American Journal of Potato Research最新文献

The increased use of dicamba and glyphosate-tolerant soybean (Glycine max L.) may result in off-target exposure and damage to nearby seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants. If daughter tubers from herbicide-exposed mother plants are used for seed the following year, daughter plant growth and production may be influenced by the herbicides carried over in the tubers used as seed. The objective of this study was to determine the effects from 'Atlantic' and 'Dakota Pearl' mother plants that were exposed to glyphosate, dicamba, or the combination of glyphosate and dicamba the previous year at the tuber initiation stage on daughter tubers planted as seed. Daughter plants from mother plants that were sprayed with glyphosate at 197 g ha⁻¹ or the combination of glyphosate at 197 g ha⁻¹ and dicamba at 99 g ha⁻¹ had delayed emergence at eight weeks after planting, shorter plants from five to nine weeks after planting, and lower total yield when compared to the non-treated. Daughter plants from mother plants that were sprayed with glyphosate at 197 g ha⁻¹ had the lowest marketable yield, which was less than all other treatments except when daughter plants were from mother plants that were sprayed with the combination of glyphosate at 197 g ha⁻¹ and dicamba at 99 g ha⁻¹. The two chipping cultivars differed in response for plant emergence at five, six, and seven weeks after planting and for canopy development eight weeks after planting. Results suggested that sublethal exposure of glyphosate and dicamba to chipping seed potatoes (mother plants) at the tuber initiation stage the previous year, can influence the growth and development of daughter plants to affect total and marketable yield.

Svalöf is a yellow-skinned, light yellow-fleshed, high-yielding table potato cultivar for the high latitude of Scandinavia, showing partial resistance to Phytophthora infestans (causing late blight) and same specific gravity as the mealy cultivar King Edward, which is preferred in the fresh market by consumers in Sweden. It was selected as breeding clone SLU 1314015 in the first clonal generation (T₁) at the late-blight prone site of Mosslunda (Skåne, southern Sweden) in October 2015. The cross for obtaining it was made by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in 2013 involving the breeding clone D09 1:2 1701 as female parent and the Dutch cultivar Carolus as male parent. Svalöf show very large, round-oval tubers with shallow eyes and smooth skin. Its tuber yield averaged above 6%, 23%, 25% and 59% of Dutch cultivars Connect, Fontane, Carolus and Bintje, respectively, across multi-site trials in Sweden. Its unstable reducing sugar in the tuber flesh, as determined by multi-site testing, suggests that it will not be suitable for the crisp or chip processing. SLU’s Svensk potatisförädling is seeking registration to be included in the Svenska Sortlistan, which lists cultivars available and is a pre-condition for certification of planting materials in the European Union. The release of Svalöf as new potato cultivar will be the first entirely bred for this crop in Sweden since the mid-1990s.

Verticillium wilt affects potato fields in Manitoba where 80% of the fields are planted to the moderately susceptible cultivar, Russet Burbank. An accurate determination of Verticillium dahliae inoculum in soil is critical for disease management. In this study, we investigated the presence of microsclerotia-producing Verticillium species in potato fields in Manitoba and compared published quantitative real-time PCR assays for V. dahliae, V. tricorpus and V. longisporum against a traditional plating method. Selected real-time PCR assays could differentiate and quantify the major microsclerotia-producing species, V. dahliae, V. tricorpus and V. longisporum. Results showed that the presence of V. tricorpus caused an overestimation of V. dahliae propagule density when using the plating method. As a result, Verticillium wilt severity was negatively related to cfu from traditional plating, while positive with the amounts of V. dahliae genomic DNA in soils.

Potato tuber lenticels are essential components of the potato skin. This review draws on more than a century of published literature to give a comprehensive overview of potato tuber lenticels. This review describes the development and structure of lenticels, as well as the number of lenticels per tuber. Lenticels facilitate gas exchange between the atmosphere and the interior of the tuber, and data on lenticel permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide are summarized. Conditions that promote proliferation of filling cells and lenticel enlargement are described in the context of laboratory experiments and observations from the field. Lenticels are potential sites of infection by plant pathogens including common scab, powdery scab and late blight. Research demonstrating interactions between lenticels and various diseases is presented, with an emphasis on potato soft rot. Many aspects of lenticel biology remain poorly understood and a few compelling unanswered questions are highlighted.

