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Proteomics, the global comprehensive analysis of cellular proteins, will contribute to our understanding of gene function in the post-genomic era. The strategies of proteome analysis include the protein expression proteomics dealing with the comparison of cellular or tissue protein levels in the control and affected state (e.g. in the disease) and cell mapping proteomics aimed to define protein-protein interactions that constitute intracellular signalling network. The currently used methods of proteome analysis represent two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for protein separation, the image analysis means for protein maps comparison and the mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF, MALDI-ESI) and bioinformatics means (sequence databases) for protein identification. For the protein interaction studies the yeast two-hybrid system is mostly employed. New concepts of disease diagnosis and treatment as well as new drugs design can be envisioned from the proteomic analysis.

Changes in the specific CD4+ T-cell immunity against HCV in response to the treatment with alpha-interferon and ribavirin have been studied in 56 patients with chronic HCV infection. It was shown that after the treatment enhancement of the immune response to HCV infection was mainly due to the elevation of the numbers of NS3 and NS4 antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, which indicates that these cells play an important role in the development of the specific defense directed towards elimination of the virus from the human organism.

Evans blue was applied to 12 rats by way of intracarotid injection into the common carotid artery or internal carotid artery both with the blood-brain barrier intact and after its mannitol-induced osmotic opening. For each type of application, a histological picture of Evans blue propagation through the brain was obtained by means of fluorescence microscopy. An assessment was made of the overall intensity of staining, and the ratio was established of the intra:extra-cellular Evans blue distribution in the cortex and hippocampus of both hemispheres. The histological picture obtained on injecting Evans blue into the internal carotic artery two minutes after the blood-brain barrier opening with mannitol can be seen as morphological evidence of the fact that the substance thus applied does have an effect on cell homeostasis since the intracellular share of Evans blue distribution is considerable.

The basic problem of all developed transplant programs is organs deficiency available for transplantation. There is an effort within last 10 years to get each organ for transplantation that it is supposed to be functional for several years. These problems also occur in the program of kidney transplantation. Apart from realizing of kidney transplantations from donors alive, which have an increasing tendency in Czech Republic (in 2001 more than 5%, in 2002 more than 10%), there is the only another possibility to get kidney grafts from non-ideal (suboptimal, marginal) donors. Both short-term and long-term results of kidney transplantation from non-ideal donors are comparable with the transplantation results from ideal donors. The kidneys from very young paediatric cadaveric donors, especially up to five years are the typical example of non-ideal graft. The article introduces the international position of the Czech Republic in organ procurement from cadaveric donors as well as in kidney transplantations. It shortly summarizes the history of kidney transplantations and at the same time it deals with realizing of kidney transplantation from paediatric cadaveric donors to adult recipients. The new division of kidney grafts from paediatric cadaveric donors into four groups according to their age is introduced. All at once the present surgical technique is described and the problems of some post-operative complications are discussed, especially the higher occurrence of primary graft non-function. The principle that kidneys from donor up to three years should be transplanted as a block to the single recipient is emphasized. In conclusion the author recommends, on the basis of his own experiences, the realizing of these transplantations.

Background: Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (IMT ACC) and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery is considered an early marker of atherosclerosis. This study was undertaken to elucidate whether endothelial dysfunction in the popliteal artery, pronoun to atherosclerosis, is related to IMT ACC.

Methods and results: Twenty-nine control subjects, 29 asymptomatic patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (without therapy) and 26 patients with coronary artery disease were examined. Using ultrasound with a linear-array probe (7.5 MHz), we measured IMT ACC and diameter of the popliteal artery (PA) at rest and during reactive hyperaemia after release of 5-minute arterial occlusion. In control subjects we found thicker IMT ACC and greater FMD than did the patients (p<0.001, ANOVA test). A significant negative correlation between the IMT ACC and percent FMD was found in all of the subjects (p<0.001). On multiple regression analysis, percent FMD showed a significant negative correlation with the IMT ACC, total cholesterol, triacylglyceroles, body mass index, age, and diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusion: We found significant negative correlation between IMT common carotid artery and FMD popliteal artery.

Adhesion of blood platelets is one of the major events in haemostatic and thrombotic processes. We studied adhesion of blood platelets on fibrinogen and fibrin dimer sorbed on solid support material (glass, polystyrene). Adhesion was carried on under static and dynamic conditions and measured as percentage of the surface covered with platelets. Within a range of platelet counts in normal and in thrombocytopenic blood we observed a very significant decrease in platelet adhesion on fibrin dimer with bounded active thrombin with decreasing platelet count. Our results show the imperative use of platelet poor blood preparations as control samples in experiments with thrombocytopenic blood. Experiments carried on adhesive surfaces sorbed on polystyrene showed lower relative inaccuracy than on glass. Markedly different behaviour of platelets adhered on the same adhesive surface, which differed only in support material (glass or polystyrene) suggest that adhesion and mainly spreading of platelets depends on physical quality of the surface. While on polystyrene there were no significant differences between fibrin dimer and fibrinogen, adhesion measured on glass support material markedly differed between fibrin dimer and fibrinogen. We compared two methods of thresholding in image analysis of adhered platelets. Results obtained by image analysis of spreaded platelets showed higher relative inaccuracy than results obtained by image analysis of platelets centres and aggregates.

