In 1975 an experimental 3-year program was begun by the Cholera Research Laboratory in Bangladesh to test the feasibility and effectiveness of distributing oral contraceptives on a door-to-door basis. Matlab, a rural area with a population density higher than the country's average, was chosen for the test because the Cholera Research Laboratory had been located there since 1963 and because solid demographic data on the local population already existed. The program used local, mostly illiterate lady Village Workers and a few better-educated male field workers. Pill acceptance and usage was correlated with high parity; religion, education of the husband and wife, and occupation of the husband played little part in contraceptive acceptance. Neither Hindus nor Muslims opposed household contraceptive distribution, a change in the situation of several years ago. Follow-up data on side effects experienced were collected. No serious side effects occurred.
{"title":"Door-to-door distribution working in Bangladesh.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948172","url":null,"abstract":"In 1975 an experimental 3-year program was begun by the Cholera Research Laboratory in Bangladesh to test the feasibility and effectiveness of distributing oral contraceptives on a door-to-door basis. Matlab, a rural area with a population density higher than the country's average, was chosen for the test because the Cholera Research Laboratory had been located there since 1963 and because solid demographic data on the local population already existed. The program used local, mostly illiterate lady Village Workers and a few better-educated male field workers. Pill acceptance and usage was correlated with high parity; religion, education of the husband and wife, and occupation of the husband played little part in contraceptive acceptance. Neither Hindus nor Muslims opposed household contraceptive distribution, a change in the situation of several years ago. Follow-up data on side effects experienced were collected. No serious side effects occurred.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3 1","pages":"9-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China's birth planning campaign leads to major birthrate decline in Shanghai, nation's largest city.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68697998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IUD users are more apt to get PID than nonusers but incidence still low--about 2 percent per year.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948156","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Six in 10 married Japanese at risk of pregnancy now use contraception; small family is the norm.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"9-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In developing countries, especially Latin America, women obtain oral contraceptives without a physician's prescription. While these women experience more side effects, they have fewer accidental pregnancies than women who obtain the pills through a physician/prescription. A probability sample of 6692 Colombian women in Bogota were interviewed in 1974. Almost 1 in 20 of all women, and almost 1 in 13 of those married or living in a union, said they began using the pill on their own as their first method of contraception. The characteristics of the women without prescriptions were similar to those with, but self-prescribers were slightly older, had more children, and were less educated. 7 in 10 women of both groups continued pill use for 1 year; about 6 in 10 still used the pill after 2 years. Both groups gave side effects as their reason for discontinuation. The most frequently cited side effect was headache. None of the women reported the more serious complications, thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism. Women who did not begin with medical advice were less likely to seek it when they had side effects attributed to the pill. Half as many self-prescribers (24%), as users with a prescription (46%), reported visiting a private physician about side effects. 11% self-prescribers, compared with 25%, sought other professional help.
{"title":"Pill side effects, continuation found similar whether self-prescribed or prescribed by doctor.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948176","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries, especially Latin America, women obtain oral contraceptives without a physician's prescription. While these women experience more side effects, they have fewer accidental pregnancies than women who obtain the pills through a physician/prescription. A probability sample of 6692 Colombian women in Bogota were interviewed in 1974. Almost 1 in 20 of all women, and almost 1 in 13 of those married or living in a union, said they began using the pill on their own as their first method of contraception. The characteristics of the women without prescriptions were similar to those with, but self-prescribers were slightly older, had more children, and were less educated. 7 in 10 women of both groups continued pill use for 1 year; about 6 in 10 still used the pill after 2 years. Both groups gave side effects as their reason for discontinuation. The most frequently cited side effect was headache. None of the women reported the more serious complications, thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism. Women who did not begin with medical advice were less likely to seek it when they had side effects attributed to the pill. Half as many self-prescribers (24%), as users with a prescription (46%), reported visiting a private physician about side effects. 11% self-prescribers, compared with 25%, sought other professional help.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3 1","pages":"13-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68697858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sharp drop in U.S. marital fertility in 1960s due to 50 percent reduction in unwanted, mistimed births.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"15-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The government subsidized family planning program in South Korea is the most successful in the developing world. Although 36% of the married women of childbearing age are users of modern contraceptive methods, the program has been stabilized at this level for the past several years. Lee Jay Cho of the East-West Population Institute and the University of Hawaii and his colleagues have identified the following 6 major problems with the clinic-based national program in Korea as possibly responsible for the plateauing in contraceptive use: 1) too large a caseload for each worker; 2) target setting, resulting in an emphasis on quantity rather than quality; 3) too much stress on the IUD even when a preference for another method is indicated; 4) not enough supply and service points to take care of the needs of rural residents; 5) obstacles to acceptance created by red tape and complicated bureaucrataic administrative procedures; and 6) poor quality and limitation of contraceptive supplies. Cho and his group went on to initiate an experiment in comprehensive household distribution in May 1975 in an attempt to stimulate an increase in contraceptive use. 3 methods of household distribution were used in the experiment and, despite the limitations of 2 of the approaches, for the 4-month period of the experiment there was a 1/3 increase in the use of modern contraceptives in these villages.
