The relationship between fertility and family assistance programs was studied in the United States and 67 other countries. C.F. Holm showed in a study of 67 countries that fertility levels were lower where higher levels of family allowances were paid and where more children were covered by the allowances. C.R. Winegarden obtained the same results in a study of United States fertility. A study of New York City women bearing their first child indicated that those on welfare wanted significantly fewer children than nonwelfare mothers.
{"title":"Three studies show family allowances, welfare payments do not encourage increased family size.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948190","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between fertility and family assistance programs was studied in the United States and 67 other countries. C.F. Holm showed in a study of 67 countries that fertility levels were lower where higher levels of family allowances were paid and where more children were covered by the allowances. C.R. Winegarden obtained the same results in a study of United States fertility. A study of New York City women bearing their first child indicated that those on welfare wanted significantly fewer children than nonwelfare mothers.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4 1","pages":"12-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
6 Latin American and European governments took various actions between mid-1974 and early 1975 to make voluntary fertility control readily accessible and to advance humankind's knowledge of the dynamics of population growth. In France the National Assembly voted to make contraception readily available to all women, including minors, and to make abortion legal. The 2 votes represent a sharp break with French tradition, and this vote on abortion makes France 1 of the few predominantly Catholic countries in the world to legalize pregnancy termination. Rumania signed an agreement with the U.N. Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) to establish a Demographic Training and Research Institute which will offer multidisciplinary training on population-related subjects for French-speaking students of the developing world. In El Salvador, the President announced the adoption of a state-supported population policy. The government of Puerto Rico is now offering free sterilization to all who want it, and an estimated 35% of women of childbearing age have chosen sterilization as their preferred method of contraception. Cuba has signed a $3.8 million agreement with the UNFPA. As of 1975, UNFPA will provide a variety of support for Cuba's family planning and maternal and infant health programs and will additionally supply material helpful to conducting demographic research. The government of Brazil announced a suprising policy shift. It now supports the right of individuals to freely plan the size of their families and will accept responsibility for providing information and services to individuals needing assistance.
{"title":"Laws and policies in Europe and Latin America spur family planning and population studies.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948256","url":null,"abstract":"6 Latin American and European governments took various actions between mid-1974 and early 1975 to make voluntary fertility control readily accessible and to advance humankind's knowledge of the dynamics of population growth. In France the National Assembly voted to make contraception readily available to all women, including minors, and to make abortion legal. The 2 votes represent a sharp break with French tradition, and this vote on abortion makes France 1 of the few predominantly Catholic countries in the world to legalize pregnancy termination. Rumania signed an agreement with the U.N. Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) to establish a Demographic Training and Research Institute which will offer multidisciplinary training on population-related subjects for French-speaking students of the developing world. In El Salvador, the President announced the adoption of a state-supported population policy. The government of Puerto Rico is now offering free sterilization to all who want it, and an estimated 35% of women of childbearing age have chosen sterilization as their preferred method of contraception. Cuba has signed a $3.8 million agreement with the UNFPA. As of 1975, UNFPA will provide a variety of support for Cuba's family planning and maternal and infant health programs and will additionally supply material helpful to conducting demographic research. The government of Brazil announced a suprising policy shift. It now supports the right of individuals to freely plan the size of their families and will accept responsibility for providing information and services to individuals needing assistance.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
No pregnancies have been reported for 97 women treated postcoitally with the copper-T IUD. This method avoids the use of massive doses of estrogen with its associated side effects and provides continuing contraception. The T-Cu has been found to be easy to insert in nulliparous women, with most patients being high school and college students. Rape victims were 7% of the total. About half were treated within 24 hours of unprotected coitus. In 2 cases delay was 65 days. The majority of those seeking help did so during the fertile phase of the cycle. Sperm were found in the cervical mucus or vaginal secretions of 18 of the women. It has been estimated that a single unprotected intercourse at random throughout the cycle has a 2-4% risk of pregnancy. It was pointed out by a critic of the method that if a gonorrheal infection or pelvic inflammatory disease were present, serious complications might result. Also, serious infection might result if the patient was already pregnant from prior exposure. Others reported results of their experiences with diethylstilbestrol (DES) as an emergency method. There were 3 failures in a reported group of 124 patients. Of these 2 had had more than 1 unprotected exposure and 1 had not taken the full 5-day course of therapy. In the total group of 124 patients, 50% had nausea and vomiting. Anxiety and depression were frequently present at a 2-week follow-up among DES patients. Only 15% refused offers of further contraception; 60% chose the pill or IUD. Of the 124 women in the DES group, 22 had had previous abortions and 4 subsequently returned for another course of DES therapy.
