A study of the records of men and women diagnosed as having benign or malignant liver tumors in 477 U.S. hospitals during the period 1970-1975 supported the association between oral contraceptive use and benign liver tumors. However, a British study found no benign liver tumors among users of oral contraceptives. The U.S. institutions reported 543 cases of liver tumors during this period. Of these, 165 tumors were found in males, 91% of them malignant. 56% of the 378 tumors reported in woman were benign. Women with a history of oral contraceptive use accounted for 49.5%. Those who had never taken the pill were 21.7%. The contraceptive history of 29.4% was not known. Duration of pill use or use of a particular formulation was not associated. The The incidence of benign liver tumors among all women aged l5-45 is estimated to be 4.9/million. There is considerable controversy about diagnostic classification of these tumors. Many tumors were found incidentally during other operations. Pain was the most common complaint. The presence of a palpable mass was frequent. Intraabdominal hemorrhage was the only critical complication.
{"title":"U.S. survey confirms pill, liver tumor link.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948153","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the records of men and women diagnosed as having benign or malignant liver tumors in 477 U.S. hospitals during the period 1970-1975 supported the association between oral contraceptive use and benign liver tumors. However, a British study found no benign liver tumors among users of oral contraceptives. The U.S. institutions reported 543 cases of liver tumors during this period. Of these, 165 tumors were found in males, 91% of them malignant. 56% of the 378 tumors reported in woman were benign. Women with a history of oral contraceptive use accounted for 49.5%. Those who had never taken the pill were 21.7%. The contraceptive history of 29.4% was not known. Duration of pill use or use of a particular formulation was not associated. The The incidence of benign liver tumors among all women aged l5-45 is estimated to be 4.9/million. There is considerable controversy about diagnostic classification of these tumors. Many tumors were found incidentally during other operations. Pain was the most common complaint. The presence of a palpable mass was frequent. Intraabdominal hemorrhage was the only critical complication.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"3 3 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68697987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3 programs to implement family planning have been set up by the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC), an indigenous Christian sect with 4fmillion adherents in the Philippines. The Vigilante program began in 1975 with 34 specially trained nurses and paraprofessionals stationed in parish churches to recruit family planning acceptors, follow-up women with complaints, and treat minor complaints. Major problems are sent to medical centers. Between August 1975-September 1976 Vigilantes recruited 36,621 new clients, including almost 500 sterilization referrals. About 1/2 the new clients chose condoms, 1/3 the pill. These nurses also inserted IUDs. Pill Counselors also engage in motivational work. They are not stationed at an individual church but are in neighborhoods where they are needed. 4 special workers have been trained to recruit vasectomy acceptors. All 4 are young unmarried women but they have had good success. In 1975-1976 they recruited almost 1000 vasectomy acceptors and 350 minilaparotomy acceptors in addition to supplying 300 men and women with condoms and pills. Because 1 of their hardest jobs is convincing men that sterilization will not affect their sexual powers they have been nicknamed "machismo wreckers." Saturation teams are trained groups of 9 persons each which concentrate on a small area at a time. Before they begin the area is surveyed by a field coordinator who calls on the local leader and seeks local assistance. When the team leaves, it leaves additional supplies with this leader and these supplies are replenished from time to time. INC chapels also carry supplies. In addition to family planning, INC sponsors programs to assist young people and farmers, and has nutrition education, low-cost housing, and health care programs.
拥有400万信徒的菲律宾本土基督教“基督圣会”(Iglesia Ni Cristo, INC)设立了3个计划生育项目。“义务警员”计划始于1975年，当时有34名受过特殊训练的护士和辅助专业人员驻扎在教区教堂，招募计划生育接受人员，跟踪投诉妇女，并处理轻微投诉。严重的问题被送到医疗中心。1975年8月至1976年9月期间，义务警员招募了36621名新客户，其中包括近500名绝育推荐。大约一半的新客户选择避孕套，三分之一选择避孕药。这些护士还插入了宫内节育器。药物咨询师也从事激励工作。他们不驻扎在单个教堂，而是驻扎在需要他们的社区。培训了4名特殊工作人员招募输精管结扎受体。这四位都是年轻的未婚女性，但她们都很成功。在1975-1976年期间，他们招募了近1000名输精管切除术受者和350名小开腹手术受者，并向300名男女提供了避孕套和药片。因为她们最难的工作之一是让男性相信绝育不会影响他们的性能力，所以她们被戏称为“大男子主义破坏者”。饱和小组是训练有素的9人小组，每个小组一次集中在一个小区域。在他们开始之前，现场协调员会对该地区进行调查，并拜访当地领导人并寻求当地援助。当团队离开时，它会把额外的补给留给这个领队，这些补给会不时地得到补充。教会教堂也提供物资。除了计划生育外，该组织还赞助帮助年轻人和农民的项目，并开展营养教育、低成本住房和医疗保健项目。
