Nehal I. Ahmed, Dina E Rizk, M. Said, R. Barwa, Mohammed Adel Elsokary, R. Hassan
Candida-related infections are becoming a universal threat to the health of human who undergo immunosuppressive therapy or aggressive medical intervention. Objectives: The aim was to study the distribution of Candida species among winter and summer seasons and to determine the expression of their virulence factors. Methods: A total of 164 Candida isolates were collected from clinical specimens at Mansoura University Hospitals. Candida species were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Extracellular phospholipase, secretory aspartyl proteinase (SAP) and coagulase enzymes and biofilm formation were determined. SAP 9 and 10 genes were detected by PCR. Results: Non-albicans (NAC) isolates were more dominant than C. albicans isolates (P value < 0.0001). C. tropicalis was the most prevalent (59.2%) followed by C. albicans (31.1%), then C. glabrata, C. krusie, unidentified NAC and C. kefyr in 3.7%, 2.4%, 2.4% and 1.2% respectively. Extracellular phospholipase activity was detected in 31.7% of Candida isolates. All C. albicans had phospholipase activity (100%) and one isolate of C. tropicalis was positive while other species were negative. SAPs activities were determined in 61.6% of Candida isolates and were detected in 70.1% and 62.7% among C. tropicalis and C. albicans isolates respectively. SAP9 and SAP 10 genes were detected in 27.7% and 12.9% of Candida isolates showed positive SAPs activity respectively and they were all C. albicans strains. Other species did not harbor either SAP9 or SAP10. Coagulase activity was detected in 80.4% of Candida isolates with higher activity in C. albicans (88.2%), followed by C. tropicalis (81.4%), then other NAC isolates. Biofilm formation was determined in 69.5% of Candida isolates and was more prevalent in C. tropicalis (82.5%) followed by C. albicans (19.6%), C. krusie (100%), unidentified NAC (75%), C. glabrata (33.3%) and C. kefyr (50%). Conclusion: NAC with a preponderance of C. tropicalis was the most common isolated Candida species. Biofilm production, proteinase, phospholipases and coagulase enzymes were observed in both C. albicans and NAC. SAP9 and SAP 10 genes were detected only in C. albicans strains.
{"title":"Molecular Identification and Virulence Factors Determination in Candida Species Isolated from Egyptian Patients","authors":"Nehal I. Ahmed, Dina E Rizk, M. Said, R. Barwa, Mohammed Adel Elsokary, R. Hassan","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"Candida-related infections are becoming a universal threat to the health of human who undergo immunosuppressive therapy or aggressive medical intervention. Objectives: The aim was to study the distribution of Candida species among winter and summer seasons and to determine the expression of their virulence factors. Methods: A total of 164 Candida isolates were collected from clinical specimens at Mansoura University Hospitals. Candida species were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Extracellular phospholipase, secretory aspartyl proteinase (SAP) and coagulase enzymes and biofilm formation were determined. SAP 9 and 10 genes were detected by PCR. Results: Non-albicans (NAC) isolates were more dominant than C. albicans isolates (P value < 0.0001). C. tropicalis was the most prevalent (59.2%) followed by C. albicans (31.1%), then C. glabrata, C. krusie, unidentified NAC and C. kefyr in 3.7%, 2.4%, 2.4% and 1.2% respectively. Extracellular phospholipase activity was detected in 31.7% of Candida isolates. All C. albicans had phospholipase activity (100%) and one isolate of C. tropicalis was positive while other species were negative. SAPs activities were determined in 61.6% of Candida isolates and were detected in 70.1% and 62.7% among C. tropicalis and C. albicans isolates respectively. SAP9 and SAP 10 genes were detected in 27.7% and 12.9% of Candida isolates showed positive SAPs activity respectively and they were all C. albicans strains. Other species did not harbor either SAP9 or SAP10. Coagulase activity was detected in 80.4% of Candida isolates with higher activity in C. albicans (88.2%), followed by C. tropicalis (81.4%), then other NAC isolates. Biofilm formation was determined in 69.5% of Candida isolates and was more prevalent in C. tropicalis (82.5%) followed by C. albicans (19.6%), C. krusie (100%), unidentified NAC (75%), C. glabrata (33.3%) and C. kefyr (50%). Conclusion: NAC with a preponderance of C. tropicalis was the most common isolated Candida species. Biofilm production, proteinase, phospholipases and coagulase enzymes were observed in both C. albicans and NAC. SAP9 and SAP 10 genes were detected only in C. albicans strains.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"108-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91303330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. V. Zige, F. I. Omeje, Christian Kosisochukwu Anumudu
Microorganism are known to be present anywhere they can proliferate, its presence dictates it pathogenicity or otherwise. The study was embarked to assess the enteric bacterial quality and potential risk of water at the bottom of selected commercial freezers in Yenagoa metropolis. Serial dilution was adopted for the assessment of Heterotrophic bacterial count (HPC). From the analysis, bacterial count ranged between 1.083±0.104×107cfu/mL and 2.0 ± 0.358×107cfu/mL. the highest was in sample 4 (S4) and least in sample 10 (S10), the study thus found the presence of heterotrophic bacteria in all samples. This research reveals that freezers S5, S3, S4 and S8 were seriously contaminated, having mean viable bacterial load of 2.47×107cfu/mL, 2.18×107cfu/mL, 2.00×107 cfu/mL and 2.00×107 cfu/mL, respectively; while freezer S1, S2, S6, S7, S9 and S10 had variably viable bacteria count, the occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria count (HPC) between sampled freezers was statistically very significant (P0.05, 0.01). Bacteria cells using morphological and biochemical characterization identified in the study include Escherichia coli (29.4%), which was the most frequently occurring organism, followed by Citrobacter spp (14.7%), Klebsella pneumonia (14.7%), Shigella spp (11.