Bridget A. Ulrich, Karina Weelborg, Tadele M. Haile, Udai B. Singh and Joe Magner
The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of biochar and iron-enhanced sand (IES) on the comprehensive contaminant retention performance of a field-scale stormwater filtration system. The system distributed runoff from a parking lot into three filters containing sand, sand amended with biochar (custom-produced via pyrolysis of red pine wood chips at 550 °C), or IES. Over the first two field seasons of operation flow into the testbed and out of each filter were continuously monitored, and influent and effluent samples were collected during 21 precipitation events and analyzed for various contaminants and water quality parameters. To account for variations in flow distribution between the filters, long-term filter performance was assessed based on comparison of apparent cumulative input and output contaminant loads over the study duration (i.e., apparent cumulative contaminant retention). The IES filter showed the most effective phosphorous retention performance (>90% net retention of total phosphorus, TP), reflecting results from previous studies. The biochar-amended filter showed improved retention of zinc and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) relative to the sand filter, which may be attributed to: (i) enhanced electrostatic interactions between zinc and oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface, and (ii) improved attenuation of ammonia-N due to reduced nitrification and/or enhanced adsorption of ammonium. The biochar-amended filter did not show improved retention of total organic carbon or Escherichia coli, in contrast to some previous studies, potentially due to differences in biochar material properties (e.g., reduced hydrophobic interactions due to the custom biochar's relatively polar surface chemistry) or operational conditions (e.g., differences in flow rate or biofilm development between the filters). These findings demonstrate the complexities surrounding the application of biochar as a stormwater filter material for broad contaminant removal, and warrant the development of best practice recommendations for biochar selection and performance testing.
{"title":"Field evaluation of a biochar-amended stormwater filtration system for retention of nutrients, metals, and Escherichia coli†","authors":"Bridget A. Ulrich, Karina Weelborg, Tadele M. Haile, Udai B. Singh and Joe Magner","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00390J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00390J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of biochar and iron-enhanced sand (IES) on the comprehensive contaminant retention performance of a field-scale stormwater filtration system. The system distributed runoff from a parking lot into three filters containing sand, sand amended with biochar (custom-produced <em>via</em> pyrolysis of red pine wood chips at 550 °C), or IES. Over the first two field seasons of operation flow into the testbed and out of each filter were continuously monitored, and influent and effluent samples were collected during 21 precipitation events and analyzed for various contaminants and water quality parameters. To account for variations in flow distribution between the filters, long-term filter performance was assessed based on comparison of apparent cumulative input and output contaminant loads over the study duration (<em>i.e.</em>, apparent cumulative contaminant retention). The IES filter showed the most effective phosphorous retention performance (>90% net retention of total phosphorus, TP), reflecting results from previous studies. The biochar-amended filter showed improved retention of zinc and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) relative to the sand filter, which may be attributed to: (i) enhanced electrostatic interactions between zinc and oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface, and (ii) improved attenuation of ammonia-N due to reduced nitrification and/or enhanced adsorption of ammonium. The biochar-amended filter did not show improved retention of total organic carbon or <em>Escherichia coli</em>, in contrast to some previous studies, potentially due to differences in biochar material properties (<em>e.g.</em>, reduced hydrophobic interactions due to the custom biochar's relatively polar surface chemistry) or operational conditions (<em>e.g.</em>, differences in flow rate or biofilm development between the filters). These findings demonstrate the complexities surrounding the application of biochar as a stormwater filter material for broad contaminant removal, and warrant the development of best practice recommendations for biochar selection and performance testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jayun Kim, Yoon-ji Kim, Sook-young Lee, Jae-Ku Oem, Subin Kim, Keugtae Kim, Woosik Jung, Sungpyo Kim, Dong-Hwan Jeong, Minjoo Lee, Soo-Hyung Lee, Hyunook Kim, Joonhong Park
Wastewater-based epidemiology can track infectious diseases and COVID-19 surges. There is variability in viral signals from wastewater owing to numerous sample processing and virus detection methods, and many factors including characteristics of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) should be considered to consistently associate the signals with COVID-19 prevalence. This study optimized the virus detection method, validated the use of a process-control virus, investigated 22 WWTPs across South Korea (covering approximately 20% of the population) during two periods (24.8 versus 2027.4 weekly COVID-19 cases per 100 000 people), tested the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and characterized the environmental factors influencing wastewater-bound SARS-CoV-2 and local COVID-19 using data-driven models (DDMs). The most sensitive virus quantification methods were selected (PEG precipitation and commercial kits for RT-qPCR detection, approximately 39% more sensitive) by comparing various methods. Using a surrogate virus showed reduced variation (approximately 24%) between the intra- and inter-laboratory results. The number of WWTPs with positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewater increased (four to twenty) as the national COVID-19 cases peaked. SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to be detected in moderately sized facilities located in populated areas with sanitary sewer systems. In addition, results of infectivity testing suggested no potential for COVID-19 transmission through wastewater. The DDMs indicated that the air temperature, water quality, and number of COVID-19 cases were related to the SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Community COVID-19 cases were predicted (test performance: 0.703–0.970) with the data on wastewater viral load and other variables implying that these factors should be monitored for wastewater surveillance.
