American Journal of Reproductive Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Aberrant Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor in Human Mast Cells Enhances the Recruitments of Trophoblasts and NK Cells","authors":"Takashi Matsuzaki,&nbsp;Hiroaki Hamaguchi,&nbsp;Ken R. Ito,&nbsp;Ryota Nakagawa,&nbsp;Hiroya Nakamura,&nbsp;Hiroaki Ito,&nbsp;Chiyuki Ueshima,&nbsp;Akihiko Yoshizawa,&nbsp;Hironori Haga,&nbsp;Tatsuki R. Kataoka","doi":"10.1111/aji.70168","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aji.70168","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Problem</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), primarily known for its hypothalamic role in regulating gonadotropin secretion, is also expressed in extra-hypothalamic tissues, including trophoblasts at implantation sites. We investigated the association between trophoblasts and mast cells, demonstrating their role in producing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Therefore, we hypothesized an additional interaction between trophoblasts and mast cells mediated by GnRH.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method of Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to investigate GnRH receptor (GnRHR) expressing mast cell in endometrial and tubal tissues from both pregnant and non-pregnant conditions (2005–2018). We established a human mast cell line LAD2 with forced expression of GnRHR expression (GnRHR-expressing LAD2) via lentiviral transfection method. The cells were stimulated with or without leuprorelin (1 µM) and transcriptomic analysis and cell migration assays were conducted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>GnRHR is expressed in decidual mast cells during uterine pregnancy and in mast cells adjacent to or embedded in trophoblasts of tubal pregnancy. Notably, GnRHR expression was also observed in endometrial mast cells in non-pregnancy conditions. The levels of transcripts encoding LIF, MMP-9, and a natural killer (NK) cell attractant C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) were significantly upregulated in GnRHR-expressing LAD2 than in control cells. In addition, culture supernatants from GnRHR-expressing LAD2 cells enhanced the migration of the trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo and the NK cell line NK-92 MI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that GnRHR expression in mast cells promotes their supportive role in pregnancy establishment by increasing the LIF, MMP-9, and CXCL16 productions, recruiting trophoblasts and NK cells.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the Complexity of Immunobiological Shifts From Non-Pregnant to Pregnant State","authors":"Chelsea A. DeBolt,&nbsp;Haocheng Yu,&nbsp;Valerie Riis,&nbsp;Liqhwa Ncube,&nbsp;Amir Horowitz,&nbsp;Michal A. Elovitz","doi":"10.1111/aji.70166","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aji.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Problem</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant immunological shifts, systemically and at the maternal–fetal interface, are required for successful pregnancy. As immune perturbations are emerging as pivotal drivers of adverse maternal health, elucidating how normal pregnancy alters maternal systemic immunity is imperative.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From our prospectively enrolled cohort of Black women, peripheral blood samples were collected pre-pregnancy (V1) and in the second trimester (16–24 weeks, V2). Among those who became pregnant, 23 had available samples from both time points. RNA was extracted and subjected to bulk RNA sequencing, followed by differential gene expression analyses, immune cell-type deconvolution, and pathway enrichment analyses. Participants were stratified by pre-pregnancy obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m²) to examine its impact on pregnancy-induced immune changes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pathway analyses revealed innate immune activation and increased neutrophil-driven inflammation during pregnancy. Significant increase in neutrophils and monocytes occurred during pregnancy, whereas naïve CD8+ T-cell and B-cell subsets were significantly decreased. Pre-pregnancy obesity amplified these changes, further increasing innate populations (gamma delta T cells, neutrophils) and decreasing adaptive populations (CD8 naïve T cells, B memory cells).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From individuals with uncomplicated pregnancies, we demonstrate dramatic immunological changes when transitioning from a non-pregnant to pregnant state. Intricate immune modulation, including changes in inflammatory mechanisms and immune cell dynamics were observed. Pre-pregnancy obesity enhances these inflammatory shifts, providing insights into potential mechanisms driving adverse pregnancy outcomes in obese women. Future studies investigating how these immunological shifts are required for optimal maternal health and/or may promote increased vulnerability to adverse pregnancy outcomes will create new opportunities to improve maternal outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145079116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on “Deciphering the Molecular Crosstalk of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Immune Infiltration in Endometriosis”","authors":"Saraswati Sah,&nbsp;Renu Sah","doi":"10.1111/aji.70158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70158","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145062487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endothelial Activation and Stress Index as a Novel Prognostic Marker in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Case–Control Study","authors":"Dilara Duygulu Bulan,&nbsp;Ruken Dayanan,&nbsp;Merve Ayas Özkan,&nbsp;Zeynep Şeyhanlı,&nbsp;Gülşan Karabay,&nbsp;Ali Turhan Çağlar","doi":"10.1111/aji.70167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><b>Objective</b>: This study aims to evaluate the clinical applicability and prognostic value of the endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). By investigating the potential of the EASIX score to predict perinatal complications and the clinical course of ICP, we seek to contribute to the improved management and prognosis of ICP patients.