not.
{"title":"Detection of Biofilm in Surgical Site Infection by Microtiter Plate Method and Its Correlation with icaD, and icaA genes in Staphylococcus Spp","authors":"M. I. El-Amir, Asmaa Gaber, Mohamed Yousef, T. Gamal, M. A. El-Feky","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To determine the bacteriological pattern of bacteria causing surgical site infection (SSI) in Qena University Hospitals and detection of biofilm producing organisms. Methodology: Wound swab from 114 patients with SSI were collected for identification of bacteria and detection of biofilm producing organisms by microtiter plate (MTP) method and tube method (TM). icaA and icaD genes were detected in Staphylococcus spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from extracted bacterial DNA Principal Findings:Patients mean age was 33.6 ± 12.7 years. 56.1% of the patients were enrolled to emergent surgeries. Diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor detected in 17.5%. The highest infection rates were noticed after appendectomy, then followed by cholecystectomy (45.6% and 36.8% respectively). Most of bacteria isolated were gram-negative bacteria 67.2%. Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacteria (32.7%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (26.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.9%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(5.7%), then Proteus spp (2.5%). Significant biofilm production were detected between Staphylococcus aureus and E. colispp by MTP method (P value Staphylococcus strains, While all Staphylococcus strains were negative for icaA gene. All positive strains for icaD gene were strong biofilm producer by MTP method. Conclusion: MTP was better than TM in detection of biofilm formation. icaD gene were positive in strong biofilm producer Staphylococcus by MTP method while icaA not.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73940337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faly Armel SolokaMabika, Etienne Nguimbi, A. Kayath, Gabriel Ahombo
Thromboses appearing in the blood and causing cardiovascular disease by the presence of fibrin remain a problem of concern worldwide. The fibrinolytic enzymes developed by bacteria of the Bacillus-genus are today an interesting and promising alternative to chemicals with multiple consequences. It is in this perspective that three (3) samples of cooked squash wrapped in sheets and consumed in Brazzaville and collected and in three Brazzaville markets were explored. The estimated count of the total flora of each sample for each of the three markets, namely Total, Moukondo and Tsieme was carried out on PCA and represents respectively (5.2 ± 0.12) 107 CFU / g, (1.73 ± 0 , 16) 107 CFU / g, and (9.43 ± 1.06) 107 CFU / g while bacteria of the genus Bacillus are estimated in Mossel respectively at (3.5 ± 1.16) 106 CFU / g, (4, 01 ± 0.85) 106 CFU / g (8.96 ± 0.60) 106 CFU / g. Sixty-six isolates of bacteria of the genus Bacillus isolated from squash by conventional microbiology techniques have been phenotypically characterized. The morphological types characterized are essentially the bacillary form and the spherical form. The ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes correlated with growth was assessed. The growth in terms of optical density varies from 0.800 to 0.97 and the enzymatic production in all the isolates tested varies from 12 to 21 mm. After DNA extraction from 36 isolates, PCR amplification of the rR16S gene revealed fragments of approximately 1500bp by electrophoresis on Agarose Gel. The sequencing of thirty-four (34) fragments made it possible to obtain fifteen (15) sequences having a strong similarity between them and also with the homologs of the databases (97% to 100%) and therefore the molecular identification of: Bacillus sp 40%, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 6.66%, Bacillus subtilis 33.33%, Bacillus Pumilus 6.66%, Bacillus megaterum 6.66%, Bacillus velezensis 6.66%. Five (5) of these sequences have been submitted to GenBank and the accession numbers are successively: MK193815.1 (Bacillus subtilis strain ASM1), MK207434.1 (Bacillus subtilis strain ASM3), MK207435.1 (Bacillus pumilus strain ASM5) , MK207436.1 (Bacillus subtilis strain ASM4), MK207437.1 (Bacillus megaterium strain ASM2).The multiple alignment of sequences obtained shows a high conservation of this gene in bacteria of the genus Bacillus. The phylogenetic classification clearly shows this monophyletic class of bacteria of the genus Bacillus with very short distances(less than 3%).
