Pub Date : 2020-07-04DOI: 10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.11
E. I. Uwah, Ernest Daniel Ikwebe
This research assessed bread from bakeries in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for trace metals, nutritive value and potassium bromate using standard procedures. Samples were collected from four bakeries coded as: A, B, C and D. Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and saponins were present in all samples. Flavonoids were only present in samples obtained from bakery D. Quantitatively, phytochemical composition ranged from 0.08±0.00 mg/100g glycoside in samples from bakery A to 3.76±0.00 mg/100g alkaloids also in samples from bakery A. Trace metal analysis indicated that copper was only detected in samples from bakery B, and that iron levels were less than 0.009 mg/100g in all the samples, while tin was < 0.001 mg/100g in samples from bakery A and was not detected in samples from bakeries B, C and D. The levels of potassium bromate analysed by the congo red oxidation method in all the samples ranged from 6.66±0.00 to 52.19±0.00 mg/kg. With crystal violet oxidation method, they ranged from 5.09±0.00 to 58.36±0.01 mg/kg. Proximate composition ranged from 0.03±0.00 fiber in samples from A, C and D to 73.38±0.00% CHO in samples from C, while the calorific values ranged from 280.11±0.00 to 359±0.00 kcal in all the samples. Anti-nutrient composition ranged from 0.21±0.00 mg/100g tannin in samples from B to 1.68±0.00 mg/100g HCN in samples from C. Essential mineral composition ranged from 0.01±0.00 mg/100g phosphorus and sodium in samples from A and D to 1.89±0.00 mg/100g calcium in samples from B. Vitamins composition ranged from 0.19±0.00 mg/100g vitamin B2 in samples from D to 4.62±0.00 mg/100g vitamin C in samples from C. The bread samples were to some extend nutritive. The anti-nutrients and trace metals in the bread were below the levels that could cause toxicity in humans, except that the bread contained potassium bromate (banned chemicals that are hazardous to human health).
{"title":"Trace Metals, Potassium Bromate and Nutritional Potentials in Bread from Bakeries in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"E. I. Uwah, Ernest Daniel Ikwebe","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200803.11","url":null,"abstract":"This research assessed bread from bakeries in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for trace metals, nutritive value and potassium bromate using standard procedures. Samples were collected from four bakeries coded as: A, B, C and D. Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and saponins were present in all samples. Flavonoids were only present in samples obtained from bakery D. Quantitatively, phytochemical composition ranged from 0.08±0.00 mg/100g glycoside in samples from bakery A to 3.76±0.00 mg/100g alkaloids also in samples from bakery A. Trace metal analysis indicated that copper was only detected in samples from bakery B, and that iron levels were less than 0.009 mg/100g in all the samples, while tin was < 0.001 mg/100g in samples from bakery A and was not detected in samples from bakeries B, C and D. The levels of potassium bromate analysed by the congo red oxidation method in all the samples ranged from 6.66±0.00 to 52.19±0.00 mg/kg. With crystal violet oxidation method, they ranged from 5.09±0.00 to 58.36±0.01 mg/kg. Proximate composition ranged from 0.03±0.00 fiber in samples from A, C and D to 73.38±0.00% CHO in samples from C, while the calorific values ranged from 280.11±0.00 to 359±0.00 kcal in all the samples. Anti-nutrient composition ranged from 0.21±0.00 mg/100g tannin in samples from B to 1.68±0.00 mg/100g HCN in samples from C. Essential mineral composition ranged from 0.01±0.00 mg/100g phosphorus and sodium in samples from A and D to 1.89±0.00 mg/100g calcium in samples from B. Vitamins composition ranged from 0.19±0.00 mg/100g vitamin B2 in samples from D to 4.62±0.00 mg/100g vitamin C in samples from C. The bread samples were to some extend nutritive. The anti-nutrients and trace metals in the bread were below the levels that could cause toxicity in humans, except that the bread contained potassium bromate (banned chemicals that are hazardous to human health).","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78329673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-29DOI: 10.11648/j.ajac.20200802.12
M. A. Elshiekh