</p>\u0000 <p><b>Methods</b>: This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the EASIX in patients diagnosed with ICP at Ankara Etlik City Hospital between January 2023 and January 2025. A total of 121 ICP patients and 133 control patients were included. The EASIX score was calculated using lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and thrombocyte levels. The relationship between EASIX and perinatal complications, including preterm birth and neonatal distress, was assessed.</p>\u0000 <p><b>Results</b>: The EASIX score was significantly higher in the ICP group compared to controls (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with severe ICP showing the highest EASIX scores (<i>p</i> = 0.019). Cut-off analysis indicated that an EASIX score &gt; 0.64 had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 64% for severity prediction (AUC = 0.767, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while a score &gt; 0.69 had a sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 61% for predicting composite adverse perinatal outcomes (AUC = 0.711, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p>\u0000 <p><b>Conclusion</b>: This study demonstrates that the EASIX score may serve as an important prognostic tool in predicting disease severity and neonatal outcomes in ICP. Given the limited availability of bile acid measurements in some clinics, the EASIX score provides a practical and accessible alternative for clinical use. This study evaluates the prognostic value of the endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, highlighting its potential to predict disease severity and neonatal outcomes, offering a practical tool for clinical use.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145062508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re: “Elevated Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, and Platelet Counts as Early Biomarkers of Preeclampsia Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study”","authors":"Tirayut Veerasathian,&nbsp;Schawanya K. Rattanapitoon,&nbsp;Chadaporn N. Gordon,&nbsp;Nathkapach K. Rattanapitoon","doi":"10.1111/aji.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145062488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decidual Cells Induce Release of Free and Exosome-Bound Interferon Epsilon From Vaginal Epithelial Cells","authors":"Emmanuel Amabebe,&nbsp;Lauren S. Richardson,&nbsp;Awanit Kumar,&nbsp;Ramkumar Menon,&nbsp;Brandie D. Taylor","doi":"10.1111/aji.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Problem</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress (OS)-induced inflammatory response in decidual cells (DECs) may transfer and/or trigger the release of interferon epsilon (IFNε)-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) from vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) to minimize vaginal disturbances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method of Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>VECs were treated for 48 h under the following conditions: (1) standard VEC media, (2) OS-inducing cigarette smoke extract (CSE); and supernatant from (3) normal/untreated DECs, and (4) CSE-treated DECs. The concentration of cytoplasmic, secreted, and VEC-derived EV bound IFNε (<i>n</i> = 3 each) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). EVs were isolated from culture media by cushioned-density gradient ultracentrifugation and characterized by immunoblotting and nanoparticle tracking analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Induction of OS in VECs with CSE increased intracellular IFNε in VECs (<i>p</i> = 0.0007) but not free or EV-bound IFNε compared to control VECs. Exposure to conditioned media from untreated and CSE-treated DECs induced increased intracellular (<i>p</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.049) and free IFNε (<i>p</i> = 0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.03) from VECs. VEC-derived EVs (126 ± 11.8 nm) expressed exosome markers, and did not change in size regardless of the treatment but decreased in number due to exposure to untreated (<i>p</i> = 0.004) and CSE-treated DECs (<i>p</i> = 0.025) conditioned media. Furthermore, VEC exosomal IFNε increased by 2.6-fold (<i>p</i> = 0.0001, untreated DECs) and ∼4-fold (<i>p</i> = 0.041, CSE-treated DECs) compared to controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mucosal immune defense mediated by IFNε may be an innate response by VECs under OS. This was further evidenced by an overall increase in IFNε due to both physiologic and pathologic impact of decidua on VECs. IFNε may indicate a stress response by VECs or paracrine crosstalk between gestational tissues.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aji.70129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Exploration of Novel B Cell Infiltration-Related Biomarkers in Endometriosis","authors":"Chunyang Zhao,&nbsp;Shuwei Zhang,&nbsp;Baosu Zhang,&nbsp;Hang Tian,&nbsp;Guojun Yan,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhao","doi":"10.1111/aji.70159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore B cell infiltration-related genes in endometriosis (EM) and investigate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gene expression data from the GSE51981 dataset, containing 77 endometriosis and 34 control samples, were analyzed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The xCell algorithm was applied to estimate the infiltration levels of 64 immune and stromal cell types, focusing on B cells and naive B cells. