The diet with high contents of protein, lipids and carbohydrates resulted in an adaptive shift of the hydrolytic function of the rat pancreas and small intestine. High-protein diet led to activation of proteolytic enzyme pool, the same occurred with high-lipid and high-carbohydrate diets.
Ageing was shown to be accompanied by changes of the activity levels of the small intestine's carbohydrases, dipeptidases, and alkaline phosphatases. The changes occurred both under normal conditions and after operations on the small intestine. In ageing, the small intestine's capacity for the homeomorphosis decreases irrespective of either increase or decrease in the functional loading. The age involution of the gastrointestinal tract is followed by disturbances not only in hydrolytic processes but in transport those as well: particularly deceleration of glucose accumulation in preparations of the rat intestine mucose. Regulatory properties of some enzymes were changed, too, in old rats.
Hydrocortisone was shown to prompt the accumulation of pancreatic enzymes taking part in the processing of food protein components in food-deprived chicks. The quality of the enzymes synthetized under hormonal induction does not differ from that in control groups.
Two groups of pathogenetic mucosal changes peculiar to fasting period were revealed in 28 obese patients: a structural rearrangement of mucosa with inhibition of mitotic activity of epithelial crypts, and the inflammatory responses manifested by increased cellular infiltration of stroma and compensatory-adaptive changes of capillary bed structures. The adequate dietotherapy provided full recovery of the mucosa tissue parameters on the 26th day.
The mechanism of trans-sorption was shown to be based on mobile adsorption of various substances at specific and unspecific sites localised in spatially organised systems integrated within premembrane structures. Some specifics and possible physiological significance of trans-sorption are discussed using mathematical models of nutrients transfer across autonomous premembrane layer in the small intestine.
Using a new, in vitro, experimental approach the transport of glucose, galactose, fructose and glycine in seroso-mucosal direction in the small intestine, was studied under different modes of oxygenation. In case of monosaccharides under the oxygenation from serosal surface, the substrate concentration is lower in the small intestine tissue than under anoxia. The effect of the oxygenation from serosal surface on the galactose transport was shown to be sensitive to absence of sodium ions, ouabain, phloretin, and not sensitive to phlorizin. The data obtained corroborate the hypothesis of the existence of a mechanism pumping off monosaccharides enterocytes through the basolateral membrane.
The activity of the small intestine's enzymes realising final stages of nutrients hydrolysis was studied in herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous animals. The small intestine's enzyme spectrum corresponded to the food specialisation of the animals. The proximal-distal gradient of the distribution of digestive enzymes along the small intestine has both some similar features and certain differences.
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