{"title":"A variety of outreach and follow-up workers play an important role in Philippine church's program.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948150","url":null,"abstract":"3 programs to implement family planning have been set up by the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC), an indigenous Christian sect with 4fmillion adherents in the Philippines. The Vigilante program began in 1975 with 34 specially trained nurses and paraprofessionals stationed in parish churches to recruit family planning acceptors, follow-up women with complaints, and treat minor complaints. Major problems are sent to medical centers. Between August 1975-September 1976 Vigilantes recruited 36,621 new clients, including almost 500 sterilization referrals. About 1/2 the new clients chose condoms, 1/3 the pill. These nurses also inserted IUDs. Pill Counselors also engage in motivational work. They are not stationed at an individual church but are in neighborhoods where they are needed. 4 special workers have been trained to recruit vasectomy acceptors. All 4 are young unmarried women but they have had good success. In 1975-1976 they recruited almost 1000 vasectomy acceptors and 350 minilaparotomy acceptors in addition to supplying 300 men and women with condoms and pills. Because 1 of their hardest jobs is convincing men that sterilization will not affect their sexual powers they have been nicknamed \"machismo wreckers.\" Saturation teams are trained groups of 9 persons each which concentrate on a small area at a time. Before they begin the area is surveyed by a field coordinator who calls on the local leader and seeks local assistance. When the team leaves, it leaves additional supplies with this leader and these supplies are replenished from time to time. INC chapels also carry supplies. In addition to family planning, INC sponsors programs to assist young people and farmers, and has nutrition education, low-cost housing, and health care programs.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"3 3 1","pages":"10-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68697931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the People's Republic of China has not had a census since 1953 (although population counts were taken in 1964 and 1972) official vital rates are a matter of conjecture. However, China watchers agree that birth planning programs plus improvements in public health have resulted in substantial reductions in birth, death, and population growth rates. At the 1977 meeting of the Population Association of America estimated population figures ranged from 922 million with an annual growth rate of 1.75% to 876 million with a population growth rate of .8%. John S. Aird of the Foreign Demographic Analysis Division of the U.S. Department of Commerce has a high estimate of 977.9 million and a low of 889.0 million. A table summarized these estimates. All agree, however, that an extremely effective family planning program is in effect which has lowered birthrates even though the population of the country is relatively young. Marriages occur late. Divorce rate is probably very low. Infant mortality is low. Fertility is undoubtedly declining and is certainly lower than in the majority of developing countries.
由于中华人民共和国自1953年以来就没有进行过人口普查(尽管在1964年和1972年进行了人口统计)，官方的人口命别率是一种猜测。然而，中国观察人士一致认为，计划生育项目加上公共卫生的改善导致了出生率、死亡率和人口增长率的大幅下降。在1977年的美国人口协会会议上，估计人口数字从9.22亿(年增长率为1.75%)到8.76亿(人口增长率为0.8%)不等。美国商务部外国人口分析部门的John S. Aird给出的最高估计是9.779亿，最低估计是8.89亿。表格汇总了这些估计数。然而，所有人都同意，一个非常有效的计划生育计划实际上已经降低了出生率，尽管这个国家的人口相对年轻。结婚很晚。离婚率可能很低。婴儿死亡率很低。生育率无疑在下降，而且肯定低于大多数发展中国家。
{"title":"Experts disagree over China's population size, but not over thoroughness of its FP program.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948152","url":null,"abstract":"Since the People's Republic of China has not had a census since 1953 (although population counts were taken in 1964 and 1972) official vital rates are a matter of conjecture. However, China watchers agree that birth planning programs plus improvements in public health have resulted in substantial reductions in birth, death, and population growth rates. At the 1977 meeting of the Population Association of America estimated population figures ranged from 922 million with an annual growth rate of 1.75% to 876 million with a population growth rate of .8%. John S. Aird of the Foreign Demographic Analysis Division of the U.S. Department of Commerce has a high estimate of 977.9 million and a low of 889.0 million. A table summarized these estimates. All agree, however, that an extremely effective family planning program is in effect which has lowered birthrates even though the population of the country is relatively young. Marriages occur late. Divorce rate is probably very low. Infant mortality is low. Fertility is undoubtedly declining and is certainly lower than in the majority of developing countries.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"3 3 1","pages":"13-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68697978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Korea: household distribution program resulted in one-third increase in effective method use.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22010101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pill side effects, continuation found similar whether self-prescribed or prescribed by doctor.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3","pages":"13-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22023258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Family planning and socioeconomic development have substantial and equal effect on fertility.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12183622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Village, household distribution of contraceptives helps Asian nations overcome doctor shortage.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12183621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indonesia village programs stress pill continuation while medical clinics start women on method use.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3","pages":"3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22010100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Door-to-door distribution working in Bangladesh.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"2 3","pages":"9-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22010763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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