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Cellulose is one of the hemostyptic biomaterials, which are able to initiate or accelerate blood coagulation at the site of their application. It belongs to surgical sealants. The mechanism of its action is not clearly understood. We studied the participation of blood platelets in this mechanism. As a marker of platelet activation we used serotonin release reaction. Serotonin release in platelet rich plasma incubated with various concentrations of oxidized cellulose (0.5%-2.0%) started in about 20 min. Washed platelets were not directly activated by oxidized cellulose within one hour. Washed platelets reconstituted in plasma obtained from two patients with coagulation factor XII deficiency were activated by oxidized cellulose with a prolonged lag phase. Our results demonstrate the significant influence of factor XII on blood platelets activation by oxidized cellulose.

Background: For comparing of the pathological and normal healthy state it is essential to obtain sufficient amount of the volumetric data. Nevertheless most of the publicized works use only few healthy controls opposite to the patients for the measuring of the basal ganglia volume. Further essential condition is to take into account the effect of age to the basal ganglia volume in such analysis.

Purpose: The goal of our study was (1) to give the current review of the structure, neurotransmitters, connections and general integration of the basal ganglia in the pathways of the central nervous system, (2) aggregate sufficient amount of volumetric data by virtue of MRI and post-mortem studies, and appoint volumes of the striatum and pallidum, (3) evaluate aging of these structures in adult healthy patients. Another goal was (4) to inspect the correlations between the size of the basal ganglia and volume characteristics of the brain, cranial capacity or frequently measured dimensions within CNS. In the spite of the fact that it is not possible to measure all of these dimensions for clinicians who want to determine if the structure is "normal" or not. Another goal was (5) to find a simple measure, which could serve as the indicator of the real size of structure of the interest.

Methods: By virtue of the classical anatomical methods and MRI examination we appointed volumes of the striatum (furthermore divided into the complex of the caudatum--nucleus accumbens--CD-Acc and putamen) and pallidum in the sample of 108 healthy adults (18-89 years old). From another measurements we calculated the cranial capacity and volume characteristics of each brain.

Results: In a general view that does not respect changes due to age neither volumetric difference between two sexes nor interhemispheric difference was significant for absolute volumes of the striatum, CD-Acc complex, putamen and pallidum. In the case of the striatum, significant correlation between size and age was found (p < 0.0001) for absolute volumes in both sexes. In men, striatum showed a decrease about 14.3% in volume in the 20-50-year age range (about 4.8% per decade). In woman, the age related shrinkage is about 16.9% (about 5.6% per decade). Dependence on age was not statistically proven for volume of female complex CD-Acc (p = 0.061). Age related decrease of female putamen was about 23.15% in the 20-50 year age range (7.7% per decade). In men, the seizure decrease of the caudate--accumbens complex amounts 16.2%, in the same age range (5.4% per decade). Similarly, volume of the putamen in men decreases up to 12.3% between 20-50 years of age (4.1% per decade). In men, the pallidum showed a decrease about 21.6% in volume in the 20-50-year age range (7.2% per decade). In women, it amounts only 11.5% (3.8% per decade). Plane of the striatum in the level of the commissura anterior showed high correlation with total

The expression of 82 cell surface molecules was analysed on pathological cells from 52 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T and B), acute myeloid leukemia (FAB: M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5), chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myelo-monocytic leukemia) and non Hodgkin's lymphoma (T and B types). We have selected patients with a high leukocyte count and percentage of blasts. Staining for membrane molecules was done by the immunofluorescence method and evaluated by flow cytometry. The findings indicate that expression of membrane molecules on pathological cells is quantitatively and qualitatively different in individual cases. The leukemia/lymphoma cells in their crude from represent the main phenotypes of normal haematopoietic cells, which reveal the great diversity of immunophenotypes within the main functional characterization of blood malignancies. The immunophenotype heterogeneity of leukemic cells has proved to be much greater than the match with existing classification criteria, this fact could raise the necessity for further functional evaluation and specification of immunophenotyping of the leukemia/lymphoma cells. The concept of explanation of pathogenesis and pathophysiology of different types of leukemia/lymphoma cells on the basis that they are derived from normal haematopoiesis must be accepted, because the number of membrane markers and their functional properties are correspondingly convincing.