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.8%), Yersinia spp (8.8%) and Campylobacter jejuni (8.8%). E coli were the most frequently isolated bacteria. E. coli and other Eneteric bacteria isolated from freezers are an indication that food items and water stored in these freezers are not safe from public health stand point. Susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics reveals 8(23.5%) were resistant and 26 (76.5%) were susceptible out of 34 cells identified. High resistance was seen in Klebsiella spp which had 2 (60%) and 100% susceptibility was seen among Citrobacter spp and Yersinia spp, on the other hand other isolate had varying drug resistant patterns. The importance of temperature control and regular efficient cleaning regimes need to be communicated to the public so that, effectual management and cleaning of freezers makes frozen food reliable and less likely to act as significant sources of human food and water borne diseases.
{"title":"Assessment of Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (HPC) Associated with Commercial Freezers in Yenagoa Metropolis","authors":"D. V. Zige, F. I. Omeje, Christian Kosisochukwu Anumudu","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-3-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-3-5","url":null,"abstract":"Microorganism are known to be present anywhere they can proliferate, its presence dictates it pathogenicity or otherwise. The study was embarked to assess the enteric bacterial quality and potential risk of water at the bottom of selected commercial freezers in Yenagoa metropolis. Serial dilution was adopted for the assessment of Heterotrophic bacterial count (HPC). From the analysis, bacterial count ranged between 1.083±0.104×107cfu/mL and 2.0 ± 0.358×107cfu/mL. the highest was in sample 4 (S4) and least in sample 10 (S10), the study thus found the presence of heterotrophic bacteria in all samples. This research reveals that freezers S5, S3, S4 and S8 were seriously contaminated, having mean viable bacterial load of 2.47×107cfu/mL, 2.18×107cfu/mL, 2.00×107 cfu/mL and 2.00×107 cfu/mL, respectively; while freezer S1, S2, S6, S7, S9 and S10 had variably viable bacteria count, the occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria count (HPC) between sampled freezers was statistically very significant (P0.05, 0.01). Bacteria cells using morphological and biochemical characterization identified in the study include Escherichia coli (29.4%), which was the most frequently occurring organism, followed by Citrobacter spp (14.7%), Klebsella pneumonia (14.7%), Shigella spp (11.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.8%), Yersinia spp (8.8%) and Campylobacter jejuni (8.8%). E coli were the most frequently isolated bacteria. E. coli and other Eneteric bacteria isolated from freezers are an indication that food items and water stored in these freezers are not safe from public health stand point. Susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics reveals 8(23.5%) were resistant and 26 (76.5%) were susceptible out of 34 cells identified. High resistance was seen in Klebsiella spp which had 2 (60%) and 100% susceptibility was seen among Citrobacter spp and Yersinia spp, on the other hand other isolate had varying drug resistant patterns. The importance of temperature control and regular efficient cleaning regimes need to be communicated to the public so that, effectual management and cleaning of freezers makes frozen food reliable and less likely to act as significant sources of human food and water borne diseases.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"98-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87783334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: Wound infections are usually caused by the patient’s normal flora or by bacteria from the environment or the skin of hospital staff and surgical wound infection which consider as most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide The commonest organism of Gram positive is Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative bacteria which include E. coli, Proteus spp. Klebsiclla spp. and Ps. Aerogenosa. [1]. OBJECTIVES: Isolation and identification of bacteria from wounds and burns infection and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 756 wound swabs were collected from different infected wounds from the outpatient and inpatients admitted in the ward of surgery of Kassala teaching hospital were included in this study. All the swab and pus samples collected were tested for the direct microscopy, culture, biochemical reaction and antibiotic susceptibility tests was applied for all isolated bacteria. Analytical profile index (API system) plus conventional techniques were used in identification of bacterial isolates. The McFarland 0.5 standard was used to adjust the turbidity of the inoculum for the susceptibility test. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was assessed by Modified Kirby Baur disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: During this period of study (756) samples were collected from different infected wounds from Kassala teaching hospital. (76.7%) were male and (23.3%) were female. Types of wounds observed from seven hundred and fifty six (756) patients were of two groups either non-operative/primary wound (82%) and post operative infection (18%). Positive growth was observed in 92.6% (700) of wound cultures and no bacterial isolates were obtained in 7.4 %( 76). From the culture materials Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism 30% followed by Staphylococcus epidermids 19%, Escherichia coli (18 %) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%) Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%) Proteus mirabilis (7%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (6%). Antibiotic disc were exposed to 385 Gram positive isolates 239 (62%) were resistant and 146(38%) were susceptible, (210) Staphylococcus aureus of which 81(38.6%) were susceptible and 129(61.4%) were resistant, (133) Staph. epidermidis of which 51(38.3%) were susceptible and 82 (61.7%) were resistant and (42) Streptococcs pyogeneus 14 (33.3%) susceptible and 28(66.7%) resistant and 223 out of 315 Gram negative isolates (70.8%) were resistant and 92 (29.2%) were susceptible Antibiotic susceptibilities for (126) E. cooli shows 53(42%) susceptible and 73(58%) resistant, (84) Pseudomonas shows 14 (16.7%) susceptible and 70(83.3%) resistant, (56) Klebsiella shows 23 (41%) susceptible and 33 (59%) resistant, and (49) Proteou shows 45 (92%) resistant and 4(8%) susceptible. CONCLUSION: Microbiological analysis of the wound specimen and their antibiotic susceptibility testing are recommended that will guide medical practitioners for empirical treatment of wound i
