The diet with high contents of protein, lipids and carbohydrates resulted in an adaptive shift of the hydrolytic function of the rat pancreas and small intestine. High-protein diet led to activation of proteolytic enzyme pool, the same occurred with high-lipid and high-carbohydrate diets.
Ageing was shown to be accompanied by changes of the activity levels of the small intestine's carbohydrases, dipeptidases, and alkaline phosphatases. The changes occurred both under normal conditions and after operations on the small intestine. In ageing, the small intestine's capacity for the homeomorphosis decreases irrespective of either increase or decrease in the functional loading. The age involution of the gastrointestinal tract is followed by disturbances not only in hydrolytic processes but in transport those as well: particularly deceleration of glucose accumulation in preparations of the rat intestine mucose. Regulatory properties of some enzymes were changed, too, in old rats.
Hydrocortisone was shown to prompt the accumulation of pancreatic enzymes taking part in the processing of food protein components in food-deprived chicks. The quality of the enzymes synthetized under hormonal induction does not differ from that in control groups.
Two groups of pathogenetic mucosal changes peculiar to fasting period were revealed in 28 obese patients: a structural rearrangement of mucosa with inhibition of mitotic activity of epithelial crypts, and the inflammatory responses manifested by increased cellular infiltration of stroma and compensatory-adaptive changes of capillary bed structures. The adequate dietotherapy provided full recovery of the mucosa tissue parameters on the 26th day.
The mechanism of trans-sorption was shown to be based on mobile adsorption of various substances at specific and unspecific sites localised in spatially organised systems integrated within premembrane structures. Some specifics and possible physiological significance of trans-sorption are discussed using mathematical models of nutrients transfer across autonomous premembrane layer in the small intestine.
The activity of the small intestine's enzymes realising final stages of nutrients hydrolysis was studied in herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous animals. The small intestine's enzyme spectrum corresponded to the food specialisation of the animals. The proximal-distal gradient of the distribution of digestive enzymes along the small intestine has both some similar features and certain differences.
The recording of the short-circuit current responses to glucose or glycine was used to monitor active nutrient transport in the rat small intestine from mucose to serose. The coupled cotransporter for Na+ glucose and glycine was shown to consist of the central ion channel and a few nutrient channels around it. It seems that the combination of some types of ion channels with various types of nutrient channels leads to a formation of multi-channel transporters with different ion-nutrient specifics.
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