{"title":"Detection and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in Korean municipal wastewater facilities and characterization of environmental factors influencing wastewater-bound SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Jayun Kim, Yoon-ji Kim, Sook-young Lee, Jae-Ku Oem, Subin Kim, Keugtae Kim, Woosik Jung, Sungpyo Kim, Dong-Hwan Jeong, Minjoo Lee, Soo-Hyung Lee, Hyunook Kim, Joonhong Park","doi":"10.1039/d4ew00334a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00334a","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater-based epidemiology can track infectious diseases and COVID-19 surges. There is variability in viral signals from wastewater owing to numerous sample processing and virus detection methods, and many factors including characteristics of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) should be considered to consistently associate the signals with COVID-19 prevalence. This study optimized the virus detection method, validated the use of a process-control virus, investigated 22 WWTPs across South Korea (covering approximately 20% of the population) during two periods (24.8 <em>versus</em> 2027.4 weekly COVID-19 cases per 100 000 people), tested the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and characterized the environmental factors influencing wastewater-bound SARS-CoV-2 and local COVID-19 using data-driven models (DDMs). The most sensitive virus quantification methods were selected (PEG precipitation and commercial kits for RT-qPCR detection, approximately 39% more sensitive) by comparing various methods. Using a surrogate virus showed reduced variation (approximately 24%) between the intra- and inter-laboratory results. The number of WWTPs with positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewater increased (four to twenty) as the national COVID-19 cases peaked. SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to be detected in moderately sized facilities located in populated areas with sanitary sewer systems. In addition, results of infectivity testing suggested no potential for COVID-19 transmission through wastewater. The DDMs indicated that the air temperature, water quality, and number of COVID-19 cases were related to the SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Community COVID-19 cases were predicted (test performance: 0.703–0.970) with the data on wastewater viral load and other variables implying that these factors should be monitored for wastewater surveillance.","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban domestic wastewater is a significant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments, critically impacting urban water quality. This study integrates the optical properties and molecular features of DOM, providing a comprehensive understanding of its behavior in urban sanitary sewage. Utilizing ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, three-dimensional synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), we establish a robust bidirectional correlation between optical properties and molecular characteristics. Our findings reveal that urban domestic wastewater is predominantly composed of protein-like substances and microbial humic components, rich in heteroatoms and homologous compounds. The established correlations between optical and molecular features validate the DOM characterization system, demonstrating consistency between photochemical properties and molecular characteristics. Molecules related to photochemical parameters align with high H/C and low O/C ratio regions. The correlation analysis indicates that the highly associated areas are the fluorescent domains of protein-like materials and microbially derived humic-like substances. This innovative approach provides actionable insights for urban water quality management, highlighting the critical role of these methods in effective environmental monitoring.