{"title":"Bacterial Isolates from Wound Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Kassala Teaching hospital, Sudan","authors":"S. J. Bayed, A. MohammedIssa","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Wound infections are usually caused by the patient’s normal flora or by bacteria from the environment or the skin of hospital staff and surgical wound infection which consider as most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide The commonest organism of Gram positive is Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative bacteria which include E. coli, Proteus spp. Klebsiclla spp. and Ps. Aerogenosa. [1]. OBJECTIVES: Isolation and identification of bacteria from wounds and burns infection and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 756 wound swabs were collected from different infected wounds from the outpatient and inpatients admitted in the ward of surgery of Kassala teaching hospital were included in this study. All the swab and pus samples collected were tested for the direct microscopy, culture, biochemical reaction and antibiotic susceptibility tests was applied for all isolated bacteria. Analytical profile index (API system) plus conventional techniques were used in identification of bacterial isolates. The McFarland 0.5 standard was used to adjust the turbidity of the inoculum for the susceptibility test. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was assessed by Modified Kirby Baur disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: During this period of study (756) samples were collected from different infected wounds from Kassala teaching hospital. (76.7%) were male and (23.3%) were female. Types of wounds observed from seven hundred and fifty six (756) patients were of two groups either non-operative/primary wound (82%) and post operative infection (18%). Positive growth was observed in 92.6% (700) of wound cultures and no bacterial isolates were obtained in 7.4 %( 76). From the culture materials Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism 30% followed by Staphylococcus epidermids 19%, Escherichia coli (18 %) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%) Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%) Proteus mirabilis (7%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (6%). Antibiotic disc were exposed to 385 Gram positive isolates 239 (62%) were resistant and 146(38%) were susceptible, (210) Staphylococcus aureus of which 81(38.6%) were susceptible and 129(61.4%) were resistant, (133) Staph. epidermidis of which 51(38.3%) were susceptible and 82 (61.7%) were resistant and (42) Streptococcs pyogeneus 14 (33.3%) susceptible and 28(66.7%) resistant and 223 out of 315 Gram negative isolates (70.8%) were resistant and 92 (29.2%) were susceptible Antibiotic susceptibilities for (126) E. cooli shows 53(42%) susceptible and 73(58%) resistant, (84) Pseudomonas shows 14 (16.7%) susceptible and 70(83.3%) resistant, (56) Klebsiella shows 23 (41%) susceptible and 33 (59%) resistant, and (49) Proteou shows 45 (92%) resistant and 4(8%) susceptible. CONCLUSION: Microbiological analysis of the wound specimen and their antibiotic susceptibility testing are recommended that will guide medical practitioners for empirical treatment of wound i","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"102-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87984687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Nasrin, A. Azad, M. Hasan, M. Kader, Br. Gen. Md. Saidur Rahman, Chowdhury M Hasan
The major aims of biology to understanding life at a systems level. Escherichia coli is a metabolically versatile bacterium able to respond to changes in environmental factors availability. The effect of pH downshift on fermentation characteristics was investigated in a continuous culture of Escherichia coli at aerobic and micro-aerobic conditions. Regardless of oxygen availability, higher levels of acetate were associated with lower biomass yields and lower glucose consumption rates at pH 5.5 as compared to the observations made at pH 7.0. Observed gene expressions indicated that the down- regulation of the glucose uptake rate corresponded to the down-regulation of ptsG gene expression which in turn was caused by the up-regulation of mlc gene under the positive control of Crp. In accordance with up-regulation of arcA gene expression at acidic conditions, the expressions of TCA cycle-related genes such as icdA and gltA, and the respiratory chain gene cyoA were down-regulated, whereas cydB gene expression was up-regulated. Decreased activity of the TCA cycle caused more acetate formation at lower pH levels. Under micro-aerobic condition, higher levels of formate and lactate were produced at lower pH due to up-regulation of pflA, yfiD and ldhA genes. Meanwhile, lower levels of ethanol were produced due to the down-regulation of adhE gene at lower pH, as compared to the observation at neutral pH. The combined effect of pH and temperature on gene expression was also investigated and observed that decreases in the specific glucose consumption rate were associated with increases in the specific acetate production rate. This type of information is useful for the production of recombinant proteins, bio-molecules, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and strain improvement.
