{"title":"Increased sales and community acceptance found after display of condoms on open store shelves.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948158","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent reports indicate that oral contraceptive users have twice the risk and postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy 2.5 times the risk of developing gallbladder disease as those who do not use these drugs. Supersaturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol and changes in bile acid have been suggested as the reason. In a study, the mean level of cholesterol saturation was found to be 92% in a group of women not taking the pill and 125% when they were taking oral contraceptives. This difference was considered highly significant (p .001). Of 11 women studied before and then during pill use, 10 showed raised cholesterol levels in bile during this therapy (p .01). Also the relative proportions of bile acids changed. Cholic acid was increased during pill use and the proportions of chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were decreased. It was noted that chenodeoxycholic acid therapy has been used experimentally to promote disappearance of gallstones by decreasing cholesterol saturation of bile. It has been claimed that chemical gallbladder disease predates the X-ray evidence of gallstones by months or years. It has been suggested that the real incidence of gallbladder disease associated with pill use and other estrogen therapy is higher than formerly thought.
{"title":"Tie pill-gallbladder ills to raised cholesterol.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948162","url":null,"abstract":"Recent reports indicate that oral contraceptive users have twice the risk and postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy 2.5 times the risk of developing gallbladder disease as those who do not use these drugs. Supersaturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol and changes in bile acid have been suggested as the reason. In a study, the mean level of cholesterol saturation was found to be 92% in a group of women not taking the pill and 125% when they were taking oral contraceptives. This difference was considered highly significant (p .001). Of 11 women studied before and then during pill use, 10 showed raised cholesterol levels in bile during this therapy (p .01). Also the relative proportions of bile acids changed. Cholic acid was increased during pill use and the proportions of chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were decreased. It was noted that chenodeoxycholic acid therapy has been used experimentally to promote disappearance of gallstones by decreasing cholesterol saturation of bile. It has been claimed that chemical gallbladder disease predates the X-ray evidence of gallstones by months or years. It has been suggested that the real incidence of gallbladder disease associated with pill use and other estrogen therapy is higher than formerly thought.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emphasis of Indonesia's experiment with village distribution of contraceptives, begun in 1974, is on maintenance rather than initiation of oral contraceptive use. As part of the experiment, it was decided to make resupplies available without charge outside the clinics on Java and Bali experimentally. The effort operated on the principles of avoiding standardization and focusing on resupply. In the province of West Java, resupply depots were established in the homes of acceptors whoowere also known village leaders. Each month the depot holders received a resupply, had their record-keeping reviewed, and were advised on how to deal with complaints. Presently, there are about 1600 village distribution centers with each of these units serving several subunits of a village. Effective village distribution efforts have also been established in Central Java and East Java. A unique feature of the East Java program is a lottery created to sustain the interest of those already in the program as well as to attract new acceptors. The Bali program is different from those of East Java in that most acceptors are IUD users. In this program emphasis is on recruiting new acceptors and maintaining those already in the program, and motivational effort is directed to the male. Village distribution effort data in Indonesia suggest that as the number of village distribution outlets increases, the proportion of married women of reproductive age who use contraception also increases. In addition to the government supported family planning program, there is now a combined effort supported by the Indonesian government and Aid to International Development to achieve acceptance of the condom and increased involvement of men in family planning.
印度尼西亚从1974年开始在村庄分发避孕药具，其重点是维持而不是开始使用口服避孕药。作为试验的一部分，决定在爪哇和巴厘的诊所外免费提供补给品。这项工作是根据避免标准化和集中于再补给的原则进行的。在西爪哇省，再补给站建立在接受者的家中，这些接受者也被称为村领导。每个月，仓库的持有者都会收到一次补给，他们的记录会被审查，并被告知如何处理投诉。目前，大约有1600个村庄配送中心，每个配送中心为一个村庄的几个子单元服务。在中爪哇和东爪哇也开展了有效的乡村分发工作。东爪哇项目的一个独特之处在于，它采用抽奖的方式来维持那些已经参与该项目的人的兴趣，并吸引新的接受者。巴厘岛计划与东爪哇的不同之处在于，大多数接受者都是宫内节育器使用者。在这个项目中，重点是招募新的接受者，并保持那些已经在项目中的人，激励的努力是针对男性的。印度尼西亚的村庄分发工作数据表明，随着村庄分发网点数量的增加，使用避孕措施的已婚育龄妇女比例也在增加。除了政府支持的计划生育项目外，印尼政府和国际发展援助组织(Aid to International Development)现在还共同努力，让人们接受避孕套，并让更多的男性参与计划生育。
{"title":"Indonesia village programs stress pill continuation while medical clinics start women on method use.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948169","url":null,"abstract":"The emphasis of Indonesia's experiment with village distribution of contraceptives, begun in 1974, is on maintenance rather than initiation of oral contraceptive use. As part of the experiment, it was decided to make resupplies available without charge outside the clinics on Java and Bali experimentally. The effort operated on the principles of avoiding standardization and focusing on resupply. In the province of West Java, resupply depots were established in the homes of acceptors whoowere also known village leaders. Each month the depot holders received a resupply, had their record-keeping reviewed, and were advised on how to deal with complaints. Presently, there are about 1600 village distribution centers with each of these units serving several subunits of a village. Effective village distribution efforts have also been established in Central Java and East Java. A unique feature of the East Java program is a lottery created to sustain the interest of those already in the program as well as to attract new acceptors. The Bali program is different from those of East Java in that most acceptors are IUD users. In this program emphasis is on recruiting new acceptors and maintaining those already in the program, and motivational effort is directed to the male. Village distribution effort data in Indonesia suggest that as the number of village distribution outlets increases, the proportion of married women of reproductive age who use contraception also increases. In addition to the government supported family planning program, there is now a combined effort supported by the Indonesian government and Aid to International Development to achieve acceptance of the condom and increased involvement of men in family planning.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3 1","pages":"3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sequential pills, rarely used in developing world, are withdrawn in U.S. because of cancer risk.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"13-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68699096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three studies show family allowances, welfare payments do not encourage increased family size.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4","pages":"12-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22009714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thousands of men in four Latin countries choose to have vasectomies; machismo is no barrier.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22009717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Younger women in Taiwan want smaller families, fewer sons; birth control use is found widespread.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4","pages":"10-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22009713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Granny midwives can help with family planning in developing lands; in Iran they insert, remove IUDs.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22010460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Delaying marriage leads to changing lifestyle for young people in Scandinavia and in the United States.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4","pages":"9-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22009600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tailoring benefit plans to couples' needs, desires may stimulate many to have smaller families.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22009716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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