American Journal of Applied Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Haematological Parameters Following Toxicity Study with 80% Methanol Extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar Rats","authors":"I. Hassan, B. Saidu, J. Ishaq, A. Dahiru, N. Abdulazeez, H. Yusuf, Ahmadu Abdulrahman Shekwaye, M. Bello, A. A. Abubakar, Y. S. Baraya","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200806.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200806.13","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the acute toxicity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on haematological parameters, twenty albino Wistar rats weighing between 108-254 g were split into four groups of fives rat each. Different doses of the extract were administered to the 3 groups and one group is used as control. Moringa oleifera 80% methanol leaf extract was administered at 2000 mg/kg to group, 1000 mg/kg to group, and 500 mg/kg while one group was used as control. The result recorded 4 deaths (60% mortality) in groups that received 2000 mg/kg and 1 death (20% mortality) in groups that received 1000 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from the survived rats for hematological analysis. The result showed variation in Park cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). There are significant differences at p > 0.05, p > 0.01 and p > 0.001 between groups that exposed to different doses Moringa oleifera extract and the control group. The result also shows slight variation in total and differential leucocyte count, but all the values obtained from both treated and control groups are within the normal range. There are no recorded values of eosinophil, basophil and band cells in both the control and the experimental groups. From this result, it can be concluded that high dose of this extract caused alteration in normal red cells indices with significant differences, but have mild or no effect on total and differential leucocyte count. Hence, low toxicity of this plant made it safe and good medicinal agent and or supplement. Histopatological screening as well as phytochemical study to identify the compounds that affect the blood chemistry is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":"143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82168627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physico–Chemical Evaluation of Agro–Waste Formulated Compost from Five Different Waste Source","authors":"A. Basil, A. Christopher, Ogukwe Nwomyko Chinweizu, Chinwuba Jude Arinze, Uba Obidinma Bright, Ogukwe E. Cynthia","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200806.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200806.11","url":null,"abstract":"Annually, millions of tons of organic wastes are generated in Nigeria. More than half of this waste contains the animal waste. Immaturity of these animal wastes has been widely recognized as one of the major problems facing their composting process and their subsequent application to land use. Hence, the need to evaluate their physico-chemical properties for safe agricultural practices is necessary. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the physico-chemical indices of agro - wastes formulated compost from five different waste sources. The research was designed in five set ups comprising of plant and animal wastes for a period of seven weeks. The parameters measured were temperature, pH, conductivity, total organic carbon, nitrogen concentration, moisture content, bulk density, carbon-nitrogen ratio. Standard methods were used. The results revealed that the samples were moderate in temperature, lower acidity to alkalinity in pH, high conductivity, total organic carbon, bulk density, carbon nitrogen ratio, but low nitrogen concentration and moisture content. There were not significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatment setup. The evaluated parameters in each setup compared favorably with the control (matured compost) with sequel to time. Agro-waste should therefore be allowed to attain maturity and have acceptable range of physico-chemical parameter values before being applied as manure.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":"130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80734845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Organic Fertilizer Produced from Agricultural Wastes on the Growth Rate and Yield of Maize","authors":"Y. Haruna, A. Muhammad, A. U. Birnin-Yauri, A. R. Sanda, Olumide Oladoja Olutayo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200805.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200805.12","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out to study the effect of organic fertilizer produced at different proportions by mass using same substrate made up of Neem seeds, rice husk, blood meal, bone meal, calcium carbonate in five different formulations on the growth and development of maize crop (zea mays). The constituents were prepared by mixing and blending using mixer and hammer mill respectively. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to determine the nutritive value of the formulated organic fertilizer for the presence of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N. P. K). The fertilizer was subjected to a pot experiment, using a complete randomized design method, in which each soil was treated with the prepared organic fertilizer formulation at high and low amount of application and planted for a period of 12 weeks. The result of physicochemical analysis of the various proportion of organic fertilizer indicated that formulation type 5 presented the highest percentage of nitrogen content (i.e. 14840 mg/kg). This was due to the increase in proportion of Poultry litters in the formulation type 5. Moreover, the formulation type 3 recorded the lowest percentage of nitrogen (i.e. 4060mg/kg). There was no significant difference (P< 0.05) in the vegetative growth of maize for various treatments. However, formulation type 5 at high amount of application gave higher values of plant height, stem girth, leaf area and number of leaves than other formulations. This implies that organic fertilizer could be potentially promising option to chemical fertilizer as a soil conditioner and a good source for plant nutrients.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"59 1","pages":"126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90717613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromophor Inhomogeneity Indication by Diffuse Vibronic Spectra","authors":"V. A. Tolkachev","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200805.