城市生活污水是水生环境中溶解有机物(DOM)的重要来源,对城市水质造成了严重影响。本研究综合了 DOM 的光学特性和分子特征,为全面了解其在城市生活污水中的行为提供了依据。利用紫外-可见(UV-vis)光谱、三维同步荧光光谱和超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS),我们在光学特性和分子特征之间建立了稳健的双向相关性。我们的研究结果表明,城市生活污水主要由蛋白质类物质和微生物腐殖质成分组成,富含杂原子和同源化合物。光学特征与分子特征之间建立的相关性验证了 DOM 表征系统,证明了光化学特征与分子特征之间的一致性。与光化学参数相关的分子与高 H/C 比值和低 O/C 比值区域一致。相关性分析表明,高度相关的区域是蛋白质类物质的荧光域和微生物衍生的腐殖类物质。这种创新方法为城市水质管理提供了可操作的见解,突出了这些方法在有效环境监测中的关键作用。
{"title":"Optical and molecular characteristics of urban wastewater dissolved organic matter: insights into their correlations†","authors":"Jiangyong Chu and Zhenliang Liao","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00519H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00519H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Urban domestic wastewater is a significant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments, critically impacting urban water quality. This study integrates the optical properties and molecular features of DOM, providing a comprehensive understanding of its behavior in urban sanitary sewage. Utilizing ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, three-dimensional synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), we establish a robust bidirectional correlation between optical properties and molecular characteristics. Our findings reveal that urban domestic wastewater is predominantly composed of protein-like substances and microbial humic components, rich in heteroatoms and homologous compounds. The established correlations between optical and molecular features validate the DOM characterization system, demonstrating consistency between photochemical properties and molecular characteristics. Molecules related to photochemical parameters align with high H/C and low O/C ratio regions. The correlation analysis indicates that the highly associated areas are the fluorescent domains of protein-like materials and microbially derived humic-like substances. This innovative approach provides actionable insights for urban water quality management, highlighting the critical role of these methods in effective environmental monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mario L. Kummel, Ofri B. Zusman, Shlomo Nir, Yael G. Mishael
A year-long removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Kinneret water, the main reservoir of surface drinking water in Israel, was studied by adsorption pilot plant columns with media which included new (virgin) granular activated carbon (GAC), regenerated GAC (rGAC), a clay–polymer nanocomposite (PD–MMT), and a combined media (COMB) of PD–MMT composite followed by rGAC at the same volumes. Lake Kinneret water is characterized by low specific absorption of UV at 254 nm (SUVA254), high ionic strength and high bromide content. We studied DOM removal mechanisms by each adsorbent and their combination, via monitoring their emerging concentrations through the columns. The effect of DOM removal on trihalomethanes formation (THMF) was also elucidated. Simulated and predicted DOM adsorption in GAC columns by developing an extended model including adsorption and biodegradation is presented. The best yield of DOM removal results (expressed as UV254 and DOC) was by the COMB and GAC columns. The COMB presents a synergistic result by the combination of two removal mechanisms, electrostatic by PD–MMT and hydrophobic by rGAC. The analysis along the columns shows that whereas the removal by GAC and rGAC was carried out through all layers, the removal by PD–MMT was preferentially by the upper and middle layers. Emerging SUVA254 values decreased for all media throughout the pilot run. The humic matter (HM) compounds comprising hydrophobic characteristics were more efficiently removed than the non-absorbing fractions at 254 nm (NABS254) with more hydrophilic characteristics. THM precursors' removal by COMB as well as GAC satisfied the THM regulations. The removal of hydrophilic matter in the presence of bromide should improve the reduction of THM formation in treated water. Modeling of DOM removal at the laboratory and pilot plant, which focused on removal by GAC column, could fit the data only by considering DOM biodegradation. When a steady state during pilot operation was reached, biodegradation yields, the main contribution to DOM removal, improved the overall capacity of GAC removal beyond the adsorption process.
通过吸附中试设备柱,对以色列地表饮用水的主要蓄水池--基纳特湖水中的溶解有机物(DOM)进行了为期一年的去除研究,使用的介质包括新的(原始)颗粒活性碳(GAC)、再生颗粒活性碳(rGAC)、粘土-聚合物纳米复合材料(PD-MMT),以及由相同体积的 PD-MMT 复合材料和 rGAC 组成的组合介质(COMB)。基纳特湖水的特点是对 254 纳米波长紫外线(SUVA254)的吸收率低、离子强度高、溴化物含量高。我们研究了每种吸附剂及其组合去除 DOM 的机理,并通过监测吸附剂在吸附柱中出现的浓度。我们还阐明了去除 DOM 对三卤甲烷(THMF)形成的影响。通过建立一个包括吸附和生物降解的扩展模型,对 GAC 柱中的 DOM 吸附进行了模拟和预测。COMB 和 GAC 柱对 DOM 的去除效果(以 UV254 和 DOC 表示)最好。COMB 结合了两种去除机制,即 PD-MMT 的静电机制和 rGAC 的疏水机制,产生了协同效应。沿色谱柱进行的分析表明,GAC 和 rGAC 的去除作用是通过所有层进行的,而 PD-MMT 的去除作用则是通过上层和中层进行的。在整个试运行过程中,所有介质的 SUVA254 值都在下降。在 254 纳米波长(NABS254)下,具有疏水性特征的腐殖质(HM)化合物比具有亲水性特征的非吸收馏分去除效率更高。COMB 和 GAC 对三卤甲烷前体的去除符合三卤甲烷法规的要求。在有溴化物存在的情况下去除亲水性物质,可有效减少处理过的水中三卤甲烷的形成。实验室和中试工厂的 DOM 去除模型主要是通过 GAC 柱去除,只有考虑到 DOM 的生物降解,才能与数据相吻合。在中试运行期间达到稳定状态时,生物降解产量(对 DOM 去除的主要贡献)提高了 GAC 的整体去除能力,超过了吸附过程。