{"title":"Adaptive Responses in the Metabolism of Escherichia coli in View of Gene Expressions under Aerobic and Micro-aerobic Condition","authors":"F. Nasrin, A. Azad, M. Hasan, M. Kader, Br. Gen. Md. Saidur Rahman, Chowdhury M Hasan","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"The major aims of biology to understanding life at a systems level. Escherichia coli is a metabolically versatile bacterium able to respond to changes in environmental factors availability. The effect of pH downshift on fermentation characteristics was investigated in a continuous culture of Escherichia coli at aerobic and micro-aerobic conditions. Regardless of oxygen availability, higher levels of acetate were associated with lower biomass yields and lower glucose consumption rates at pH 5.5 as compared to the observations made at pH 7.0. Observed gene expressions indicated that the down- regulation of the glucose uptake rate corresponded to the down-regulation of ptsG gene expression which in turn was caused by the up-regulation of mlc gene under the positive control of Crp. In accordance with up-regulation of arcA gene expression at acidic conditions, the expressions of TCA cycle-related genes such as icdA and gltA, and the respiratory chain gene cyoA were down-regulated, whereas cydB gene expression was up-regulated. Decreased activity of the TCA cycle caused more acetate formation at lower pH levels. Under micro-aerobic condition, higher levels of formate and lactate were produced at lower pH due to up-regulation of pflA, yfiD and ldhA genes. Meanwhile, lower levels of ethanol were produced due to the down-regulation of adhE gene at lower pH, as compared to the observation at neutral pH. The combined effect of pH and temperature on gene expression was also investigated and observed that decreases in the specific glucose consumption rate were associated with increases in the specific acetate production rate. This type of information is useful for the production of recombinant proteins, bio-molecules, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and strain improvement.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77409864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This investigation was focused to isolate and identify the effective cellulolytic soil inhabiting bacteria from the soil of waste disposal site of Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU) campus and Maijdee, Noakhali with evaluating their cellulase production ability. Eight cellulolytic bacteria were isolated and identified as potentially effective strain from thirty isolates of twenty samples and their antibiogram was also performed. In this investigation, the maximum carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis capacities (HC value), for all the isolates, ranged from 1.40 to 2.18 mm whereas maximum clear zone size around the colony ranged from 4.0 mm to 10.0 mm. It was the indication of the highest cellulase production ability of these eight species by degrading cellulose where two isolates sample 2 (10-3) and sample 15 (10-3) displayed the maximum zone of clearance around the colony. The results also revealed that soil of the investigated area can be used, in near future, to produce cellulase enzyme which will be useful for industrial purposes, plant growth promotion and research. Antibiotic sensitivity test was used in the work to determine the sensitivity and resistance pattern of the isolates. The result reported several isolates resistance to commercially used antibiotics. The main reason of this bacterial resistance is the indiscriminate use of the antibiotics. From the microscopic examination, morphological characteristics and various biochemical tests, the isolates were identified as Bacillus spp, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Clostridium spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomycetes spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp.