Reusing cooking oil in food preparation, especially during deep-frying is a common practice to save costs. Repeated heating of the oil accelerates oxidative degradation of lipids leading to severe changes in lipid profile of the blood and forming hazardous reactive oxygen species which depletes the natural antioxidant contents of the cooking oil leading to pathologies such as hypertension, diabetes and vascular inflammation. The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the reused edible cooking oil uptake with the plasma cholesterol level in some experimental animals. Twenty adult male swiss albino (SWR) rats, weighing 120-200g body weight were housed within the premises of the medicinal and aromatic plant research institutes, national center for research Khartoum. They were randomized to one of the following experimental groups, with five animals per group: Group 1 the Normal group were administered normal diet (control group), Group 2 the experimental group were administered high-fat diet with low dose reused oil injection, Group3 the experimental group were administered high-fat diet with high dose reused oil injection, Group4 the experimental group were administered high –fat diet (disease group). Randomly fasting blood cholesterol level was done in 20 rats to identify the level of cholesterol before the administration of special diet that contain high saturated fat and cholesterol powder to elevate the level of cholesterol in albino rats. Rats of group two were injected with 1.5 ml/kg reused oil as a low dose and rats of group three will be injected with 3.0 ml/kg reused oil as a high dose. blood sampling and cholesterol level determination were done once a week for each rat separately for four weeks. Concerning the average cholesterol level of group 1 rats, it showed a narrow range elevation for the consecutive four weeks respectively. Group 2 rats shows a considerable range of average cholesterol level elevation. For rats of group 3 we expect a significant average cholesterol level elevation starting from the fasting period up to the fourth week, as the rats of this group were injected with 3 ml/kg (considered as a high dose) reused oil in addition to the high cholesterol diet and this is exactly what we observed. The average cholesterol level of group 4 rats was moderately elevated.
{"title":"Enhancement of Blood Cholesterol Level Relating to Edible Reused Cooking Oil Uptake in White Experimental Albino Rats","authors":"M. A. Elshiekh","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200802.12","url":null,"abstract":"Reusing cooking oil in food preparation, especially during deep-frying is a common practice to save costs. Repeated heating of the oil accelerates oxidative degradation of lipids leading to severe changes in lipid profile of the blood and forming hazardous reactive oxygen species which depletes the natural antioxidant contents of the cooking oil leading to pathologies such as hypertension, diabetes and vascular inflammation. The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the reused edible cooking oil uptake with the plasma cholesterol level in some experimental animals. Twenty adult male swiss albino (SWR) rats, weighing 120-200g body weight were housed within the premises of the medicinal and aromatic plant research institutes, national center for research Khartoum. They were randomized to one of the following experimental groups, with five animals per group: Group 1 the Normal group were administered normal diet (control group), Group 2 the experimental group were administered high-fat diet with low dose reused oil injection, Group3 the experimental group were administered high-fat diet with high dose reused oil injection, Group4 the experimental group were administered high –fat diet (disease group). Randomly fasting blood cholesterol level was done in 20 rats to identify the level of cholesterol before the administration of special diet that contain high saturated fat and cholesterol powder to elevate the level of cholesterol in albino rats. Rats of group two were injected with 1.5 ml/kg reused oil as a low dose and rats of group three will be injected with 3.0 ml/kg reused oil as a high dose. blood sampling and cholesterol level determination were done once a week for each rat separately for four weeks. Concerning the average cholesterol level of group 1 rats, it showed a narrow range elevation for the consecutive four weeks respectively. Group 2 rats shows a considerable range of average cholesterol level elevation. For rats of group 3 we expect a significant average cholesterol level elevation starting from the fasting period up to the fourth week, as the rats of this group were injected with 3 ml/kg (considered as a high dose) reused oil in addition to the high cholesterol diet and this is exactly what we observed. The average cholesterol level of group 4 rats was moderately elevated.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"68 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91263916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-29DOI: 10.11648/j.ajac.20200802.11