{"title":"DOM removal from Lake Kinneret by adsorption columns and biodegradation: a pilot study and modeling","authors":"Mario L. Kummel, Ofri B. Zusman, Shlomo Nir, Yael G. Mishael","doi":"10.1039/d4ew00407h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00407h","url":null,"abstract":"A year-long removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Kinneret water, the main reservoir of surface drinking water in Israel, was studied by adsorption pilot plant columns with media which included new (virgin) granular activated carbon (GAC), regenerated GAC (rGAC), a clay–polymer nanocomposite (PD–MMT), and a combined media (COMB) of PD–MMT composite followed by rGAC at the same volumes. Lake Kinneret water is characterized by low specific absorption of UV at 254 nm (SUVA<small><sub>254</sub></small>), high ionic strength and high bromide content. We studied DOM removal mechanisms by each adsorbent and their combination, <em>via</em> monitoring their emerging concentrations through the columns. The effect of DOM removal on trihalomethanes formation (THMF) was also elucidated. Simulated and predicted DOM adsorption in GAC columns by developing an extended model including adsorption and biodegradation is presented. The best yield of DOM removal results (expressed as UV<small><sub>254</sub></small> and DOC) was by the COMB and GAC columns. The COMB presents a synergistic result by the combination of two removal mechanisms, electrostatic by PD–MMT and hydrophobic by rGAC. The analysis along the columns shows that whereas the removal by GAC and rGAC was carried out through all layers, the removal by PD–MMT was preferentially by the upper and middle layers. Emerging SUVA<small><sub>254</sub></small> values decreased for all media throughout the pilot run. The humic matter (HM) compounds comprising hydrophobic characteristics were more efficiently removed than the non-absorbing fractions at 254 nm (NABS<small><sub>254</sub></small>) with more hydrophilic characteristics. THM precursors' removal by COMB as well as GAC satisfied the THM regulations. The removal of hydrophilic matter in the presence of bromide should improve the reduction of THM formation in treated water. Modeling of DOM removal at the laboratory and pilot plant, which focused on removal by GAC column, could fit the data only by considering DOM biodegradation. When a steady state during pilot operation was reached, biodegradation yields, the main contribution to DOM removal, improved the overall capacity of GAC removal beyond the adsorption process.","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Mercer, C. Davey, Y. Bajón Fernández, S. Septien, S. Tyrrel, E. Cartmell, M. Pidou, E. J. McAdam
Membrane processes are an established barrier technology for water reclamation from wastewater. Applied at a household scale to improve sanitation practice, membrane technology can disrupt the source–receptor pathway, alleviate water scarcity through eliminating flush water and recover clean water for reuse. However, blackwater comprises a distinct composition compared to municipal wastewater, and there is only limited understanding on whether membrane selectivity is sufficient to produce water of sufficient quality for reuse. In this study, pressure driven and thermally driven membranes are evaluated for their potential to treat blackwater, by relating selectivity to relevant water quality standards (ISO 30500) and the transmission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are primarily associated with faecal odour, and thus constitute a critical challenge to water reuse. Both pressure driven (reverse osmosis) and thermally driven (membrane distillation and pervaporation) membranes were able to produce water that conformed to category B of the ISO 30500 standard for the majority of determinants. A critical limiting factor was in the selectivity for ammonia and odorous VOCs which were generally poorly removed by reverse osmosis and membrane distillation. The high ammonia transmission was accounted for by the elevated pH of blackwater which shifted the ammonium equilibria toward volatile ammonia which is poorly separated by RO polymers, and is free to diffuse through the gas-filled micropores of the membrane distillation membrane. In contrast, greater ammonia and VOC separation was evidenced for the pervaporation membrane due to advanced polymer–solute interactions. In a preliminary assessment, the hydrophilicity exhibited by the membrane was also advantageous to withstanding fouling. If complemented with a polishing step to target the residual COD and VOCs (that may be of similar origin), pervaporation could deliver to category A standard for non-potable reuse. This is particularly advantageous for water scarce regions where solar or liquified fuels may be applied in favour of electricity for off-grid sanitation.