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Soil Sample and Their Antibiogram","authors":"B. Saha, S. Roy, F. Hossen","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation was focused to isolate and identify the effective cellulolytic soil inhabiting bacteria from the soil of waste disposal site of Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU) campus and Maijdee, Noakhali with evaluating their cellulase production ability. Eight cellulolytic bacteria were isolated and identified as potentially effective strain from thirty isolates of twenty samples and their antibiogram was also performed. In this investigation, the maximum carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis capacities (HC value), for all the isolates, ranged from 1.40 to 2.18 mm whereas maximum clear zone size around the colony ranged from 4.0 mm to 10.0 mm. It was the indication of the highest cellulase production ability of these eight species by degrading cellulose where two isolates sample 2 (10-3) and sample 15 (10-3) displayed the maximum zone of clearance around the colony. The results also revealed that soil of the investigated area can be used, in near future, to produce cellulase enzyme which will be useful for industrial purposes, plant growth promotion and research. Antibiotic sensitivity test was used in the work to determine the sensitivity and resistance pattern of the isolates. The result reported several isolates resistance to commercially used antibiotics. The main reason of this bacterial resistance is the indiscriminate use of the antibiotics. From the microscopic examination, morphological characteristics and various biochemical tests, the isolates were identified as Bacillus spp, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Clostridium spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomycetes spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78392376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fish is a preferred source of protein globally, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. It is a savoured protein source in the Niger Delta, including Port Harcourt. Smoking is used to preserve fish by reducing its moisture content with a view to improved shelf life. This study aimed at determining the Mycoflora and the Public Health risks of smoked fish sold in Port Harcourt Markets. A total of 54 fish samples were collected from three strategic markets; Mile one, Oil Mill and Creek Road markets. Fish collected consists of 6 different species; Gadus morhua, Pseudotolithus typhus, Lutijanus goreensis, Ethalmosa fimbriata, Pseudotolithus senegalensis and Dasyatis pastinaca. All samples were grouped accordingly. Mycological study of fish samples was done using standard methods on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. There was a significant difference in the mycoflora counts of smoked fish from different markets (p<0.05). Fungal load ranged from 1.23±0.08 x103 sfu/g in Lutjanus goreensis to 8.89±0.10 x 103 sfu/g in Gadus morhua, at Creek road market. From Mile 1 market, Lutjanus goreensis still hosted the highest population of 13.25±0.7 x 103 sfu/g and Dasyatis pastinaca had the least; 0.66±0.01 x 103 sfu/g. At Oil mill market, Ethalmosa fimbriata hosted 13.23±0.47 x 103 sfu/g while Gadus morhua had 0.77±0.02 x 103sfu/g. The fungal load in all fish from all three markets were significantly high for food and calls for attention. Nine fungal genera; Saccharomyces spp, Rhizopus spp, Penicillium spp, Mucor spp, Fusarium spp, Cladosporium spp, Candida spp, Absidia spp and Aspergillus spp, were isolated. All six fish species studied recorded more than 50 % occurrence of fungal species in all the markets. The mycoflora of smoked fish sold in Port Harcourt markets suggest significant public health risks. The need for improved storage and handling of this important protein source is high towards reduced public health risk. Proper preparation method, such as boiling, is strongly advocated.
{"title":"Mycoflora and Public Health Risks of Smoked Fish Sold in Port Harcourt Markets, Nigeria","authors":"Akani Nedie Patience, Nwankwo Chidiebele Emmanuel Ikechukwu","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"Fish is a preferred source of protein globally, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. It is a savoured protein source in the Niger Delta, including Port Harcourt. Smoking is used to preserve fish by reducing its moisture content with a view to improved shelf life. This study aimed at determining the Mycoflora and the Public Health risks of smoked fish sold in Port Harcourt Markets. A total of 54 fish samples were collected from three strategic markets; Mile one, Oil Mill and Creek Road markets. Fish collected consists of 6 different species; Gadus morhua, Pseudotolithus typhus, Lutijanus goreensis, Ethalmosa fimbriata, Pseudotolithus senegalensis and Dasyatis pastinaca. All samples were grouped accordingly. Mycological study of fish samples was done using standard methods on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. There was a significant difference in the mycoflora counts of smoked fish from different markets (p<0.05). Fungal load ranged from 1.23±0.08 x103 sfu/g in Lutjanus goreensis to 8.89±0.10 x 103 sfu/g in Gadus morhua, at Creek road market. From Mile 1 market, Lutjanus goreensis still hosted the highest population of 13.25±0.7 x 103 sfu/g and Dasyatis pastinaca had the least; 0.66±0.01 x 103 sfu/g. At Oil mill market, Ethalmosa fimbriata hosted 13.23±0.47 x 103 sfu/g while Gadus morhua had 0.77±0.02 x 103sfu/g. The fungal load in all fish from all three markets were significantly high for food and calls for attention. Nine fungal genera; Saccharomyces spp, Rhizopus spp, Penicillium spp, Mucor spp, Fusarium spp, Cladosporium spp, Candida spp, Absidia spp and Aspergillus spp, were isolated. All six fish species studied recorded more than 50 % occurrence of fungal species in all the markets. The mycoflora of smoked fish sold in Port Harcourt markets suggest significant public health risks. The need for improved storage and handling of this important protein source is high towards reduced public health risk. Proper preparation method, such as boiling, is strongly advocated.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"78-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91306136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Elshaer, Amina Abd El Aal, A. Elewa, N. El-Mashad
Background and purpose: The incidence of systemic fungal infection has increased considerably in recent years. It is of greater concern because they are often misdiagnosed. The study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of ELISA and Polymerase chain reaction versus the gold standard blood culture in diagnosing systemic fungal infection. Materials and Methods: The study included 70 cancer patients at the Mansoura University Oncology Center clinically suspected to suffer from systemic fungal infection. Blood samples were subjected to automated blood culture, antigen detection by ELISA and PCR for fungal DNA. Results: Considering the different methods used for diagnosis of systemic fungal infection, 19 patients were positive by blood culture, 36 patients were positive by ELISA and 32 patients were positive by PCR. Both β -D-glucan and PCR exhibited higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy with higher NPV than PPV compared to the gold standard blood culture which lacks the desired sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Rapid diagnostic techniques such as ELISA and PCR offer an accurate and reproducible tool for early diagnosis and treatment of fungal pathogens.