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Bacillus-Genus Bacteria with Fibrinolytic Potential Isolated from Squashes «NTETE» in Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo","authors":"Faly Armel SolokaMabika, Etienne Nguimbi, A. Kayath, Gabriel Ahombo","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Thromboses appearing in the blood and causing cardiovascular disease by the presence of fibrin remain a problem of concern worldwide. The fibrinolytic enzymes developed by bacteria of the Bacillus-genus are today an interesting and promising alternative to chemicals with multiple consequences. It is in this perspective that three (3) samples of cooked squash wrapped in sheets and consumed in Brazzaville and collected and in three Brazzaville markets were explored. The estimated count of the total flora of each sample for each of the three markets, namely Total, Moukondo and Tsieme was carried out on PCA and represents respectively (5.2 ± 0.12) 107 CFU / g, (1.73 ± 0 , 16) 107 CFU / g, and (9.43 ± 1.06) 107 CFU / g while bacteria of the genus Bacillus are estimated in Mossel respectively at (3.5 ± 1.16) 106 CFU / g, (4, 01 ± 0.85) 106 CFU / g (8.96 ± 0.60) 106 CFU / g. Sixty-six isolates of bacteria of the genus Bacillus isolated from squash by conventional microbiology techniques have been phenotypically characterized. The morphological types characterized are essentially the bacillary form and the spherical form. The ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes correlated with growth was assessed. The growth in terms of optical density varies from 0.800 to 0.97 and the enzymatic production in all the isolates tested varies from 12 to 21 mm. After DNA extraction from 36 isolates, PCR amplification of the rR16S gene revealed fragments of approximately 1500bp by electrophoresis on Agarose Gel. The sequencing of thirty-four (34) fragments made it possible to obtain fifteen (15) sequences having a strong similarity between them and also with the homologs of the databases (97% to 100%) and therefore the molecular identification of: Bacillus sp 40%, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 6.66%, Bacillus subtilis 33.33%, Bacillus Pumilus 6.66%, Bacillus megaterum 6.66%, Bacillus velezensis 6.66%. Five (5) of these sequences have been submitted to GenBank and the accession numbers are successively: MK193815.1 (Bacillus subtilis strain ASM1), MK207434.1 (Bacillus subtilis strain ASM3), MK207435.1 (Bacillus pumilus strain ASM5) , MK207436.1 (Bacillus subtilis strain ASM4), MK207437.1 (Bacillus megaterium strain ASM2).The multiple alignment of sequences obtained shows a high conservation of this gene in bacteria of the genus Bacillus. The phylogenetic classification clearly shows this monophyletic class of bacteria of the genus Bacillus with very short distances(less than 3%).","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79619209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discharge pollutants from refinery of crude oil consider one of the critical problems to the environment due to impact of which on the human health and ecosystem. Currently the biological control to remove hazardous from environment is successful process due to it being a safe way to enhance a healthy environment and also with low cost. The data contained in this study shows that all the fungal species were capable of degrading the crude oil in varying degrees. Total of three genera represented by seven species have been reported from soil heavily contaminated by petroleum oil. Out of seven isolates, only Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Absidia corymbifera were able to biodegraded oil from a higher concentration to below detectable limit changing Czapek's broth color from deep blue to colorless. The higher crude oil biodegradation efficiency was exhibited by Absidia corymbifera compared with other species, nevertheless fungal species isolated from contaminated soil can be exploited in the bioremediation of crude oil to remove petroleum hydrocarbon from contaminated environments.
{"title":"Efficiency of Some Egyptian Soil Fungi in Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon","authors":"M. Ibrahim, M. Mansour, Nada A. El-Boughdady","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-8-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-8-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Discharge pollutants from refinery of crude oil consider one of the critical problems to the environment due to impact of which on the human health and ecosystem. Currently the biological control to remove hazardous from environment is successful process due to it being a safe way to enhance a healthy environment and also with low cost. The data contained in this study shows that all the fungal species were capable of degrading the crude oil in varying degrees. Total of three genera represented by seven species have been reported from soil heavily contaminated by petroleum oil. Out of seven isolates, only Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Absidia corymbifera were able to biodegraded oil from a higher concentration to below detectable limit changing Czapek's broth color from deep blue to colorless. The higher crude oil biodegradation efficiency was exhibited by Absidia corymbifera compared with other species, nevertheless fungal species isolated from contaminated soil can be exploited in the bioremediation of crude oil to remove petroleum hydrocarbon from contaminated environments.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81308698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Alanzi, Mona Albalawi, Saeed M Kabrah, Y. Aljehani, Ahmed M. Okashah, Z. Aljohani, Rehab Ismail H Alribyawi, S. A. Alluqmany, Khalid Eid Alanzi, Nusaybah Eid Alanazi, Rehab A. Eltahlawi, Mohamed Abdel-haleem, Amr El-Dardear, S. Sayed