韩国政府补贴的计划生育项目是发展中国家中最成功的。虽然36%的已婚育龄妇女使用现代避孕方法，但该方案在过去几年中一直稳定在这一水平。东西方人口研究所和夏威夷大学的Lee Jay Cho和他的同事们发现了韩国以诊所为基础的国家项目可能导致避孕药具使用停滞不前的6个主要问题:1)每个工作人员的工作量太大;2)目标设定，重数量轻质量;3)对宫内节育器施加过多压力，即使表明更倾向于另一种方法;4)没有足够的供应服务点来照顾农村居民的需求;5)繁文缛节和繁复的官僚行政程序造成的接受障碍;6)避孕用品质量差且有限。赵和他的小组在1975年5月开始了一项全面家庭分配的实验，试图刺激避孕药具的使用。实验中使用了3种家庭分配方法，尽管其中2种方法存在局限性，但在4个月的实验期间，这些村庄使用现代避孕药具的人数增加了1/3。
{"title":"Korea: household distribution program resulted in one-third increase in effective method use.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948170","url":null,"abstract":"The government subsidized family planning program in South Korea is the most successful in the developing world. Although 36% of the married women of childbearing age are users of modern contraceptive methods, the program has been stabilized at this level for the past several years. Lee Jay Cho of the East-West Population Institute and the University of Hawaii and his colleagues have identified the following 6 major problems with the clinic-based national program in Korea as possibly responsible for the plateauing in contraceptive use: 1) too large a caseload for each worker; 2) target setting, resulting in an emphasis on quantity rather than quality; 3) too much stress on the IUD even when a preference for another method is indicated; 4) not enough supply and service points to take care of the needs of rural residents; 5) obstacles to acceptance created by red tape and complicated bureaucrataic administrative procedures; and 6) poor quality and limitation of contraceptive supplies. Cho and his group went on to initiate an experiment in comprehensive household distribution in May 1975 in an attempt to stimulate an increase in contraceptive use. 3 methods of household distribution were used in the experiment and, despite the limitations of 2 of the approaches, for the 4-month period of the experiment there was a 1/3 increase in the use of modern contraceptives in these villages.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thailand's varied village program served 71,000 new pill clients in less than two years' operation.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948171","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3 1","pages":"8-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reports from voluntary sterilization programs in Mexico and Colombia show that significant numbers of poor, uneducated Latin American women take advantage of this family planning method. Data from 56 Mexican women show that they married young, had more than 6 children on the average by the time they were 30-34 years old, were poor, and had received little education. These women sought to limit their family size out of concern for their health and because of their proverty. At follow-up, almost all reported that they had recommended the procedure to others. In the 1st 2 years of the Colombia program, 10,000 women (approximately 1200/day) have been sterilized. These women are an average of 32 years old and have 5 living children. Sterilizations have been performed on an outpatient basis with good results. In order to institute such a program, the need must be assessed so that trained personnel can be available. By keeping sterilization within the purview of family planning services, the cost/benefit ratio will remain favorable. The provision of sterilization services will generate debate, the consequence of which is, ironically, an increased demand for the services.
{"title":"Minilaparotomy, laparoscopic sterilization accepted enthusiastically by women in Mexico, Columbia.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948272","url":null,"abstract":"Reports from voluntary sterilization programs in Mexico and Colombia show that significant numbers of poor, uneducated Latin American women take advantage of this family planning method. Data from 56 Mexican women show that they married young, had more than 6 children on the average by the time they were 30-34 years old, were poor, and had received little education. These women sought to limit their family size out of concern for their health and because of their proverty. At follow-up, almost all reported that they had recommended the procedure to others. In the 1st 2 years of the Colombia program, 10,000 women (approximately 1200/day) have been sterilized. These women are an average of 32 years old and have 5 living children. Sterilizations have been performed on an outpatient basis with good results. In order to institute such a program, the need must be assessed so that trained personnel can be available. By keeping sterilization within the purview of family planning services, the cost/benefit ratio will remain favorable. The provision of sterilization services will generate debate, the consequence of which is, ironically, an increased demand for the services.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68699088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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