背景与目的:近年来，全身性真菌感染的发病率显著增加。更令人担忧的是，他们经常被误诊。该研究旨在评估ELISA和聚合酶链反应与金标准血培养在诊断全身真菌感染方面的诊断性能。材料与方法:本研究纳入曼苏拉大学肿瘤中心临床怀疑患有全身性真菌感染的70例癌症患者。血样进行自动血培养，ELISA和PCR检测真菌DNA抗原。结果:考虑到全体性真菌感染诊断方法不同，血培养阳性19例，ELISA阳性36例，PCR阳性32例。与缺乏敏感性和特异性的金标准血培养相比，β - d -葡聚糖和PCR均具有更高的灵敏度、特异性和准确性，且NPV高于PPV。结论:ELISA和PCR等快速诊断技术为真菌病原菌的早期诊断和治疗提供了准确、可重复性高的工具。
{"title":"Performance of Blood culture, β -D-glucan and PCR for Diagnosis of Systemic Fungal Infection in Cancer Patients","authors":"M. Elshaer, Amina Abd El Aal, A. Elewa, N. El-Mashad","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"Background and purpose: The incidence of systemic fungal infection has increased considerably in recent years. It is of greater concern because they are often misdiagnosed. The study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of ELISA and Polymerase chain reaction versus the gold standard blood culture in diagnosing systemic fungal infection. Materials and Methods: The study included 70 cancer patients at the Mansoura University Oncology Center clinically suspected to suffer from systemic fungal infection. Blood samples were subjected to automated blood culture, antigen detection by ELISA and PCR for fungal DNA. Results: Considering the different methods used for diagnosis of systemic fungal infection, 19 patients were positive by blood culture, 36 patients were positive by ELISA and 32 patients were positive by PCR. Both β -D-glucan and PCR exhibited higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy with higher NPV than PPV compared to the gold standard blood culture which lacks the desired sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Rapid diagnostic techniques such as ELISA and PCR offer an accurate and reproducible tool for early diagnosis and treatment of fungal pathogens.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84883012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Nigeria, increasing cases of food borne diseases especially diarrhea reported by many families has been linked to consumption of microbial contaminated flour based meals. Exposed and packaged cassava, yam and plantain flour are locally available in our markets. In this study, standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify bacterial and fungal isolates from the flour samples. Further characterization of the isolates was done using molecular methods. Our results shows that Bacillus sp. (46.67 %), Staphylococcus sp. (40 %), Escherichia coli (10 %) and Salmonella sp. (3.33 %) is the percentage frequency of occurrence of bacterial isolates; Microsporum audouinii (14.08 %), M. canis (2.82 %), M. nanum (5.63 %), Exserohilum sp. (9.86 %), Trichoderma sp. (7.04 %), Candida tropicalis (5.63 %), C. rugosa (9.9 %), C. krusei (2.82 %) C. glabrata (5.63 %), Aspergillus fumigatus (4.23 %), A. flavus (1.41 %), A. terreus (2.83 %), A. versicolor (1.41 %), A. clavatus (2.82 %), A. niger (5.63 %), Phaeoacremonim sp. (1.41 %), Epicoccum sp. (2.82 %), Exophiala dermatitidis (1.41 %), Penicillium sp. (1.41 %), Cokeromyces sp. (2.82 %), Aureobasidium sp. (1.41 %), Rhodotorula sp. (2.82 %), Fonsecaea pedrosoi (1.41 %) and Phoma sp. (2.82 %) are percentage frequency of occurrence of fungal isolates. Molecular characterization revealed the bacterial isolates to be Bacillus megaterium strain WSH10 16S, Enterobacter sp. strain HZ21, Alcaligenes feacalis strain CGAPGPBS and Acinetobacter junii strain SB132 while the fungal isolates are Aspergillus niger strain NI26, Paecilomyces sinensis strain Gr133 and Tramestes polyzona strain CNRMA14.236. It is recommended that edible flours should be produced under strict hygienic condition and packaged to prevent microbial contamination of the products.