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200805.11","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of gap between optically combining states (0-0- transition) from diffuse vibronic absorption or emission spectra is possible now for homogeneous ensembles of chromophores. If the observed spectra present composite polymorphic chromophores or different species they are formed by partial spectra and differing electronic transitions. For these conditions the indicating pure-electronic transition frequency attribute is distorted, smeared or even absent. That behavior is qualitative indication of the chromophore inhomogeneity. The same would be because of impurities. It is shown that the approach of inhomogeneity qualitative indication by spectra is adaptable to different structural forms of chromophor and at polymorphic sites of containing the chromophore media. The experimental data show that the approach is applicable to see the chromophore inhomogeneity by linear and circular vibronic spectra even of molecular dye-labels. The examples of observed distortions for the spectra of different composite species in different media as manifestation of their inhomogeneity are given. As the region of indication 0-0-transition is situated at low intensity antistokes wings of spectra the sensitivity to inhomogeneity is high as to hindrance by impurities and measurement precision.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"215 ","pages":"121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91467091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Repeated Frying on the Quality of Vegetable Oil","authors":"M. Jane, C. Grace","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200804.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200804.13","url":null,"abstract":"Refined vegetable oil (Kings brand), was purchased from Mile 3 Market, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and was repetitively used in frying Akara balls for a period of 24 hours, at intervals of four hours per day, for six days. The effect of heat and repetitive use for frying on quality of the oil was monitored by the measurement of the physico-chemial parameters of the oil after each frying period. The density, % free fatty acid, viscosity, peroxide value and iodine value of the fresh and used oil were determined to investigate the level of deterioration. The results obtained show that the values of the parameters increased with frying time except that of iodine value which decreased with frying time. The free fatty acid value increased from 0.06 -.56%, density increased from 0.900-0.910 g/ml, viscosity increased from 23.33-28.31mm2/s, peroxide value increased from1.988-4.879meqO2/Kg and iodine value decreased from 43.35 – 29.83wijis. These changes are attributed to the destruction of the chemical structures of the triacylglycerols and formation of new products in the oil by heat. The increase in the density and viscosity shows that as frying progressed, denser and higher molecular weight compounds are formed thereby rendering the used oil more viscous. The increase in peroxide values may be due the formation of peroxides as the primary products of oxidation. The formation of peroxides leads to loss of unsaturation in the oil which is seen as a reduction in iodine value of the oil. The sweet aroma of the oil was also lost as frying progressed as a result of de-esterification of the oil and formation of secondary oxidation products that impart off-flavours to the oil. The findings show that repeated use of vegetable oil for frying leads to deterioration/degration of the oil.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":"117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81103634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trans-Esterification Between Citric Acid and Peanut Oil at Low pH and Ambient Temperature Catalyzed by Citric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Protonic Acid-H+","authors":"A. Rabeharitsara, Jaochim Raherimandimby, N. R. Randriana","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200804.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200804.12","url":null,"abstract":"The reason of this manuscript was to study the trans-esterification between the peanut oil and alcohol of citric acid molecules at ambient temperature with low pH and peanut oil was in excess in comparison with citric acid using two types of protonic acid-H+ catalyst such as the unattached protonic acid-H+ of reagent citric acid molecules at pH=1.66 with citric acid catalyst-unattached protonic acid-H+/peanut oil-fatty acids ratio [mol./mol.%]=1.21% and the unattached protonic acid-H+ of sulfuric acid molecules at pH=-3.76 with sulfuric acid catalyst-unattached protonic acid-H+/peanut oil-fatty acids ratio [mol./mol.%]=1.05%. Thus, biodiesel has been synthesized and basically characterized. Also, citric acid conversions evolutions with reaction-time and evaluation of reacted and unreacted peanut oil fatty-acids evolutions with reaction-time has been done following a protocol which allowed the quantification of the unreacted citric acid molecules. In the same time, the used protonic acid-H+ catalysts were characterized by their activities and turnovers evolutions. All these results helped the comprehension of the very probable mechanisms of this trans-esterification catalyzed by these protonic acids-H+. Particularly, it was noticed that the initial catalysts’ activities and turnovers were all the time very important but decreased in a sizeable way from 1mn reaction-time until obtaining generally a yellow biodiesel after 60mn reaction-time. These results allowed to consider that at these previous experimental conditions, molecules steric size influenced the catalysts’ activities and turnovers; and the first step was composed not only by the trans-esterification reaction between citric acid’s alcohol organic function and peanut oil but also the dehydration of citric acid molecules to form the white citric acid monomer, it could be transformed to another great molecules like yellow citric acid monomer or to another more great molecules composed with new alkene-unsaturated organic function which concentration increased and/or decreased with reaction-time according to the protonic acid-H+ nature as molecules and influenced the color of biodiesel in this case yellow or imperial yellow. Indeed, it was noticed that even if all catalysts activities and turnovers decreased globally, the citric acid protonic acid-H+ catalyst became clearly more active than the sulfuric acid protonic acid-H+ catalyst with time certainly because of the decrease of its alkene -unsaturated organic function concentration with time and still confirmed the alkene-unsaturated organic function effects as efficient support for protonic acid-H+ catalyst mobility.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83922888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial 3d Direct Visualization of Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Bonds","authors":"O. Kucherov, A. Rud, V. Gubanov, M. Biliy","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200804.