Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300103
B L Bible
Through a continuous and comprehensive program, the Council on Rural Health aims toward the development of optimum health for rural America. Of primary concern are the availability and utilization of health services and facilities in rural areas, including increased availability of health manpower, community involvement in health planning, consumer health education, and rural health research. From its inception in the 19409, the Council on Rural Health has recognized the need for a broad program of health education for the rural population. With limited health manpower resources and health care facilities, it is imperative that rural Americans be provided with a program in health education for personal health and for involvement in community action in developing adequate health care services. The Cooperative Extension Service, with its county organization and staff, has the organizational network to reach the rural people with the needed health education program. Thus from the very beginning, the Cooperative Extension Service has been represented on an Advisory Committee to the Council, which also included members from the Farm Foundation, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the National Grange, and the American Agricultural Editors’ Association. With the involvement of the Advisory Committee representatives, a health education effort was initiated with national conferences on rural health and state and regional health education meetings. The Council’s efforts through the years are being realized with the increased involvement of the Cooperative Extension Service a t all levels in health education programs, with increased participation of the rural population in such programs, and with wider involvement and commitment of health organizations and agencies in a cooperative approach with the federal Extension Service. Basic decisions for improvement of rural health services are generally made at the community and area or regional level within a state. Therefore, the Council program at the national level is geared to involvement and communication with state medical associations, state
{"title":"The role of the AMA's council on rural health in rural health development.","authors":"B L Bible","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300103","url":null,"abstract":"Through a continuous and comprehensive program, the Council on Rural Health aims toward the development of optimum health for rural America. Of primary concern are the availability and utilization of health services and facilities in rural areas, including increased availability of health manpower, community involvement in health planning, consumer health education, and rural health research. From its inception in the 19409, the Council on Rural Health has recognized the need for a broad program of health education for the rural population. With limited health manpower resources and health care facilities, it is imperative that rural Americans be provided with a program in health education for personal health and for involvement in community action in developing adequate health care services. The Cooperative Extension Service, with its county organization and staff, has the organizational network to reach the rural people with the needed health education program. Thus from the very beginning, the Cooperative Extension Service has been represented on an Advisory Committee to the Council, which also included members from the Farm Foundation, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the National Grange, and the American Agricultural Editors’ Association. With the involvement of the Advisory Committee representatives, a health education effort was initiated with national conferences on rural health and state and regional health education meetings. The Council’s efforts through the years are being realized with the increased involvement of the Cooperative Extension Service a t all levels in health education programs, with increased participation of the rural population in such programs, and with wider involvement and commitment of health organizations and agencies in a cooperative approach with the federal Extension Service. Basic decisions for improvement of rural health services are generally made at the community and area or regional level within a state. Therefore, the Council program at the national level is geared to involvement and communication with state medical associations, state","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"12-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12312701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300114
C Galiher
In most rural areas today people are without access to health care.' Many rural communities lack physicians; other communities have only elderly doctors who must limit their practices. Many groups in such communities have used initiative and individualism in seeking answera to their primary health care problems, even as the availability of health services and access to care have worsened? Much community effort has gone toward attracting physicians into rural areas through construction of buildings, cash bonuses, state-supported education, and other means. All these have had minimal results. What has to happen? The vision of a comprehensive rural health care system has to become more widely known to rural people. The leadership for the development of such systems must come from local people since they must support it financially in its development, utilize its services, and operate primary care centers as community resources. A comprehensive health system that can serve all the health needs of all the people in an area must have three levels of care primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care. Except for emergency medical service, the most urgent needs in rural areas are in primary care services. This article will highlight problems and programs where health education is needed to improve health care in rural areas primary care, financing of health care, emergency health service, and personal health maintenance.
{"title":"Rural initiatives and health education needs.","authors":"C Galiher","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300114","url":null,"abstract":"In most rural areas today people are without access to health care.' Many rural communities lack physicians; other communities have only elderly doctors who must limit their practices. Many groups in such communities have used initiative and individualism in seeking answera to their primary health care problems, even as the availability of health services and access to care have worsened? Much community effort has gone toward attracting physicians into rural areas through construction of buildings, cash bonuses, state-supported education, and other means. All these have had minimal results. What has to happen? The vision of a comprehensive rural health care system has to become more widely known to rural people. The leadership for the development of such systems must come from local people since they must support it financially in its development, utilize its services, and operate primary care centers as community resources. A comprehensive health system that can serve all the health needs of all the people in an area must have three levels of care primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care. Except for emergency medical service, the most urgent needs in rural areas are in primary care services. This article will highlight problems and programs where health education is needed to improve health care in rural areas primary care, financing of health care, emergency health service, and personal health maintenance.","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"109-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12312699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300201
J Jaccard
Based on the theoretical work of Dulany and Fishbein, two major problems for understanding health behaviors were delineated: (1) the identification of those variables that determine an individual's intention to perform a health behavior; and (2) the extent to which these intentions are predictive of behavior. An analysis of factors affecting the relation between health intentions and behavior was presented and its implications for health education discussed. A social psychological model specifying two major determinants of behavioral intentions was contrasted with the Health Belief Model.