A. Rabeharitsara, Sedraniaina Domoina Marie Esperance, Ny Idealy Elite Randriamanantena, Raïssa Faneva Mampitefa, N. R. Randriana
Esterification between citric acid molecules and molecules of Callistemon citrinus, rice husk and Garcinia dulcis (pulp-peel and pips) were carried out such as the citric acid molecules quantities (moles) were negligible against to these raw materials’ reactive molecules quantities (moles). Results showed generally an important initial, total conversions (after 60 minutes) of citric acids molecules which confirmed the essential role of raw materials’ aromatics molecules characterized by their alkene organic-function titrated with HF-0.00261N (Hydrofluoric acid) as support of citric acid’s protonic acid H+ catalyst (a portion of the carboxylic acids’ citric acid molecules used), support of non-ionic citric acid’s carboxylic acid (a portion of the carboxylic acids’ citric acid molecules used) and support of raw materials molecules reagents. So, the citric acid partial order of esterification of these used raw materials (Callistemon citrinus, rice husk and Garcinia dulcis (pulp-peel and pips)) with citric acid molecules were determined. Also, the brown citric acid equivalent monomers formed during esterification were calculated and their evolution were followed for all raw materials and results allowed to determine the citric acid’s protonic acid activities. In the same time, relationship between raw materials’ external specific surfaces, estimated by calculated and measured densities, and conversion or brown citric acid equivalent formed were established to conduct finally at the catalyst turnover. The variation of alkene organic-function concentration and/or quantities not only in solution but also in all by-products allowed to an ionic mechanism of these esterification with citric acid catalyzed by citric acid’s protonic acid H+ (a portion of the carboxylic acids’ citric acid molecules used) supported on all raw materials’ aromatics molecules and fiber structures in glass-flask where not only carbonic acids molecules but also hydrogens molecules gas were emitted. Finally, seeing that a non-negligible alkene organic-function quantities were titrated on all by-products, their valorization as catalytic support of citric acid molecules polymerization were carried out and a procedure constituted principally with estimation of dichloromethane and hexane insoluble/soluble products, titration with HF-0.00261N of the unsaturated organic-function in hexane soluble products and titration with NaOH-0.05N of the black citric acid equivalent quantities evolutions were established and the results confirmed the ionic mechanism of esterification with citric acid molecules during which not only carbonic gas and hydrogen gas were emitted but also new monomers and each equivalent saturated products (characterized by their globally white color and unsaturated organic-function titrated with HF-0.00261N), new polymers and poly-polymers (characterized by their globally black color and titrated with NaOH-0.05N) different to that obtained with radical mechanism catalyzed
{"title":"Esterification Between Citric Acid and Callistemon citrinus, Rice-Husk, Garcinia dulcis Catalysed by Citric Acid’s-H+- Monomers and Polymers Formation Mechanism","authors":"A. Rabeharitsara, Sedraniaina Domoina Marie Esperance, Ny Idealy Elite Randriamanantena, Raïssa Faneva Mampitefa, N. R. Randriana","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20200802.