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200804.11","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the further development of direct visualization of individual atoms, molecules with chemical bonds by spatial 3d electron cloud densitometry. Direct visualization of small objects studied by chemistry is made possible by the discovery of the plane wave amplitude deformation in accordance with the electron cloud density. Accordance with this affect, an atom begins to illuminate, depicting its own form! A quantum mechanical theory of the effect is given. As a result, it was possible to trace a chemical reaction with a change in the chemical bonds, geometry molecules, and distances between the atoms. The spatial 3d picoscope is used to show the structure of crystalline graphite formed by the sp2 chemical bonds of carbon atoms, and a system of weak π-bonds that connects the layers of graphite. This device confirmed the flat structure of single-layer graphene and allowed to detect a two-layer hexagonal diamond system that was previously un known. This material is proposed to designate gubanite. A scan be seen from the spatial 3d snapshot, as the graphene layers converge, the upper graphene π-electron clouds connect to the lower graphene π-electron clouds to form a two-layer diamond gubanite, the spatial 3d model of which is shown. It should lead to the appearance of visual chemistry.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":"94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88502603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of Atrazine from Aqueous Solution onto Peanut Shell Activated Carbon: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies","authors":"I. Agani, J. Fatombi, N. Topanou, Esta A. Idohou, T. Aminou","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the activated carbon (AC) was prepared from phosphoric acid activation of peanut shell and used as adsorbent for atrazine removal from aqueous solutions. The prepared AC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The effect of parameters such as solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and concentration of atrazine solution were studied on adsorption process. The results of characteristics study shown that the surface of AC was porous with numerous functional groups. The kinetic results revealed that the adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. The intraparticle diffusion model involved in the adsorption process by multi steps. The equilibrium data were in the best agreement with the Langmuir model than the Freundlich and the Temkin models. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated according to the Langmuir isotherm were 66.66, 52.63 and 48.08 mg g-1 at 30°C and at pH 5, 7 and 9 respectively. The results of this study pointed out that the activated carbon prepared from the peanut shell has strong adsorption potential toward the atrazine herbicide, hence, it could be used for efficient adsorption of pesticide residues and other hazardous pollutants from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80753535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Five Sulfonamides in Water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Ionic Liquid Liquid-liquid Microextraction","authors":"Gao Yuling, L. Ting, S. Peng, Guo Yongxia","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.14","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method for the determination of sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamonomethoxinc (SMM), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadiazine (SD), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) from the water has been developed using ionic liquid dispersive 1iquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. The influence of extraction parameters including types of extraction solvent, volume of extraction solvent, types of dispersant solvent, volume of dispersant solvent, extraction time, and pH were investigated. Using 80 μL 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C6MIM]PF6) as extraction solvent, 800 μL acetonitrile as dispersant solvent, pH=4.0, extraction 3min, centrifugal after storage 2min. Under the optima1 conditions, good linear relationships were obtained in the five sulfonamides residues concentrations of 5~150 μg•L-2 with the correlation coefficients of 0.9988-0.9994, limits of detection (LOD) were 0.74~1.21 μg•L-2 (S/N=3), limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.51~4.06 μg•L-2 (S/N=10). The proposed method was applied to the determination of five sulfonamides residues in water, the recoveries were from 88.5% to 98.8%, with the corresponding intra-day RSDs less than 5.1%, inter-day RSDs less than 9.5%. The method was considered to be simple, fast, and precise to satisfy the requirements of the residual analysis of sulfonamides in water.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88150353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Speciation and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soils of Onitsha South Local Government Area Anambra Nigeria","authors":"Ochiagha Kate Ekwutosi, Okoye Patrice-Anthony Chudi, Eboagu Nkiru Charity","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.12","url":null,"abstract":"The understanding of chemical forms of heavy metals and how they associate with themselves is very essential in studying the potential mobility and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils. This study determined the spatial distribution and mobility of Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe in the soil samples of Onitsha South Local Government Area in South East Nigeria. The soil samples collected were examined for the heavy metal contamination using five-step sequential extraction method. The concentrations of the extracted metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The range of heavy metals extracted fractions for each of five fractions in percentages were as follows; exchangeables (0.0-3.5%), bound to carbonates (0.0-4.49%), bound to Fe-Mn oxides (0.03-4.14%), bound to organic matter (0.03-3.38%) and residual (0.0-86.70%) in wet season; exchangeables (0.0-3.94%), bound to carbonates (0.0-4.80%), bound to Fe-Mn oxides (0.09-5.19%), bound to organic matter (0.09-3.53%) and residual (0.0-126.00%) in dry season. Available heavy metals in the soil studied had mean values 0.52, 0.76, 1.21, 1.24, 1.40, 9.08 and 96.37 all in mgkg-1 for Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Fe respectively for wet season while the mean values in dry season were 0.36, 1.21, 1.60, 1.82, 2.45, 11.54 and 143.54 all in mgkg-1 for Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr and Fe respectively. Mobility factor were 0.22-47.90% in the two seasons, levels of heavy metals in available forms differ significantly though majority of the extracted toxic metals are found in oxides and the residual fractions and as such may not pose environmental risk due to their relatively low availability and mobility factor. That notwithstanding, soils from studied area should be carefully monitored to prevent the release of these metals due to redox reactions which may make them available to plants through absorption.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79119220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}