{"title":"A theoretical analysis of selected factors important to health education strategies.","authors":"J Jaccard","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on the theoretical work of Dulany and Fishbein, two major problems for understanding health behaviors were delineated: (1) the identification of those variables that determine an individual's intention to perform a health behavior; and (2) the extent to which these intentions are predictive of behavior. An analysis of factors affecting the relation between health intentions and behavior was presented and its implications for health education discussed. A social psychological model specifying two major determinants of behavioral intentions was contrasted with the Health Belief Model.</p>","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 2","pages":"152-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12328070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300101
C N D'Onofrio, V L Wang
{"title":"Cooperative rural health education: Foreward.","authors":"C N D'Onofrio, V L Wang","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12312703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300302
J M Metsch, A Berson, M Weitzner
A retrospective evaluation of training provided to six hospital consumer advisory groups is described. The training program was designed to provide information and decision-making skills to consumers of services and community representatives serving on voluntary hospital advisory boards. The evaluation, initiated after the end of the training program, demonstrates different effects of training depending on the stage of development of the consumer board. All but one of the six boards studied showed positive changes in the number and type of activities following training.
{"title":"The impact of training on consumer participation in the delivery of health services.","authors":"J M Metsch, A Berson, M Weitzner","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A retrospective evaluation of training provided to six hospital consumer advisory groups is described. The training program was designed to provide information and decision-making skills to consumers of services and community representatives serving on voluntary hospital advisory boards. The evaluation, initiated after the end of the training program, demonstrates different effects of training depending on the stage of development of the consumer board. All but one of the six boards studied showed positive changes in the number and type of activities following training.</p>","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 3","pages":"251-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12370104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300104
H J Johnston
From the beginning of this century, rural health needs have been discussed, and education of the rural resident has been viewed as an important approach to rural health improvement. Many educational efforts have been made, both by the Extension Service and by other organizations. The depth and scope of health education within the Extension Service have varied in relation to many factors over the decades. This article reviews what Extension has done, and some of the influences which appear to have affected the scope and degree of its health education effort. Direct cause-and-effect relationships are usually uncertain, but the Extension Service, like other public educational agencies, responds to current thought trends in its field of effort. Thus, reference to some significant evidence of health concerns in various decades seems pertinent in order to gain a true historical perspective on health education in Extension.
{"title":"Health education in the Extension Service: a historical perspective.","authors":"H J Johnston","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300104","url":null,"abstract":"From the beginning of this century, rural health needs have been discussed, and education of the rural resident has been viewed as an important approach to rural health improvement. Many educational efforts have been made, both by the Extension Service and by other organizations. The depth and scope of health education within the Extension Service have varied in relation to many factors over the decades. This article reviews what Extension has done, and some of the influences which appear to have affected the scope and degree of its health education effort. Direct cause-and-effect relationships are usually uncertain, but the Extension Service, like other public educational agencies, responds to current thought trends in its field of effort. Thus, reference to some significant evidence of health concerns in various decades seems pertinent in order to gain a true historical perspective on health education in Extension.","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12274034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300106
A C Vines
Imbued with the land-grant university philosophy of teaching, research, and outreach, the Cooperative Extension Service has developed an impressive delivery system of informal educational programs in home economics, youth development, and agriculture.’-‘ Much of the success of these programs is attributable to the flexibility of Extension in adapting to local needs and to its close adherence to the principle of involving the learners in program planning, as well as to the Extension delivery system itself which extends to every county in the nation. In addition, Extension has pioneered with methods and materials for teaching adults, has conducted research, and has emphasized evaluation of program efforts in order to increase its effectiveness in meeting human needs and in responding to changing concerns and conditions. Because health is a major problem facing rural people, Cooperative Extension Services in the states have been involved from their inception in certain aspects of family health. In recent years, some states have expanded their health education efforts by adding health education specialists to their staffs and by developing programs to increase knowledge of local health services, to teach sound personal health attitudes, and to foster the adoption of specific health practices. Concurrently, health-related organizations and agencies have encouraged Extension to become more active in health education and have solicited Extension’s support in various educational programs. Thus, for example, in 1972 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare awarded grants for special health education projects to four states: Wisconsin, Virginia, Maryland, and Missouri. In Arkansas, the Regional Medical Program financed an initial expansion of Extension’s involvement in health education, with support from the Arkansas Medical Society and the University of Arkansas Medical Center. More recently, the 4-H Foundation has been awarded a planning grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop health education programs involving youth through Extension. With Extension’s growing involvement in health education, and because of its basic interest in helping people to improve their health