膜工艺是一种成熟的从废水中再生水的屏障技术。将膜技术应用于家庭规模以改善卫生习惯,可以破坏水源-受体途径,通过消除冲洗水缓解缺水问题,并回收清洁水进行再利用。然而,与城市污水相比,黑水的成分截然不同,人们对膜的选择性是否足以生产出水质足够再利用的水了解有限。在这项研究中,通过将选择性与相关水质标准(ISO 30500)和挥发性有机化合物(VOC)的传输联系起来,评估了压力驱动膜和热驱动膜处理黑水的潜力。压力驱动(反渗透)和热力驱动(膜蒸馏和渗透)膜都能生产出符合 ISO 30500 标准 B 类的水,其中大多数决定因素都符合标准。一个关键的限制因素是对氨和有气味的挥发性有机化合物的选择性,反渗透和膜蒸馏对这两种物质的去除率通常较低。氨的高透过率是由于黑水的 pH 值升高,使氨平衡转向挥发性氨,而挥发性氨很难被反渗透聚合物分离,可以自由地通过膜蒸馏膜充满气体的微孔扩散。与此相反,由于聚合物与溶质之间的相互作用,渗透蒸发膜的氨和挥发性有机化合物分离度更高。在初步评估中,膜的亲水性也有利于抵御污垢。如果再辅之以针对残留化学需氧量和挥发性有机化合物(可能来源相似)的抛光步骤,则渗透蒸发可达到非饮用水再利用的 A 类标准。这对于缺水地区尤为有利,因为这些地区可以使用太阳能或液化燃料,而不是离网卫生用电。
{"title":"Membrane technology for water reuse in decentralised non-sewered sanitation systems: comparison of pressure driven (reverse osmosis) and thermally driven processes (membrane distillation and pervaporation)","authors":"E. Mercer, C. Davey, Y. Bajón Fernández, S. Septien, S. Tyrrel, E. Cartmell, M. Pidou, E. J. McAdam","doi":"10.1039/d4ew00200h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00200h","url":null,"abstract":"Membrane processes are an established barrier technology for water reclamation from wastewater. Applied at a household scale to improve sanitation practice, membrane technology can disrupt the source–receptor pathway, alleviate water scarcity through eliminating flush water and recover clean water for reuse. However, blackwater comprises a distinct composition compared to municipal wastewater, and there is only limited understanding on whether membrane selectivity is sufficient to produce water of sufficient quality for reuse. In this study, pressure driven and thermally driven membranes are evaluated for their potential to treat blackwater, by relating selectivity to relevant water quality standards (ISO 30500) and the transmission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are primarily associated with faecal odour, and thus constitute a critical challenge to water reuse. Both pressure driven (reverse osmosis) and thermally driven (membrane distillation and pervaporation) membranes were able to produce water that conformed to category B of the ISO 30500 standard for the majority of determinants. A critical limiting factor was in the selectivity for ammonia and odorous VOCs which were generally poorly removed by reverse osmosis and membrane distillation. The high ammonia transmission was accounted for by the elevated pH of blackwater which shifted the ammonium equilibria toward volatile ammonia which is poorly separated by RO polymers, and is free to diffuse through the gas-filled micropores of the membrane distillation membrane. In contrast, greater ammonia and VOC separation was evidenced for the pervaporation membrane due to advanced polymer–solute interactions. In a preliminary assessment, the hydrophilicity exhibited by the membrane was also advantageous to withstanding fouling. If complemented with a polishing step to target the residual COD and VOCs (that may be of similar origin), pervaporation could deliver to category A standard for non-potable reuse. This is particularly advantageous for water scarce regions where solar or liquified fuels may be applied in favour of electricity for off-grid sanitation.","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siyi Zhou, Esther G. Lou, Julia Schedler, Katherine B. Ensor, Loren Hopkins, Lauren B. Stadler
With the widespread use of last-resort antibiotics, carbapenems, clinical reports of infections associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) have increased. Clinical surveillance for CRE involves susceptibility testing and/or whole genome sequencing of resistant isolates, which is laborious, resource intensive, and requires expertise. Wastewater surveillance can potentially complement clinical surveillance of CRE, and population-level antibiotic resistance (AR) surveillance more broadly. In this study, we quantitatively and qualitatively compared two widely used methods for AR wastewater surveillance: (1) a culture-based approach for quantifying carbapenem-resistant bacteria and (2) a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay targeting five major carbapenemase-encoding genes. We developed a new multiplexed ddPCR assay to detect five carbapenemase-encoding genes and applied it to wastewater samples from three sites over 12 weeks. In parallel, we quantified carbapenem resistant bacteria and carbapenemase-producing bacteria using culture-based methods. We assessed associations between the concentrations of carbapenemase-encoding genes and resistant bacteria. Although both approaches showed similar trends in the overall abundance of dominant carbapenem-resistant bacteria and genes, there were weak correlations between the quantitative levels of resistance. Nanopore sequencing of the resistome of the carbapenem-resistant bacteria revealed that discrepancies arose from differences in the sensitivity and specificity of the methods. This study highlights tradeoffs between methods: culture-based methods offer detailed phenotypic data on carbapenem-resistant bacteria but have longer turnaround times and lower throughput, whereas ddPCR offers rapid, sensitive detection but may miss some resistance mechanisms. Integrating these methods with sequencing provides sensitive, quantitative AR information and their clinical relevance.