Ringed sideroblasts were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy in patients suffering from refractory anaemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to provide more information on the structural organization of nucleoli in these abnormal erythroblasts. For control of the electron microscopic observations nucleoli in erythroblasts were also visualized by two widely used cytochemical procedures for the demonstration of RNA and AgNOR proteins. In contrast to previously described ultrastructure of nucleoli in "normal" erythroblasts, nucleoli of ringed erythroblasts in RARS of MDS were frequently characterized by a reduced incidence or lack of dense ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing granular components. Since the dense RNA containing granular components represent preribosomes, such sideroblasts in RARS of MDS exhibit a further nucleolar abnormality, which reflects a severe alteration of the nucleolar ribosome assembly in these abnormal cells. On the other hand, the alteration of the preribosome assembly was not noted in early developmental stages of ringed sideroblasts such as proerythroblasts. In addition, nucleoli in advanced or terminal stages of few ringed sideroblasts also did not exhibit such nucleolar abnormality and thus confirm a great structural and functional variability of these cells. The defect of RNA containing structures in nucleoli of advanced and terminal stages of erythroblasts are in a hormony with the light microscopic cytochemistry, which demonstrated a significantly smaller incidence of micronucleoli in specimens stained for RNA than in those stained for AgNOR (silver stained nucleolus organizer region) proteins.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the resulting complications continue to be important causes of morbidity in surgical patients. A favourable prognosis of patients with postoperative inflammatory intraabdominal complications is limited by forwardness if diagnosis of this severe complication. Cytokines play a significant role not only in regulating pathogenic mechanisms, during the rising of SIRS, but can themselves directly lead to tissue damage. Increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines observed in the initial phase of postoperative complications have great significance in the early diagnosis of systemic complications. Procalcitonin, alongside to cytokines, appears as a significant parameter. Despite lots of its pathophysiological points are unclear it is a highly selective and specific indicator of systemic bacterial inflammation. Leptin is not only a hormone of adipocytes but also a member of inflammatory network of cytokines and acute phase reactants. Leptin is possibly a necessary factor for adequate course of acute phase reaction. Proinflammatory cytokines as interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha are the main regulatory factors of leptin in this period.

Some aspects of team teaching Medical Czech to international medical students as a part of the mandatory curricular subject the Czech language are discussed on the basis of ten years of experience with the applied pedagogical method. As the patient is involved in the team, principles of medical ethics are to be strictly observed by both the teachers and the students. In the teaching situation, the roles of the linguist and medical specialist are not interchangeable. The examination results show the normal distribution curve, but the process of language skills acquisition may be so far measured only by usual pedagogical methods without deeper knowledge of the inborn language capabilities, brain potential and psychological differences of individual students.

An overview of fibrillary glomerulonephritis (GN) is given as well as the description of clinical course in four patients diagnosed and treated in our department. Fibrillary GN and immunotactoid glomerulopathy are entities, characterized by fibrillar and microtubular deposits in mesangium and the glomerular capillary loops. Decisive for diagnosis of fibrillary GN (resp. immunotactoid GN) remains the electron microscopy (EM) of the renal biopsy (RB) specimen. At the nephrologic division of 1st Internal Department of 1st Medical School of Charles University four cases of patients with fibrillary GN were diagnosed from the mid seventies (when both entities were newly described) by the end of the year 2001. In all patients the diagnosis was proven by EM. RB was indicated mainly for proteinuria, hematuria and decrease of renal function. On conclusion: though fibrillary GN/immunotactoid GN are relatively rare disorders, they represent entities, which should not be omitted in the differential diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome/renal insufficiency and which deserve further study.

Background: Diffuse necrotizing soft-tissue infections are severe due to their rapid progression; there is a vital need for settling proper early diagnosis. The task of the clinician is mainly in distinguishing localized infection from the diffuse process.

Case presentation: In our case report we demonstrate a 32 yr old man with a curious development of severe necrotizing infection of submucosis with gas production as a conclusion of perforation of Schloffer's tumour, which developed after appendectomy carried 20 years ago.

Conclusions: In case of diffuse necrotizing soft-tissue infections only immediate surgical revision can confirm initial stages of severe forms of infection.