在尼日利亚，越来越多的食源性疾病病例，特别是许多家庭报告的腹泻病例，与食用受微生物污染的面粉食品有关。暴露和包装的木薯、山药和大蕉粉在我们的市场上都可以买到。本研究采用标准微生物学方法从面粉样品中分离鉴定细菌和真菌。利用分子方法对分离菌株进行了进一步的鉴定。结果表明，杆菌属(46.67%)、葡萄球菌属(40%)、大肠杆菌属(10%)和沙门氏菌属(3.33%)是出现频率最高的分离菌;Microsporum audouinii(14.08%)、m .犬属(2.82%)、m . nanum(5.63%)、Exserohilum sp。(9.86%),木霉属sp。(7.04%)、假丝酵母tropicalis (5.63%), c .玫瑰(9.9%),c . krusei (2.82%) c glabrata(5.63%)、来自烟曲霉属真菌(4.23%),a flavus (1.41%), a terreus (2.83%), a .杂色的(1.41%),a clavatus(2.82%)、答:尼日尔(5.63%)、Phaeoacremonim sp。(1.41%)、Epicoccum sp。(2.82%)、皮炎Exophiala(1.41%)、青霉菌sp。(1.41%)、Cokeromyces sp。(2.82%),金黄色葡萄球菌(auobasidium sp.)、红霉菌(Rhodotorula sp.)(2.82%)、红霉菌(Fonsecaea pedrosoi)(1.41%)和灰霉菌(Phoma sp.)(2.82%)的分离率最高。分子鉴定结果显示，分离到的细菌为巨芽孢杆菌WSH10 16S、肠杆菌HZ21、山羊碱杆菌gcgapgpbs和朱尼不动杆菌SB132，分离到的真菌为黑曲霉NI26、中华拟青霉Gr133和多带曲霉CNRMA14.236。建议食用面粉应在严格的卫生条件下生产，并进行包装，以防止微生物污染产品。
{"title":"Microbiological Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Bacterial and Fungal Isolates Present in Exposed and Packaged Cassava, Plantain and Yam Flour Sold in Selected Markets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"N. Odu, N. Maduka","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"In Nigeria, increasing cases of food borne diseases especially diarrhea reported by many families has been linked to consumption of microbial contaminated flour based meals. Exposed and packaged cassava, yam and plantain flour are locally available in our markets. In this study, standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify bacterial and fungal isolates from the flour samples. Further characterization of the isolates was done using molecular methods. Our results shows that Bacillus sp. (46.67 %), Staphylococcus sp. (40 %), Escherichia coli (10 %) and Salmonella sp. (3.33 %) is the percentage frequency of occurrence of bacterial isolates; Microsporum audouinii (14.08 %), M. canis (2.82 %), M. nanum (5.63 %), Exserohilum sp. (9.86 %), Trichoderma sp. (7.04 %), Candida tropicalis (5.63 %), C. rugosa (9.9 %), C. krusei (2.82 %) C. glabrata (5.63 %), Aspergillus fumigatus (4.23 %), A. flavus (1.41 %), A. terreus (2.83 %), A. versicolor (1.41 %), A. clavatus (2.82 %), A. niger (5.63 %), Phaeoacremonim sp. (1.41 %), Epicoccum sp. (2.82 %), Exophiala dermatitidis (1.41 %), Penicillium sp. (1.41 %), Cokeromyces sp. (2.82 %), Aureobasidium sp. (1.41 %), Rhodotorula sp. (2.82 %), Fonsecaea pedrosoi (1.41 %) and Phoma sp. (2.82 %) are percentage frequency of occurrence of fungal isolates. Molecular characterization revealed the bacterial isolates to be Bacillus megaterium strain WSH10 16S, Enterobacter sp. strain HZ21, Alcaligenes feacalis strain CGAPGPBS and Acinetobacter junii strain SB132 while the fungal isolates are Aspergillus niger strain NI26, Paecilomyces sinensis strain Gr133 and Tramestes polyzona strain CNRMA14.236. It is recommended that edible flours should be produced under strict hygienic condition and packaged to prevent microbial contamination of the products.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"63-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86682993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of pathogens in edible flours generally considered as microbiologically safe is a threat to public health. In this study, microbial load of thirty (30) samples of exposed and packaged cassava, plantain and yam flour from open markets and supermarkets were determined. Similar flours were prepared in the laboratory as control. Morphological and molecular characterization methods were adopted in this study. On average, packaged flour samples had lower total fungal count (TFC) and total heterotrophic count (THC) than exposed flour samples. Maximum THC of the flour samples were slightly above 5 log10cfu/g except packaged yam flour (3.91 log10cfu/g). THC, TFC, Bacillus and Staphylococcal count of the control samples range between 4.64-4.72, 2.3-2.6, 2.3-2.8, 3.44-3.53 log10cfu/g, respectively. As for packaged yam, plantain and cassava flours, their TFC range between 3.45-3.55, 2.30-3.10 and 2.15-2.80 log10cfu/g, while THC was 3.70-3.91, 2.0-5.69, 5.48-5.54 log10cfu/g, respectively. Therefore, exposing cassava, plantain and yam flour in open markets should be discouraged and strict good manufacturing practices during flour processing are recommended in order to drastically reduce microbial load in edible flour.