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20200802.11","url":null,"abstract":"Esterification between citric acid molecules and molecules of Callistemon citrinus, rice husk and Garcinia dulcis (pulp-peel and pips) were carried out such as the citric acid molecules quantities (moles) were negligible against to these raw materials’ reactive molecules quantities (moles). Results showed generally an important initial, total conversions (after 60 minutes) of citric acids molecules which confirmed the essential role of raw materials’ aromatics molecules characterized by their alkene organic-function titrated with HF-0.00261N (Hydrofluoric acid) as support of citric acid’s protonic acid H+ catalyst (a portion of the carboxylic acids’ citric acid molecules used), support of non-ionic citric acid’s carboxylic acid (a portion of the carboxylic acids’ citric acid molecules used) and support of raw materials molecules reagents. So, the citric acid partial order of esterification of these used raw materials (Callistemon citrinus, rice husk and Garcinia dulcis (pulp-peel and pips)) with citric acid molecules were determined. Also, the brown citric acid equivalent monomers formed during esterification were calculated and their evolution were followed for all raw materials and results allowed to determine the citric acid’s protonic acid activities. In the same time, relationship between raw materials’ external specific surfaces, estimated by calculated and measured densities, and conversion or brown citric acid equivalent formed were established to conduct finally at the catalyst turnover. The variation of alkene organic-function concentration and/or quantities not only in solution but also in all by-products allowed to an ionic mechanism of these esterification with citric acid catalyzed by citric acid’s protonic acid H+ (a portion of the carboxylic acids’ citric acid molecules used) supported on all raw materials’ aromatics molecules and fiber structures in glass-flask where not only carbonic acids molecules but also hydrogens molecules gas were emitted. Finally, seeing that a non-negligible alkene organic-function quantities were titrated on all by-products, their valorization as catalytic support of citric acid molecules polymerization were carried out and a procedure constituted principally with estimation of dichloromethane and hexane insoluble/soluble products, titration with HF-0.00261N of the unsaturated organic-function in hexane soluble products and titration with NaOH-0.05N of the black citric acid equivalent quantities evolutions were established and the results confirmed the ionic mechanism of esterification with citric acid molecules during which not only carbonic gas and hydrogen gas were emitted but also new monomers and each equivalent saturated products (characterized by their globally white color and unsaturated organic-function titrated with HF-0.00261N), new polymers and poly-polymers (characterized by their globally black color and titrated with NaOH-0.05N) different to that obtained with radical mechanism catalyzed ","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81997672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.14
Kayode Taiwo Ishola, M. A. Oladipo, O. A. Odedokun, Oladapo Tunde Olanipekun
Several chelating agents have been widely used as scavengers to transport metals to or away from vulnerable sites due to their ability to form stable complexes with different metal ions. Many of the chelating agents have been reported to be toxic, non-biodegradable and inflexible for the recovery of bound metal ions. The inherent drawbacks with these chelating agents necessitate a search for their replacement. Therefore, the extent of coordination of L-tyrosine, L-histidine (secondary ligands) and Thiobarbituric acid (primary ligand) with Co(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) in an aqueous medium at 27°C and 35°C has been examined potentiometrically with ionic strength maintained by 0.02M NaNO3. The potentiometric equilibrium measurements showed that the ligands formed binary and ternary complexes with the metal ions. Ternary complexes were formed by simultaneous mechanisms and they were found to be more stable than the corresponding binary complexes. The order of stability was found to increase with an increase in the covalent index of the metal ions and decrease with increase in temperature. Speciation diagram showed the variation in stability constants of the binary and ternary complexes as the function of pH. The ligands exhibited high coordinating properties and could be used as metal scavengers for transportation of metals to or away from vulnerable sites. The binary metal complexes could be applied as a medium of transporting chemotherapeutic drugs to target sites or detoxifying poisonous substances which possesses donor atoms with chelating capability.