It is known that in cases of increased bone remodelation rate, i.e. after castration, local bone blood flow is also increased. But in case of adequate hormonal substitution, bone blood flow, similarly as the remodelation rate, return to normal ranges. Until now, there is no knowledge, if other drug can influence enhanced bone blood flow in oophorectomized animals. In this study authors treated oophorectomized female rats with calcitonin and followed bone blood flow, together with biochemical parameters of bone remodelation activity (osteocalcine), IGF-I levels, weight of bone ash and bone density. The female rats were divided in four groups: controls, oophorectomized, with calcitonin and oophorectomized with calcitonin. The bone blood flow was determined by method of body dispersion of radioactive strontium labelled microspheres. The results of this study show, that, in comparison with controls, the bone remodelation rate (documented with increased osteocalcine levels) and radioactive strontium labelled microspheres capture in bone in increased after oophorectomy (p < 0.05). Ash weight and bone density were decreased (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the blood IGF-I levels were increased (p < 0.05). After oophorectomized animals were treated with calcitonin, all parameters mentioned above headed towards normal ranges in comparison with group of oophorectomized female rats without calcitonin (p < 0.05). Changes of serum IGF-I levels follow changes of microspheres capture in each group of animals. Authors support the hypothesis, that blood levels of IGF-I could influence local bone blood flow. Calcitonin treatment of oophorectomized animals diminishes also decrement of ash weight and bone density. Results of this work show, that similarly as hormonal substitution therapy after oophorectomy, calcitonin also diminishes increased bone blood flow and bone remodelation parameters. The degree of bone blood flow is probably connected with activity of bone remodelling.

Complete evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid proteinogram represents a routine request of the clinician in the analysis of CSF in the Czech Republic. It comprises the measurement of concentrations of acute phase proteins (CRP, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, transferrin, prealbumin), immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), compressive markers (albumin, fibrinogen), markers of CNS tissue destruction (apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, Apo B), complement components (C3, C4), alpha-1-microglobulin, beta-2-microglobulin, and proteinase inhibitors (alpha-1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III). Therefore, 19 CSF proteins of precisely verified clinical relevance are routine parameters for the assessment of the functional state of the blood-CSF barrier, presence of the intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins, inflammatory changes and verification of CNS tissue destruction. Evidence of these clinically relevant and independent parameters enabled the detection of the presence of autoimmune and neuroinfective diseases of CNS, even in clinical cases where the basic CSF parameters do not express relevant changes, or they are of a bordering or non-specific character. Clinically typical and the most significant abnormalities in the CSF proteinogram represent themselves a new access to a contemporary CSF analysis. Despite the fact that assessment of CSF proteins and their analysis is quite a difficult field in laboratory medicine, it is now routinely requested and routinely performed in the Czech Republic.

The Institute of Human Studies in Medicine (UHSL) was initiated at the First Medical Faculty of Charles University (1. LF UK) in Prague in 1989. At the beginning, the Institute drew upon the ideas and work of a number of medical professionals who were dealing with the issues of their discipline in a wider context. Thus, they created a foundation for current disciplines such as medical ethics, the philosophy of medicine, psychology, psychotherapy and others. These scholars included, for example: prof. Mihajlo Rostohar, prof. MUDr. Vladimír Vondrácek, prof. MUDr. Zdenek Myslivecek, doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Dobrý, CSc., doc. Nikolaj Jevgrafovic Osipov, prof. MUDr. Bohuslav Boucek, and prof. MUDr. Ferdinand Knobloch, CSc. UHSL was first listed in the Curriculum of the 1. LF UK (Karolinka) in the school year 1991-1992. In the following years, the Institute underwent rapid changes such as personnel structure, areas of specification, and educational programs. The structure of UHSL was divided into the following departments: the Department of Medical Ethics and Anthropology, the Department of Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, the Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, since the school year 1996-1997 the Department of Psychotherapy and Psychology and Psychotherapy Counselling Office. In 1998, UHSL was assigned the project "Goals of Medicine: Quality of Life", which required the participation of doctors, philosophers, psychologists, theologians, historians, mathematicians and others. The decisive factor for UHSL was the appointiment of the dean of the 1. LF UK on January 24, 2002, and thus establishing UHSL as a separate institution with its own organizational structure and fields of study. Later, UHSL was divided into two independent institutions: UHSL, and the Institute for Social Medicine and Public Health (USMVZ). The history of UHSL is documented by the facts about its directors, professors and doctors, visits of foreign specialists, international cooperation, study guidelines and library information, available to UHSL scholars.

Background: Kinesiologic assessment is included in the neurological examination and the kinesiologic findings may be used as a valuable criterion in assessment of the motor development dynamics.

Methods: The experimental group consisted of twenty-one preterm children (11 boys and 10 girls) born between 28th and 36th week of gestational age. All children were examined every two weeks till the expected term of delivery. Examinations included neurological-kinesiological assessment based on selected parameters of spontaneous or forced movement, muscle tonus, primitive reflexology and postural reactivity and screening scores according to Touwen and Salokorpi.

Results: When comparing the results obtained in the examined sample of children, using examination records and screening scores according to Touwen and Salokorpi, the neurological-kinesiological appeared as the best to be applied to the clinical practice. The criteria of rehabilitation applied, proved to be very effective.

Conclusions: Despite the diagnosis based on the kinesiological assessment cannot be determined, further precision of the specific features of the kinesiological picture in these children, as a parameter of the motor development dynamics, is needed, as it will allow for subsequent evaluation of the therapy applied.