{"title":"Microbiological Quality of Packaged and Exposed Cassava, Yam and Plantain Flour Sold in Markets and Supermarkets in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"N. Odu, M. Elenwo, N. Maduka","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of pathogens in edible flours generally considered as microbiologically safe is a threat to public health. In this study, microbial load of thirty (30) samples of exposed and packaged cassava, plantain and yam flour from open markets and supermarkets were determined. Similar flours were prepared in the laboratory as control. Morphological and molecular characterization methods were adopted in this study. On average, packaged flour samples had lower total fungal count (TFC) and total heterotrophic count (THC) than exposed flour samples. Maximum THC of the flour samples were slightly above 5 log10cfu/g except packaged yam flour (3.91 log10cfu/g). THC, TFC, Bacillus and Staphylococcal count of the control samples range between 4.64-4.72, 2.3-2.6, 2.3-2.8, 3.44-3.53 log10cfu/g, respectively. As for packaged yam, plantain and cassava flours, their TFC range between 3.45-3.55, 2.30-3.10 and 2.15-2.80 log10cfu/g, while THC was 3.70-3.91, 2.0-5.69, 5.48-5.54 log10cfu/g, respectively. Therefore, exposing cassava, plantain and yam flour in open markets should be discouraged and strict good manufacturing practices during flour processing are recommended in order to drastically reduce microbial load in edible flour.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"258 1","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77095454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lawrence O. Amadi, Joy S. Ekechi, Seth M. Akporutu
Bioefficacy of crude Turmeric rhizome extracts and in combination with alum against four (4) bacterial and five (5) fungal species were determined using disc diffusion (DD) and agar well diffusion (AWD) methods respectively. The extracts with or without Alum were active against all the test microbes in dose-dependent manner by inhibiting their growth. The highest diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) was observed with ethanolic turmeric extract (ETE) and alum (ETE+Alum) at 0.3g concentration on Gram negative bacteria; Escherichia coli (16.6±0.8mm) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (15.3±1.1mm) and Gram positive bacterium; Staphylococcus aureus (15.0±0.0mm) whereas strong antimycotic activity occurred with Alum in the order Aspergillus terreus (17.5±1.0mm) > A. flavus (17±1.0mm) > S. cerevisiae (14mm) > C. albicans (12±1.0mm) by DD respectively. Using AWD bioassay, alum exhibited the best activity against Bacillus cereus (17.8±1.0mm), S. aureus (16.0 ± 0.7mm) and 14.0mm on P. fluorescens and E. coli whereas ETE+Alum demonstrated highest antimycotic activity on A. terreus (35±1.0mm) > Penicillium crystallium and A. flavus (33.0mm) > S. cerevisiae (24.0mm). Furthermore, the demonstration of apparent antimicrobial activity on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as against moulds and yeasts by extracts of Turmeric rhizome` and Alum is suggestive of broad spectrum activity. In contrast, however, the high activity of Ofloxacin (OFL) and Ketoconazole (KTA) against test microbes highlights their superiority to the extracts with or without alum. However, enhancement of bioefficacy of Turmeric rhizome extracts was achieved by incorporation of Alum and such novel approaches to research with safe, natural products would provide an alternative to antibiotic and antifungal treatment of diseases of plants, animals and humans in future.
{"title":"Bioefficacy of Turmeric Rhizome Extracts with Alum on Microbes: An in Vitro Approach","authors":"Lawrence O. Amadi, Joy S. Ekechi, Seth M. Akporutu","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"Bioefficacy of crude Turmeric rhizome extracts and in combination with alum against four (4) bacterial and five (5) fungal species were determined using disc diffusion (DD) and agar well diffusion (AWD) methods respectively. The extracts with or without Alum were active against all the test microbes in dose-dependent manner by inhibiting their growth. The highest diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) was observed with ethanolic turmeric extract (ETE) and alum (ETE+Alum) at 0.3g concentration on Gram negative bacteria; Escherichia coli (16.6±0.8mm) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (15.3±1.1mm) and Gram positive bacterium; Staphylococcus aureus (15.0±0.0mm) whereas strong antimycotic activity occurred with Alum in the order Aspergillus terreus (17.5±1.0mm) > A. flavus (17±1.0mm) > S. cerevisiae (14mm) > C. albicans (12±1.0mm) by DD respectively. Using AWD bioassay, alum exhibited the best activity against Bacillus cereus (17.8±1.0mm), S. aureus (16.0 ± 0.7mm) and 14.0mm on P. fluorescens and E. coli whereas ETE+Alum demonstrated highest antimycotic activity on A. terreus (35±1.0mm) > Penicillium crystallium and A. flavus (33.0mm) > S. cerevisiae (24.0mm). Furthermore, the demonstration of apparent antimicrobial activity on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as against moulds and yeasts by extracts of Turmeric rhizome` and Alum is suggestive of broad spectrum activity. In contrast, however, the high activity of Ofloxacin (OFL) and Ketoconazole (KTA) against test microbes highlights their superiority to the extracts with or without alum. However, enhancement of bioefficacy of Turmeric rhizome extracts was achieved by incorporation of Alum and such novel approaches to research with safe, natural products would provide an alternative to antibiotic and antifungal treatment of diseases of plants, animals and humans in future.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"51-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85278117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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