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of culture- and ddPCR-based wastewater surveillance for carbapenem-resistant bacteria","authors":"Siyi Zhou, Esther G. Lou, Julia Schedler, Katherine B. Ensor, Loren Hopkins, Lauren B. Stadler","doi":"10.1039/d4ew00525b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00525b","url":null,"abstract":"With the widespread use of last-resort antibiotics, carbapenems, clinical reports of infections associated with carbapenem-resistant <em>Enterobacterales</em> (CRE) have increased. Clinical surveillance for CRE involves susceptibility testing and/or whole genome sequencing of resistant isolates, which is laborious, resource intensive, and requires expertise. Wastewater surveillance can potentially complement clinical surveillance of CRE, and population-level antibiotic resistance (AR) surveillance more broadly. In this study, we quantitatively and qualitatively compared two widely used methods for AR wastewater surveillance: (1) a culture-based approach for quantifying carbapenem-resistant bacteria and (2) a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay targeting five major carbapenemase-encoding genes. We developed a new multiplexed ddPCR assay to detect five carbapenemase-encoding genes and applied it to wastewater samples from three sites over 12 weeks. In parallel, we quantified carbapenem resistant bacteria and carbapenemase-producing bacteria using culture-based methods. We assessed associations between the concentrations of carbapenemase-encoding genes and resistant bacteria. Although both approaches showed similar trends in the overall abundance of dominant carbapenem-resistant bacteria and genes, there were weak correlations between the quantitative levels of resistance. Nanopore sequencing of the resistome of the carbapenem-resistant bacteria revealed that discrepancies arose from differences in the sensitivity and specificity of the methods. This study highlights tradeoffs between methods: culture-based methods offer detailed phenotypic data on carbapenem-resistant bacteria but have longer turnaround times and lower throughput, whereas ddPCR offers rapid, sensitive detection but may miss some resistance mechanisms. Integrating these methods with sequencing provides sensitive, quantitative AR information and their clinical relevance.","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most sensitive and essential indicators of wastewater quality. However, today, BOD detection methods require considerable effort and time, resulting in management and operational errors during the wastewater-treatment process which leads to the production of poor-quality effluent that poses a threat to public health and safety. Using advanced machine learning (ML) methods, we developed generalizable BOD prediction model based on a unique, centrally integrated database from 30 wastewater-treatment plants (WWTP) across Israel. The model is based on easily retrieved water parameters measured by on-site sensors or conventional analytical devices. In this work, three different ML algorithms were examined and compared, random forest (RF), support vector machine, and gradient tree boosting. The optimized RF model reached the best results, R2 of 0.91 and RMSE of 8.58 in predicting the total BOD at different stages of the treatment process. The three key features for modeling were chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. We then present an approach to predict BOD in effluent, focusing on binary classification predictions for regulatory compliance. For a prediction threshold of BOD > 9 mg L−1, a recall of 0.89 was achieved. These results demonstrate the potential of the model to be a generalized solution for BOD predictions in WWTP across Israel, and possibly worldwide. This method can be used as a part of a sensor for BOD monitoring and management in wastewater, effectively minimizing the time gaps between routine lab testing. The fundamental challenge addressed herein has important global relevance, especially in an era in which the demand for high-quality wastewater reuse is expected to increase dramatically.