{"title":"Copper IUD, inserted after coitus averts pregnancy and provides continuing contraceptive protection.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948217","url":null,"abstract":"No pregnancies have been reported for 97 women treated postcoitally with the copper-T IUD. This method avoids the use of massive doses of estrogen with its associated side effects and provides continuing contraception. The T-Cu has been found to be easy to insert in nulliparous women, with most patients being high school and college students. Rape victims were 7% of the total. About half were treated within 24 hours of unprotected coitus. In 2 cases delay was 65 days. The majority of those seeking help did so during the fertile phase of the cycle. Sperm were found in the cervical mucus or vaginal secretions of 18 of the women. It has been estimated that a single unprotected intercourse at random throughout the cycle has a 2-4% risk of pregnancy. It was pointed out by a critic of the method that if a gonorrheal infection or pelvic inflammatory disease were present, serious complications might result. Also, serious infection might result if the patient was already pregnant from prior exposure. Others reported results of their experiences with diethylstilbestrol (DES) as an emergency method. There were 3 failures in a reported group of 124 patients. Of these 2 had had more than 1 unprotected exposure and 1 had not taken the full 5-day course of therapy. In the total group of 124 patients, 50% had nausea and vomiting. Anxiety and depression were frequently present at a 2-week follow-up among DES patients. Only 15% refused offers of further contraception; 60% chose the pill or IUD. Of the 124 women in the DES group, 22 had had previous abortions and 4 subsequently returned for another course of DES therapy.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 3 1","pages":"11-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data from both Scandinavia and the United States indicate that an increasing number of young people under 25 seem to be cohabiting with a member of the opposite sex while unmarried. The trend is continuing and accelerating. This changed lifestyle reflects a trend toward delayed marriage and an increased tolerance of such alternatives to marriage in the society. In 1974 in the United States, 60% of households headed by an adult less than 25 years of age were composed of married couples. There has also been an increase in 1-parent families, especially households headed by young females.
{"title":"Delaying marriage leads to changing lifestyle for young people in Scandinavia and in the United States.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948188","url":null,"abstract":"Data from both Scandinavia and the United States indicate that an increasing number of young people under 25 seem to be cohabiting with a member of the opposite sex while unmarried. The trend is continuing and accelerating. This changed lifestyle reflects a trend toward delayed marriage and an increased tolerance of such alternatives to marriage in the society. In 1974 in the United States, 60% of households headed by an adult less than 25 years of age were composed of married couples. There has also been an increase in 1-parent families, especially households headed by young females.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4 1","pages":"9-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An analysis of more than 60 studies from all parts of the world by Dorothy Nortman of the Population Council found that maternal age is a central variable affecting pregnancy outcome. While socioeconomic factors affect level of risk, these with maternal age regardless of level of health care. Wishik and Lichtblau, Columbia University, list maternal age, child spacing, and level of maternal nutrition in their study of maternal mortality, fetal mortality, stillbirths, he age at which the maternal death risk is lowest for the 1st birth is under 20 but the age at which infant death is lowest for 1st births is 26. are in better socioeconomic circumstances and are better equipped to protect the child from environmental hazards. Mothers 20-24 had the lowest rate of abnormally low birth weight children. Down's ears than in teenage mothers. The pattern is not as conclusive for other congenital malformations but U.S. data 1961-1969 indicate incidence slowly increases with maternal age for each th order. Restricting births to ages 20-34 would reduce maternal mortality by 19% in Mexico, Thailand, Venezuela, and the U.S., by 23% in Colombia and France, and by 25% in the Philippines. at least 21 years at 1st birth the child had a 90% probability of being in the higher nutritional group, compared with 55% if the mother were 16. Birth intervals of 2 1/2 years gave ildren a 90% chance of being nutritionally healthy but a birth interval shortened by only 4 1/2 months dropped the chances to 50%. 2 1/2 years may be required between births to permit full physiological readjustment for the mother and adiness for another pregnancy.