Abstract

BARI Alu-86 (12.13) is a potato variety with medium maturity (92.2 days) and rapid tuber bulking which makes it fit for early and full-season harvest. The Tuber Crops Research Centre of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute released it in 2019 as a result of a cross between BARI Alu-50 and CIP 389429.31. In early season harvest, this variety produced an average of 29.0 t/ha potato, which was 30.0% greater than the popular early bulking check variety Granola. This variety yielded 45.7 t/ha tuber yield during full-season harvest, which was 36.8 and 39.7% higher than widely used table purpose check cultivars Diamant and Asterix, respectively. The BARI Alu-86 variety is famed for its delicious qualities as well as its visually appealing tubers with red skin, long oval shape, shallow eyes, and cream-coloured flesh. Average combined sensory ratings (16.1 out of 19) were very similar to Lady Rosetta. It had an average dry matter content of 18%, specific gravity of 1.072, and starch content of 20.9 mg/g. BARI Alu-86 also showed some promise as an export variety, as it produced smooth skin large tubers (63.9% > 40 mm diameter) with an average weight of 120–250 g per tuber. This variety had minimal weight and rotting losses, as well as a nice tuber, look after 90 days of storage. It also had long dormancy periods (80–85 days). This variety has no cases of hollow heart, cracking, PVX, early blight, late blight, stem rot, stem canker, black leg, or bacterial wilt. However, a lower percentage of PLRV, PVY, common scab and cutworm infestation occurred.

Potato residue is rich in dietary fiber (DF) but low in soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and modification is required to generate high-quality DF. In this study, enzymatic modification was performed to produce high-quality DF. The composition, structure, and absorption characteristics of original potato residue dietary fiber (O-DF) was compared with potato residue DF modified using cellulase (C-DF), xylanase (X-DF), and cellulose-xylan complex enzyme (D-DF). The results showed that all products contained five monosaccharides, but the contents of each monosaccharide differed significantly (p < 0.05). Compared with O-DF, levels of cellulose and hemicellulose in C-DF, X-DF, and D-DF were reduced. The network structure of C-DF, X-DF, and D-DF was damaged, and these changes were most significant for D-DF. At pH 7, the cholesterol adsorption capacity of C-DF, X-DF, and D-DF was higher than that of O-DF. DF glucose absorption capacity in 50, 100, and 200 mmol/L glucose solution was ordered D-DF > X-DF > C-DF > O-DF. In conclusion, enzymatic modification with cellulase, xylanase, and cellulase–xylanase can improve SDF content in potato residue, providing a theoretical basis for the future application of modified potato residue DF in the food industry.

The disease late blight is a threat to potato production worldwide, making genetic resistance an important target for breeding. The resistance gene RB/Rpi-blb1 is effective against most strains of the causal pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. Until now, potato breeders have utilized a Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker to screen for RB. Our objective was to design and validate a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) marker, which has advantages for high-throughput screening. First, the accuracy of the SCAR marker was confirmed in two segregating tetraploid populations. Then, using whole genome sequencing data for two RB-positive segregants and a diverse set of 23 RB-negative varieties, a SNP in the 5’ untranslated (UTR) region was identified as unique to RB. The KASP marker based on this SNP, which had 100% accuracy in the cultivated diversity panel, was used to generate diploid breeding lines containing RB. The KASP marker is publicly available for others to utilize.

Potato virus Y is a devastating pathogen affecting several crops including potato. Upon recognition of PVY, plants carrying PVY-resistance genes reprogram their transcriptome to prevent viral multiplication and movement throughout the plant. However, it is often not clear what the significance of these changes is and which genes are essential for a successful resistance response. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a putative VQ motif-containing gene, which was highly differentially expressed in response to the strain PVY^O in the N_y gene-carrying cultivar Premier Russet, plays a role in the defense response against PVY. For this, infection rates of three transgenic potato lines overexpressing VQ inoculated with three different strains of PVY (O, N-Wilga, NTN) were compared to those of Premier Russet control. Our results showed that there were no significant differences in foliar and tuber infection rates between VQ-overexpressing lines and Premier Russet control, suggesting that VQ alone is not essential in the plant response to PVY.

The Andean region of Ecuador is being impacted by climate change, and improved best management practices for agriculture are needed to increase yields and food security. We conducted a study comparing different nitrogen (N) rates to determine the optimum N application rate for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) systems in this region. We examined five application rates of N: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg N ha^− 1. The results suggest that an N application rate of 300 kg N ha^− 1 increased productivity and net income by 87% and 146%, respectively, compared to no application of N. We transferred these improved practices to farmers, and all farms increased their yields and net economic returns. The average yields and net economic returns for these farmers increased by 50% and 64%, respectively. Additional N use efficiency (NUE) studies are needed to continue increasing yields and economic returns for farmers in the Andean region.