{"title":"Predictive modeling of BOD throughout wastewater treatment: a generalizable machine learning approach for improved effluent quality","authors":"Offir Inbar, Moni Shahar and Dror Avisar","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00111G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00111G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most sensitive and essential indicators of wastewater quality. However, today, BOD detection methods require considerable effort and time, resulting in management and operational errors during the wastewater-treatment process which leads to the production of poor-quality effluent that poses a threat to public health and safety. Using advanced machine learning (ML) methods, we developed generalizable BOD prediction model based on a unique, centrally integrated database from 30 wastewater-treatment plants (WWTP) across Israel. The model is based on easily retrieved water parameters measured by on-site sensors or conventional analytical devices. In this work, three different ML algorithms were examined and compared, random forest (RF), support vector machine, and gradient tree boosting. The optimized RF model reached the best results, <em>R</em><small><sup>2</sup></small> of 0.91 and RMSE of 8.58 in predicting the total BOD at different stages of the treatment process. The three key features for modeling were chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. We then present an approach to predict BOD in effluent, focusing on binary classification predictions for regulatory compliance. For a prediction threshold of BOD > 9 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, a recall of 0.89 was achieved. These results demonstrate the potential of the model to be a generalized solution for BOD predictions in WWTP across Israel, and possibly worldwide. This method can be used as a part of a sensor for BOD monitoring and management in wastewater, effectively minimizing the time gaps between routine lab testing. The fundamental challenge addressed herein has important global relevance, especially in an era in which the demand for high-quality wastewater reuse is expected to increase dramatically.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincenzo Pelagalli, Michela Langone, Silvio Matassa, Marco Race, Riccardo Tuffi, Stefano Papirio, Piet N. L. Lens, Marco Lazzazzara, Alessandro Frugis, Luigi Petta and Giovanni Esposito
The efficient management of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) daily produced worldwide by biological wastewater treatment processes is nowadays of utmost importance. Classic treatment/disposal methods are affected by efficiency and/or safety issues. Innovative thermochemical treatments are gaining momentum as promising alternatives. Pyrolysis of MSS can result in the recovery of precious resources, such as nutrients and organic matter, and their conversion into three valuable fractions, i.e. biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas. These products are employable in innovative biorefinery pathways towards a wide range of value-added materials. In this review, an integrated biorefinery platform for MSS valorization is presented. After a brief introduction on MSS properties and issues related to its management, a deep focus on the influence that the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions have on the product yields and composition was conducted. Innovative valorization routes for biochar, bio-oil and pyrolysis gas were extensively discussed by highlighting challenges, opportunities, advantages and drawbacks. The characteristics required by these products to be efficiently valorized, as well as the main solution for their enhancement, were described. Additionally, economic considerations on MSS pyrolysis derived from full-scale applications conducted at the European and global level were elaborated. Finally, future perspectives about biochar, bio-oil and pyrolysis gas employment in cutting-edge upcycling routes have been reported.
{"title":"Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge: challenges, opportunities and new valorization routes for biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas†","authors":"Vincenzo Pelagalli, Michela Langone, Silvio Matassa, Marco Race, Riccardo Tuffi, Stefano Papirio, Piet N. L. Lens, Marco Lazzazzara, Alessandro Frugis, Luigi Petta and Giovanni Esposito","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00278D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00278D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The efficient management of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) daily produced worldwide by biological wastewater treatment processes is nowadays of utmost importance. Classic treatment/disposal methods are affected by efficiency and/or safety issues. Innovative thermochemical treatments are gaining momentum as promising alternatives. Pyrolysis of MSS can result in the recovery of precious resources, such as nutrients and organic matter, and their conversion into three valuable fractions, <em>i.e.</em> biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas. These products are employable in innovative biorefinery pathways towards a wide range of value-added materials. In this review, an integrated biorefinery platform for MSS valorization is presented. After a brief introduction on MSS properties and issues related to its management, a deep focus on the influence that the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions have on the product yields and composition was conducted. Innovative valorization routes for biochar, bio-oil and pyrolysis gas were extensively discussed by highlighting challenges, opportunities, advantages and drawbacks. The characteristics required by these products to be efficiently valorized, as well as the main solution for their enhancement, were described. Additionally, economic considerations on MSS pyrolysis derived from full-scale applications conducted at the European and global level were elaborated. Finally, future perspectives about biochar, bio-oil and pyrolysis gas employment in cutting-edge upcycling routes have been reported.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sewage denitrification process is concerned mainly with the treatment of industrial water with high NH4+–N (>500 mg N L−1). In this work, the denitrification effect of hybrid carrier (a natural polymer gel and an organic synthetic polymer)-embedded anammox bacteria pellets to treat NH4+–N urban sewage wastewater at low temperature through batch and continuous tests was studied. After 99 days of operation in a UASB reactor, the rapid start-up of anammox was realized. The TN volumetric load grew gradually as the influent substrate concentration increased. The final influent water had an NH4+–N load of 300 mg L−1, an HRT of 5 h, a temperature of 32 °C, and NH4+–N and nitrite nitrogen removal efficiencies above 85%. Batch tests for polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol–sodium bicarbonate pellets were performed. The optimized pellets performed exceptionally well in terms of mass transfer, elasticity, and mechanical strength. Embedded carrier materials are enhanced by added sodium alginate, silica powder, CaCO3 powder and iron powder. A device containing embedded anammox bacteria pellets (EABP) was more resistant to low-temperature stress throughout the process of gradually cooling and lowering NH4+–N than a device containing mature free sludge. In the analysis and strengthening test of EABP at 15 °C, NH4+–N removal increased from 59% to 99%. At an HRT of 10 h, the increase in rate reached 67.8%. Compared to unembedded anammox bacteria pellets, the PS/PN of embedded pellets was lower, and the sludge activity and settleability were improved. Increasing HRT improved the ability of the embedded bacteria to withstand low temperatures, stimulating bacterial strains to produce more EPS. This study can be used to build a test to simulate future engineering applications in protecting the freshwater environment from the potential deleterious effects of pollutants from untreated sewage wastewater under low-temperature conditions and ammonium concentrations.