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified B cell infiltration-related gene modules. Potential biomarker genes were screened using LASSO and SVM-RFE machine learning methods. Then, hub genes were validated in an independent GSE7305 dataset, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess associations between hub genes and B cell markers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 4341 DEGs were screened and greenyellow module containing 349 genes were associated with infiltration characteristics of B cells in EM lesions, then 12 B cell infiltration-related genes were identified by machine learning methods. Based on the external GSE7305 dataset, four hub genes, of which NR4A1, TNS1, ZNF521, and CMPK2, were recognized as potential biomarkers of B cell infiltration in EM, and all of them were significantly upregulated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study identified and exploration four potential diagnostic biomarkers in EM. The functions of the four biomarkers and the role of B cell infiltration in EM were determined using bioinformatics analysis, providing new insights into endometriosis at the immune and molecular levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal-Fetal Interface Cell Dysfunction in Patients With Preeclampsia Revealed via Single-Cell RNA Sequencing","authors":"Songyuan Xiao,&nbsp;Yiling Ding,&nbsp;Ling Yu,&nbsp;Yali Deng,&nbsp;Yang Zhou,&nbsp;Mei Peng,&nbsp;Weisi Lai,&nbsp;Yanting Nie,&nbsp;Wen Zhang","doi":"10.1111/aji.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Problem</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of perinatal maternal and fetal mortality. Clinical and pathological studies suggest that placental and decidual cell dysfunction may contribute to this condition. However, the pathogenesis of PE remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the heterogeneous changes in cell types within placental and decidual tissue isolated from cesarean sections using single-cell sequencing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method of Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients included those diagnosed with PE (<i>n</i> = 3) and normal pregnancy (NP) (<i>n</i> = 3). Overall, 32 279 cells (PE: 16.575; NP: 15 704) were identified across nine cell types, including villous cytotrophoblast (VCT), syncytiotrophoblast (SCT), extravillous trophoblasts (EVT), endothelial cells, neutrophil, Hofbauer cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, fibroblasts, and B cells. VCT and T cells subclusters and pseudotime were analyzed. The in vivo and in vitro experiments are focused on the invasion ability of EVT.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) for differential expression genes, cell-reclustering, and pseudotime analysis, the VCT in patients with PE showed a tendency to differentiate toward SCT instead of EVT. And the invasive ability of PE EVT cells was declined by decreased expression of the invasion-related gene TMEM200A. Additionally, the impaired immune environment of T-cell differentiation into CD8+T cells instead of Treg cells is the main change related to PE.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that understanding how T cell differentiation occurs in the early stage of pregnancy and how the predominantly CD8+T cell-driven immune environment influences VCT differentiation are crucial for elucidating the pathogenesis of PE.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Apoptotic Pathways in Ovarian Folicular Fluid of Infertile Patients With Endometrioma in Relation to Follicular Atresia","authors":"Yağmur Soykan,&nbsp;Atiye Seda Yar Sağlam,&nbsp;Asiye Uğraş Dikmen,&nbsp;Mehmet Erdem,&nbsp;Ahmet Erdem","doi":"10.1111/aji.70164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70164","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Problem</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to pelvic pain and infertility. Recent studies have indicated that immunological, endocrine, biochemical, and genetic irregularities, along with suboptimal quality of oocytes, embryos, and the endometrial environment, significantly impact infertility associated with endometriosis. Ectopic endometrial cells in endometriosis have the capacity to avoid apoptosis. Therefore, apoptosis has supposed to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of apoptosis-related genes—specifically, Caspase 3 (CASP3), Caspase 8 (CASP8), Caspase 9 (CASP9), BCL-2, BCL2L1, BAX, BAK, PERFORIN, and GRANZYME B (GrB)—in follicular fluid (FF) and infertility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method of Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mRNA expression levels of the aforementioned genes were analyzed in FF obtained during the oocyte pick-up procedure following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization due to infertility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that the presence of endometrioma correlates with altered mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes in FF. Specifically, pro-apoptotic genes exhibited significantly higher expression levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while anti-apoptotic genes like BCL-2 and BCL2L1 were significantly lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) as compared to controls. These results suggest a potential link between these gene expression alterations and infertility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This preliminary study provides important insights into the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis. The findings may reveal potential therapeutic targets within the apoptosis pathway for the treatment of infertility in women with endometrioma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Involvement of NINJ1-Mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Lytic Death of Granulosa Cells in PCOS","authors":"Caglar Berkel","doi":"10.1111/aji.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70161","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7665,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}