{"title":"New thrust for the Cooperative Extension Service.","authors":"A C Vines","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300106","url":null,"abstract":"Imbued with the land-grant university philosophy of teaching, research, and outreach, the Cooperative Extension Service has developed an impressive delivery system of informal educational programs in home economics, youth development, and agriculture.’-‘ Much of the success of these programs is attributable to the flexibility of Extension in adapting to local needs and to its close adherence to the principle of involving the learners in program planning, as well as to the Extension delivery system itself which extends to every county in the nation. In addition, Extension has pioneered with methods and materials for teaching adults, has conducted research, and has emphasized evaluation of program efforts in order to increase its effectiveness in meeting human needs and in responding to changing concerns and conditions. Because health is a major problem facing rural people, Cooperative Extension Services in the states have been involved from their inception in certain aspects of family health. In recent years, some states have expanded their health education efforts by adding health education specialists to their staffs and by developing programs to increase knowledge of local health services, to teach sound personal health attitudes, and to foster the adoption of specific health practices. Concurrently, health-related organizations and agencies have encouraged Extension to become more active in health education and have solicited Extension’s support in various educational programs. Thus, for example, in 1972 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare awarded grants for special health education projects to four states: Wisconsin, Virginia, Maryland, and Missouri. In Arkansas, the Regional Medical Program financed an initial expansion of Extension’s involvement in health education, with support from the Arkansas Medical Society and the University of Arkansas Medical Center. More recently, the 4-H Foundation has been awarded a planning grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop health education programs involving youth through Extension. With Extension’s growing involvement in health education, and because of its basic interest in helping people to improve their health","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"41-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12312704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300110
W L Blockstein, A R Bailey, R H Hansen
THE HEALTH SCIENCES UNIT Formed in 1969 as a conceptual and administrative restructuring of UW-Extension health-related departments, the Health Sciences Unit initially focused on continuing education of health professionals, with separately structured programs for physicians, nurses, and pharmacists. It immediately expanded to include other health workers, and to break down the artificial barriers of the separate professions through interdisciplinary programming.' The logical next step was to recognize the consumer as an important member of the health team and to consider the Unit's role in consumer health education.
{"title":"Expanding the role of a university in consumer health education.","authors":"W L Blockstein, A R Bailey, R H Hansen","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300110","url":null,"abstract":"THE HEALTH SCIENCES UNIT Formed in 1969 as a conceptual and administrative restructuring of UW-Extension health-related departments, the Health Sciences Unit initially focused on continuing education of health professionals, with separately structured programs for physicians, nurses, and pharmacists. It immediately expanded to include other health workers, and to break down the artificial barriers of the separate professions through interdisciplinary programming.' The logical next step was to recognize the consumer as an important member of the health team and to consider the Unit's role in consumer health education.","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"62-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12312709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-01-01DOI: 10.1177/109019817500300112
W E Hardy, J P Marshall, J E Faris
Health education, according to Johnston and Crawford in an article appearing in this monograph, needs to be linked with service. The experience of service is in itself education. “If health services are inaccessible, education needs to be directed first to increasing their accessibility.”’ That people living in rural and low-income metropolitan areas in this country often find health and medical care services inaccessible has been shown many times.2-4
{"title":"Health education spans outreach clinics: a concept to consider.","authors":"W E Hardy, J P Marshall, J E Faris","doi":"10.1177/109019817500300112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817500300112","url":null,"abstract":"Health education, according to Johnston and Crawford in an article appearing in this monograph, needs to be linked with service. The experience of service is in itself education. “If health services are inaccessible, education needs to be directed first to increasing their accessibility.”’ That people living in rural and low-income metropolitan areas in this country often find health and medical care services inaccessible has been shown many times.2-4","PeriodicalId":75897,"journal":{"name":"Health education monographs","volume":"3 1","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/109019817500300112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12312711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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