{"title":"Potentiometric Studies of Stability Constants and Speciation of Binary and Ternary Complexes of Metal (II) Ions with Amino Acids and Thiobarbituric Acid","authors":"Kayode Taiwo Ishola, M. A. Oladipo, O. A. Odedokun, Oladapo Tunde Olanipekun","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.14","url":null,"abstract":"Several chelating agents have been widely used as scavengers to transport metals to or away from vulnerable sites due to their ability to form stable complexes with different metal ions. Many of the chelating agents have been reported to be toxic, non-biodegradable and inflexible for the recovery of bound metal ions. The inherent drawbacks with these chelating agents necessitate a search for their replacement. Therefore, the extent of coordination of L-tyrosine, L-histidine (secondary ligands) and Thiobarbituric acid (primary ligand) with Co(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) in an aqueous medium at 27°C and 35°C has been examined potentiometrically with ionic strength maintained by 0.02M NaNO3. The potentiometric equilibrium measurements showed that the ligands formed binary and ternary complexes with the metal ions. Ternary complexes were formed by simultaneous mechanisms and they were found to be more stable than the corresponding binary complexes. The order of stability was found to increase with an increase in the covalent index of the metal ions and decrease with increase in temperature. Speciation diagram showed the variation in stability constants of the binary and ternary complexes as the function of pH. The ligands exhibited high coordinating properties and could be used as metal scavengers for transportation of metals to or away from vulnerable sites. The binary metal complexes could be applied as a medium of transporting chemotherapeutic drugs to target sites or detoxifying poisonous substances which possesses donor atoms with chelating capability.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"57 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88862875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-11DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.13
Marthe Dominique Chodaton-Zinsou, Fidèle Assogba, Eléonore Yayi-Ladékan, F. Gbaguidi, M. Moudachirou, J. Gbénou
Croton lobatus L. is medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, but little known in literature for its biological properties. Aims were to study its phytochemical composition and some biological properties and influence of acid hydrolysis on biological activities and chemical composition of Croton lobatus L. extracts. Successive extractions with solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were carried out on powder of Croton lobatus L. leaves. Evaluation of xanthine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, 5-lipoxygenase and α-amylase inhibitions, antioxidant activity was performed. Acid hydrolysis effect was evaluated by comparison of chemical composition and xanthine oxidase, α-amylase inhibition activities of hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed extracts. Results showed that at 50 mg/L Croton lobatus L. has very small antioxidant activity (3.4 - 4.9%), small inhibitory activity of 5-lipoxygenase (6.3-6.9%), inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase between (2.7 - 31.3%), moderate inhibitory activity of α-amylase (52.8 - 64.3%), moderate inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase (22.2 - 62.6%). Croton lobatus L. could be used in diabetes and gout treatments, given results of α-amylase inhibition and xanthine oxidase. Acid hydrolysis has negative effect on process of xanthine oxidase inhibition and on chemical composition.
{"title":"Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities of Croton lobatus L. Leaves, Hydrolysis Effect on Activities and Chemical Composition","authors":"Marthe Dominique Chodaton-Zinsou, Fidèle Assogba, Eléonore Yayi-Ladékan, F. Gbaguidi, M. Moudachirou, J. Gbénou","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.13","url":null,"abstract":"Croton lobatus L. is medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, but little known in literature for its biological properties. Aims were to study its phytochemical composition and some biological properties and influence of acid hydrolysis on biological activities and chemical composition of Croton lobatus L. extracts. Successive extractions with solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were carried out on powder of Croton lobatus L. leaves. Evaluation of xanthine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, 5-lipoxygenase and α-amylase inhibitions, antioxidant activity was performed. Acid hydrolysis effect was evaluated by comparison of chemical composition and xanthine oxidase, α-amylase inhibition activities of hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed extracts. Results showed that at 50 mg/L Croton lobatus L. has very small antioxidant activity (3.4 - 4.9%), small inhibitory activity of 5-lipoxygenase (6.3-6.9%), inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase between (2.7 - 31.3%), moderate inhibitory activity of α-amylase (52.8 - 64.3%), moderate inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase (22.2 - 62.6%). Croton lobatus L. could be used in diabetes and gout treatments, given results of α-amylase inhibition and xanthine oxidase. Acid hydrolysis has negative effect on process of xanthine oxidase inhibition and on chemical composition.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81563357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.11
Wu Xi, Chengshi Qing, Liu Bin, Wu Son
In the coking industry, the variety and quality of single coal is the basis for influencing the quality of coal blending and ultimately the quality of coke products. Nowadays, some coking plants generally use industrial analysis methods to determine the quality of coal varieties and coal blending. However, using industrial analysis method alone cannot ensure that the variety quality identification of single coal and mixed coal is correct and reliable, therefore, there is no guarantee of coking coal blending and the final coking quality. Identifying coal by means of coal-rock analysis and distinguishing mixed coal can make up for the deficiency of industrial analysis in testing coal quality and types of coal. At the same time, according to the reflectivity of the vitrinite of coal can be additive, using synthetic coal reflectance distribution map to guide coal coking, can predict, improve and raise the quality of coke products. In this paper, some examples are given to identify coal type and distinguish mixed coal by reflectivity of coal vitrinite combined with industrial analysis method. At the same time, the method and example of applying synthetic coal reflectivity distribution map to guide coking coal to improve coke quality are also given. Finally noted, when using coal-rock method to guide coking and predict coke quality, it must be tested no arbitrary application.