{"title":"Sustainable treatment for low ammonia nitrogen sewage wastewater in cold climates: natural polymer gel–organic synthetic polymer embedded anammox bacteria immobilized pellets","authors":"Jun Li, Salma Tabassum, Hüseyin Altundag","doi":"10.1039/d4ew00538d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00538d","url":null,"abstract":"The sewage denitrification process is concerned mainly with the treatment of industrial water with high NH<small><sub>4</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small>–N (>500 mg N L<small><sup>−1</sup></small>). In this work, the denitrification effect of hybrid carrier (a natural polymer gel and an organic synthetic polymer)-embedded anammox bacteria pellets to treat NH<small><sub>4</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small>–N urban sewage wastewater at low temperature through batch and continuous tests was studied. After 99 days of operation in a UASB reactor, the rapid start-up of anammox was realized. The TN volumetric load grew gradually as the influent substrate concentration increased. The final influent water had an NH<small><sub>4</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small>–N load of 300 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, an HRT of 5 h, a temperature of 32 °C, and NH<small><sub>4</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small>–N and nitrite nitrogen removal efficiencies above 85%. Batch tests for polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol–sodium bicarbonate pellets were performed. The optimized pellets performed exceptionally well in terms of mass transfer, elasticity, and mechanical strength. Embedded carrier materials are enhanced by added sodium alginate, silica powder, CaCO<small><sub>3</sub></small> powder and iron powder. A device containing embedded anammox bacteria pellets (EABP) was more resistant to low-temperature stress throughout the process of gradually cooling and lowering NH<small><sub>4</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small>–N than a device containing mature free sludge. In the analysis and strengthening test of EABP at 15 °C, NH<small><sub>4</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small>–N removal increased from 59% to 99%. At an HRT of 10 h, the increase in rate reached 67.8%. Compared to unembedded anammox bacteria pellets, the PS/PN of embedded pellets was lower, and the sludge activity and settleability were improved. Increasing HRT improved the ability of the embedded bacteria to withstand low temperatures, stimulating bacterial strains to produce more EPS. This study can be used to build a test to simulate future engineering applications in protecting the freshwater environment from the potential deleterious effects of pollutants from untreated sewage wastewater under low-temperature conditions and ammonium concentrations.","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiang Gao, Lingchun Ye, Wei Liu, Junxi Li, Yuchen Cui, Naicai Xu and Mingjin Zhang
The rational design of semiconductor photocatalysts with multi-dimensional nanostructures is an effective way to solve the problem of water environmental pollution. Herein, a series of ZnIn2S4/MgAl-LDH (ZIS/LDH) composites with core–shell nanostructures were synthesized by in situ growth of 2D ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on hexagonal LDH sheets. The obtained ZIS/LDH composite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance with 100% degradation efficiency for methyl orange (MO) within 20 min illumination, which was mainly attributed to the heterostructure formed by the excellent interface contact of the nanostructures, thereby inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated charges. Additionally, the as-synthesized photocatalyst shows satisfactory photocatalytic activity in stability tests and removal experiments for various dye pollutants. The present work provides novel insight into the design of heterojunction photocatalysts with multidimensional nanostructures and environmentally friendly applications.
{"title":"Design of 2D/2D ZnIn2S4/MgAl-LDH core–shell nanostructures toward enhanced photodegradation of organic dyes†","authors":"Qiang Gao, Lingchun Ye, Wei Liu, Junxi Li, Yuchen Cui, Naicai Xu and Mingjin Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00340C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00340C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The rational design of semiconductor photocatalysts with multi-dimensional nanostructures is an effective way to solve the problem of water environmental pollution. Herein, a series of ZnIn<small><sub>2</sub></small>S<small><sub>4</sub></small>/MgAl-LDH (ZIS/LDH) composites with core–shell nanostructures were synthesized by <em>in situ</em> growth of 2D ZnIn<small><sub>2</sub></small>S<small><sub>4</sub></small> nanosheets on hexagonal LDH sheets. The obtained ZIS/LDH composite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance with 100% degradation efficiency for methyl orange (MO) within 20 min illumination, which was mainly attributed to the heterostructure formed by the excellent interface contact of the nanostructures, thereby inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated charges. Additionally, the as-synthesized photocatalyst shows satisfactory photocatalytic activity in stability tests and removal experiments for various dye pollutants. The present work provides novel insight into the design of heterojunction photocatalysts with multidimensional nanostructures and environmentally friendly applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}