This research study aims at investigating knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of healthcare workers towards the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The present study focuses on the Hajj season in 2019 in the city of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah in Saudi Arabia as it is one of the most beloved cities for Muslim pilgrims who keep visiting its famous and lovely prophetic Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi). For that, almost 500.000 visitors come to Al-Madinah everyday. Most of the year, the prophetic Masjid is crowded from inside and the crowdedness expands to include the mosque’s piazzas and even the streets outside the masjid. Unfortunately, overcrowdedness is a risk factor for transmitting many serious respiratory diseases as MERS-CoV. Also, this study is an effort to obtain significant insights and to evaluate the health practices among healthcare workers particularly in the primary healthcare domain. Data collection involves a survey questionnaire distributed to all healthcare workers participating in care delivery during the Hajj season 1440 hijri calendar (2019 Gregorian calendar). Participants were medical students, physicians and nurses at Taibah University, King Fahd hospital and primary healthcare centers (PHCs) taking into account the work experience duration and the study level. MERS-CoV viruses are enveloped RNA viruses that fall into six strains. MERS-CoV viruses cause zoonotic diseases belonging to the gamma genus of corona viruses. MERS CoV infection may be caused by droplet, close patients contact and exposure to camels. March–May period is the season of greatest disease transmission. Incubation period is 3-4 days with respiratory and renal symptoms and subclinical infection. The questionnaire investigated all this basic medical knowledge about MERS-CoV. Responses collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS where percent reliability was calculated. Results revealed that the current knowledge of health care personnel needs to be augmented and updated for improving the common goal of declining the transmission rates of MERS-CoV.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAPs) of Healthcare Workers towards MERS-CoV Infection at PHCs in Madinah, KSA during Hajj 1440, 2019","authors":"M. Alanzi, Mona Albalawi, Saeed M Kabrah, Y. Aljehani, Ahmed M. Okashah, Z. Aljohani, Rehab Ismail H Alribyawi, S. A. Alluqmany, Khalid Eid Alanzi, Nusaybah Eid Alanazi, Rehab A. Eltahlawi, Mohamed Abdel-haleem, Amr El-Dardear, S. Sayed","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"This research study aims at investigating knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of healthcare workers towards the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The present study focuses on the Hajj season in 2019 in the city of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah in Saudi Arabia as it is one of the most beloved cities for Muslim pilgrims who keep visiting its famous and lovely prophetic Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi). For that, almost 500.000 visitors come to Al-Madinah everyday. Most of the year, the prophetic Masjid is crowded from inside and the crowdedness expands to include the mosque’s piazzas and even the streets outside the masjid. Unfortunately, overcrowdedness is a risk factor for transmitting many serious respiratory diseases as MERS-CoV. Also, this study is an effort to obtain significant insights and to evaluate the health practices among healthcare workers particularly in the primary healthcare domain. Data collection involves a survey questionnaire distributed to all healthcare workers participating in care delivery during the Hajj season 1440 hijri calendar (2019 Gregorian calendar). Participants were medical students, physicians and nurses at Taibah University, King Fahd hospital and primary healthcare centers (PHCs) taking into account the work experience duration and the study level. MERS-CoV viruses are enveloped RNA viruses that fall into six strains. MERS-CoV viruses cause zoonotic diseases belonging to the gamma genus of corona viruses. MERS CoV infection may be caused by droplet, close patients contact and exposure to camels. March–May period is the season of greatest disease transmission. Incubation period is 3-4 days with respiratory and renal symptoms and subclinical infection. The questionnaire investigated all this basic medical knowledge about MERS-CoV. Responses collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS where percent reliability was calculated. Results revealed that the current knowledge of health care personnel needs to be augmented and updated for improving the common goal of declining the transmission rates of MERS-CoV.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"122-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80606503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Athar Salah Eldin Moustafa, Saada Mohamed Nour Kheiry
Objective: This study had been done to investigate the epidemiological role of the low hygiene and existence of domestic cats in the incidence of asymptomatic toxoplasmosis in human. Material and method: Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii using toxo (IgM, IgG) combo rapid test to detect the immunoglobulin M and G in sera collected from 60 restaurant male and female workers ranging between (15-69) years in Khartoum town. Result: 20% of participant gave positive results for immunoglobulin against Toxoplasma, three individual were IgM positive (5%). 9 individual were IgG positive (15%) only 2 female were diagnosed and they were negative. The highest positivity was given by the age group (37-47) years 50%. 5% were IgM positive and this means they are recently infected. 15% were IgG positive and this means they were either infected or have been immunized after infection. Conclusion: Low hygiene, existence of domestic cats and the Sudanese habit of eating raw meat have a potential epidemiological role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis to human.
{"title":"The Impact of Low Hygiene and Domestic Cats in Transmission of Toxoplasmosis to Human Using ToxoIgG/ IgM Rapid Test","authors":"Athar Salah Eldin Moustafa, Saada Mohamed Nour Kheiry","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study had been done to investigate the epidemiological role of the low hygiene and existence of domestic cats in the incidence of asymptomatic toxoplasmosis in human. Material and method: Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii using toxo (IgM, IgG) combo rapid test to detect the immunoglobulin M and G in sera collected from 60 restaurant male and female workers ranging between (15-69) years in Khartoum town. Result: 20% of participant gave positive results for immunoglobulin against Toxoplasma, three individual were IgM positive (5%). 9 individual were IgG positive (15%) only 2 female were diagnosed and they were negative. The highest positivity was given by the age group (37-47) years 50%. 5% were IgM positive and this means they are recently infected. 15% were IgG positive and this means they were either infected or have been immunized after infection. Conclusion: Low hygiene, existence of domestic cats and the Sudanese habit of eating raw meat have a potential epidemiological role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis to human.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"118-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86356335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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