{"title":"Application of Coal Rock Analysis in Coking Productions","authors":"Wu Xi, Chengshi Qing, Liu Bin, Wu Son","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.11","url":null,"abstract":"In the coking industry, the variety and quality of single coal is the basis for influencing the quality of coal blending and ultimately the quality of coke products. Nowadays, some coking plants generally use industrial analysis methods to determine the quality of coal varieties and coal blending. However, using industrial analysis method alone cannot ensure that the variety quality identification of single coal and mixed coal is correct and reliable, therefore, there is no guarantee of coking coal blending and the final coking quality. Identifying coal by means of coal-rock analysis and distinguishing mixed coal can make up for the deficiency of industrial analysis in testing coal quality and types of coal. At the same time, according to the reflectivity of the vitrinite of coal can be additive, using synthetic coal reflectance distribution map to guide coal coking, can predict, improve and raise the quality of coke products. In this paper, some examples are given to identify coal type and distinguish mixed coal by reflectivity of coal vitrinite combined with industrial analysis method. At the same time, the method and example of applying synthetic coal reflectivity distribution map to guide coking coal to improve coke quality are also given. Finally noted, when using coal-rock method to guide coking and predict coke quality, it must be tested no arbitrary application.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88207612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.12
B. Ouedraogo, Jules Yoda, F. Kini, J. Ouédraogo, M. Lompo, S. Ouédraogo
High blood pressure or hypertension is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. According to official statistics, its prevalence rate is estimated at 20%. The management of this disease is long-term with chronic treatments. This leads the population to resort to efficient, accessible and cheaper herbal medicines. Anogeissus leiocarpa is one of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension in Burkina Faso. Earlier preclinical studies have proved the efficacy and safety of trunk bark extract. In this investigation, bioactive chemical marker phytocompounds are sought for the development, quality control and standardization of the antihypertensive drug based on this plant. The extracts of this plant are prepared by decoction from trunk bark powder and then fractionated successively with solvents in order of increasing polarity (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol). The fractions obtained are subjected to phytochemical screening. The antioxidant properties of the different extracts have also been studied since the chemical species known as free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, are related to hypertension. The evaluation of the contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, which would have antihypertensive properties, was carried out according to the method using Folin-Ciocalteu. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were obtained with the ethyl acetate fraction (89.52 mg tannic acid equivalent/g dry extract and 70.87 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract for flavonoids). The best antioxidant power is also obtained with the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50: 6.93µg /mL). Standardization tests using analytical methods have identified three compounds A, B and C whose structure determination is in progress. These compounds could be used as markers for quality control of the prototype antihypertensive phytodrugs developed.
{"title":"Research of Bioactive Chemical Markers in Trunk Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpa, a Traditional Herbal Remedy for Hypertension","authors":"B. Ouedraogo, Jules Yoda, F. Kini, J. Ouédraogo, M. Lompo, S. Ouédraogo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20200801.12","url":null,"abstract":"High blood pressure or hypertension is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. According to official statistics, its prevalence rate is estimated at 20%. The management of this disease is long-term with chronic treatments. This leads the population to resort to efficient, accessible and cheaper herbal medicines. Anogeissus leiocarpa is one of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension in Burkina Faso. Earlier preclinical studies have proved the efficacy and safety of trunk bark extract. In this investigation, bioactive chemical marker phytocompounds are sought for the development, quality control and standardization of the antihypertensive drug based on this plant. The extracts of this plant are prepared by decoction from trunk bark powder and then fractionated successively with solvents in order of increasing polarity (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol). The fractions obtained are subjected to phytochemical screening. The antioxidant properties of the different extracts have also been studied since the chemical species known as free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, are related to hypertension. The evaluation of the contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, which would have antihypertensive properties, was carried out according to the method using Folin-Ciocalteu. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were obtained with the ethyl acetate fraction (89.52 mg tannic acid equivalent/g dry extract and 70.87 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract for flavonoids). The best antioxidant power is also obtained with the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50: 6.93µg /mL). Standardization tests using analytical methods have identified three compounds A, B and C whose structure determination is in progress. These compounds could be used as markers for quality control of the prototype antihypertensive phytodrugs developed.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88466293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-25DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190706.15
T. Alexis, Yété Pélagie, Y. Franck, Wotto Valentin, Sohounhloué K. C. Dominique
Ocimum gratissimum L. is a plant whose leaf ash is widely cited as having wound healing properties. This work therefore consists in verifying the healing activity of the ashes of the leaves of this plant. Different leaf samples of this plant were collected from four sites in the central region of Benin and six sites in the southern region. The leaves of this plant were treated and calcined in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 500°C. The mineral contents of the ashes obtained are determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Emission Spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Each ash was also dissolved and the pH of the substrates obtained measured. The results obtained show that the various ashes are rich in minerals with antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties such as zinc (3256ppm-5020pm), sulphur (1278ppm-3513pm) and selenium (186ppm-412pm). In addition, the ashes studied are slightly acidic and their presence in a wound would not favour the development of certain pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella. The results obtained provide justification for the traditional use of Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf ash in the treatment of external wounds.
{"title":"Physico-chemical Evaluation of the Efficiency of Ash from the Leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. in Skin Healing","authors":"T. Alexis, Yété Pélagie, Y. Franck, Wotto Valentin, Sohounhloué K. C. Dominique","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190706.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190706.15","url":null,"abstract":"Ocimum gratissimum L. is a plant whose leaf ash is widely cited as having wound healing properties. This work therefore consists in verifying the healing activity of the ashes of the leaves of this plant. Different leaf samples of this plant were collected from four sites in the central region of Benin and six sites in the southern region. The leaves of this plant were treated and calcined in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 500°C. The mineral contents of the ashes obtained are determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Emission Spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Each ash was also dissolved and the pH of the substrates obtained measured. The results obtained show that the various ashes are rich in minerals with antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties such as zinc (3256ppm-5020pm), sulphur (1278ppm-3513pm) and selenium (186ppm-412pm). In addition, the ashes studied are slightly acidic and their presence in a wound would not favour the development of certain pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella. The results obtained provide justification for the traditional use of Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf ash in the treatment of external wounds.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75253795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190706.12
Bruno Pereira de Oliveira, Shirly Lara Perez, D. Chianfrone, K. Blanco, V. Bagnato
The ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a non-thermal processing technique for microbial decontamination of food (MDF) has been the gainer in many variations after the inclusion of UV light as an alternative for MDF by the US FDA. However the lasts years increase the application of the UV light in food, water and pharmaceutical utilization. In this report, we describe a new type of reactor, where the UV emitters are parametrically distributed for decontaminating fresh broccolis. We described the constructed reactor and its characterization with the validation of the system with controlled contaminated broccolis. The overall liquid was contamined with 105 UFC/mL E. coli operating with a flow rate of 80 L/min in 30 L and six lamps in the reactor and the collection of samples in intervals of 25 min. The E. coli used in this experiment was eliminated in 99,99% The intensity of UVC light distributed in the internal part of the reactor is practically homogeneous due to the developed geometry. The kinetics of microbial death presented no great influence on this variation. That is, any volume of water contained in the process can be decontaminated. A relation between UV and the flow rate was stablished. The system demonstrated its capacity in inactivating the microorganism.
{"title":"Perimetric Distributed UV Reactor and Its Validation and the Decontamination of Fresh Broccolis","authors":"Bruno Pereira de Oliveira, Shirly Lara Perez, D. Chianfrone, K. Blanco, V. Bagnato","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190706.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190706.12","url":null,"abstract":"The ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a non-thermal processing technique for microbial decontamination of food (MDF) has been the gainer in many variations after the inclusion of UV light as an alternative for MDF by the US FDA. However the lasts years increase the application of the UV light in food, water and pharmaceutical utilization. In this report, we describe a new type of reactor, where the UV emitters are parametrically distributed for decontaminating fresh broccolis. We described the constructed reactor and its characterization with the validation of the system with controlled contaminated broccolis. The overall liquid was contamined with 105 UFC/mL E. coli operating with a flow rate of 80 L/min in 30 L and six lamps in the reactor and the collection of samples in intervals of 25 min. The E. coli used in this experiment was eliminated in 99,99% The intensity of UVC light distributed in the internal part of the reactor is practically homogeneous due to the developed geometry. The kinetics of microbial death presented no great influence on this variation. That is, any volume of water contained in the process can be decontaminated. A relation between UV and the flow rate was stablished. The system demonstrated its capacity in inactivating the microorganism.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88296336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190705.11
Nebiyu Chali Yadeta
Aloe gilbertii belonging to the family Aloaceae is used by local people for treatment various disease such as malaria and wound healing. The main purpose of this study was to investigate phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Root Extract of Aloe gilbertii Reynolds Phytochemical screening of the CH2Cl2: CH3OH (1:1) extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinone, Alkaloids, saponins, phenol and absence of steroids and phytosterols. The anti-oxidant potential and total antioxidant potential was determined by using reducing power determination method and phosphomolybdate method respectively. The antioxidant capacity of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts fractions of Aloe gilbertii were found to be 244.5±0.631, 241.5±0.112 and 106±1.05 mg of ascorbic acid per 10 mg of dry weight of antioxidant in the reducing power, respectively and it’s total antioxidant capacity of these extract fractions were 82.21±0.028, 88.75±0.016 and 74.85±0.043mg of ascorbic acid per 10 mg of dry weight of the crude extract. Thus, the results of the present investigation infer that this plant extracts possess potent antioxidant. Therefore it is strongly recommended to isolate the antioxidant components
{"title":"Phytochemical Investigation and Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Aloe gilbertii Reynolds, from Konso, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Nebiyu Chali Yadeta","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190705.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190705.11","url":null,"abstract":"Aloe gilbertii belonging to the family Aloaceae is used by local people for treatment various disease such as malaria and wound healing. The main purpose of this study was to investigate phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Root Extract of Aloe gilbertii Reynolds Phytochemical screening of the CH2Cl2: CH3OH (1:1) extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinone, Alkaloids, saponins, phenol and absence of steroids and phytosterols. The anti-oxidant potential and total antioxidant potential was determined by using reducing power determination method and phosphomolybdate method respectively. The antioxidant capacity of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts fractions of Aloe gilbertii were found to be 244.5±0.631, 241.5±0.112 and 106±1.05 mg of ascorbic acid per 10 mg of dry weight of antioxidant in the reducing power, respectively and it’s total antioxidant capacity of these extract fractions were 82.21±0.028, 88.75±0.016 and 74.85±0.043mg of ascorbic acid per 10 mg of dry weight of the crude extract. Thus, the results of the present investigation infer that this plant extracts possess potent antioxidant. Therefore it is strongly recommended to isolate the antioxidant components","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87862816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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