{"title":"Link high infant, mother death risk to young or old maternal age, close childspacing, poor nutrition.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948218","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of more than 60 studies from all parts of the world by Dorothy Nortman of the Population Council found that maternal age is a central variable affecting pregnancy outcome. While socioeconomic factors affect level of risk, these with maternal age regardless of level of health care. Wishik and Lichtblau, Columbia University, list maternal age, child spacing, and level of maternal nutrition in their study of maternal mortality, fetal mortality, stillbirths, he age at which the maternal death risk is lowest for the 1st birth is under 20 but the age at which infant death is lowest for 1st births is 26. are in better socioeconomic circumstances and are better equipped to protect the child from environmental hazards. Mothers 20-24 had the lowest rate of abnormally low birth weight children. Down's ears than in teenage mothers. The pattern is not as conclusive for other congenital malformations but U.S. data 1961-1969 indicate incidence slowly increases with maternal age for each th order. Restricting births to ages 20-34 would reduce maternal mortality by 19% in Mexico, Thailand, Venezuela, and the U.S., by 23% in Colombia and France, and by 25% in the Philippines. at least 21 years at 1st birth the child had a 90% probability of being in the higher nutritional group, compared with 55% if the mother were 16. Birth intervals of 2 1/2 years gave ildren a 90% chance of being nutritionally healthy but a birth interval shortened by only 4 1/2 months dropped the chances to 50%. 2 1/2 years may be required between births to permit full physiological readjustment for the mother and adiness for another pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 3 1","pages":"13-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A recent book by D.J. Bogue, Twenty-five communications obstacles to the success of family planning programs, is briefly discussed. Among the problem areas cited are: 1) concerns about the effects of the various female methods and of vasectomy on health, sexuality, and appearance; 2) rumors; 3) pressure for children; 4) the equation of contraception with promiscuity; 5) lack of awareness of services; 6) insufficient emphasis on spacing rather than terminating childbearing; 7 ) neglect of immediate and intermediate benefits of family planning, including improved relationship between husband and wife, better financial situation, and reduced burden on women; 8) low status of women; and 9) narrow focus of family planning. People should be informed of the support for family planning among those holding similar religious and moral views.
{"title":"Poor IE&C is major bar to program acceptance.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948185","url":null,"abstract":"A recent book by D.J. Bogue, Twenty-five communications obstacles to the success of family planning programs, is briefly discussed. Among the problem areas cited are: 1) concerns about the effects of the various female methods and of vasectomy on health, sexuality, and appearance; 2) rumors; 3) pressure for children; 4) the equation of contraception with promiscuity; 5) lack of awareness of services; 6) insufficient emphasis on spacing rather than terminating childbearing; 7 ) neglect of immediate and intermediate benefits of family planning, including improved relationship between husband and wife, better financial situation, and reduced burden on women; 8) low status of women; and 9) narrow focus of family planning. People should be informed of the support for family planning among those holding similar religious and moral views.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"1 4 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The government of the Philippines became interested in family planning in the late 1960's. In 1970, laws which restricted family planning were relaxed; only induced abortion remained illegal. Population policies were recommended and international assistance for a population program was obtained. Voluntary sterilization was not made available until recently. It has grown in popularity as a method of birth control and the criminal penalties against it have been removed. A mobile family planning program sponsored by the Iglesia Ni Cristo has been successful in spreading family planning in rural areas of the country.
{"title":"Hospital and church-supported programs achieve widespread acceptance in urban, rural Philippines.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948186","url":null,"abstract":"The government of the Philippines became interested in family planning in the late 1960's. In 1970, laws which restricted family planning were relaxed; only induced abortion remained illegal. Population policies were recommended and international assistance for a population program was obtained. Voluntary sterilization was not made available until recently. It has grown in popularity as a method of birth control and the criminal penalties against it have been removed. A mobile family planning program sponsored by the Iglesia Ni Cristo has been successful in spreading family planning in rural areas of the country.","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"61 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68698593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microsurgical reversal of male and female sterilization is reported. Normal sperm counts were found at 3-month's follow-up in 207 of 255 men whose vasectomies were reversed by the microsurgical technique. This technique was also successful in 41 of 53 cases in which conventional reanastomosis methods had been unsuccessful. The length of time since vasectomy and the presence of sperm granulomas are apparently important factors in the degree of successful restoration of fertility. In 28 attempts to restore fertility in women, 70% have been successful. Only 3 of these women have yet to have delivered a normal infant. Background characteristics of women requesting reversal of sterilization at the University of Pennsylvania hospital are reported. Many of these women had been sterilized at a relatively young age (25) and were of low parity (2.4-3.3). Aspects of the operative procedures are described.
{"title":"New microsurgical techniques show promise for reversal of male and female sterilization.","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2948147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2948147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Microsurgical reversal of male and female sterilization is reported. Normal sperm counts were found at 3-month's follow-up in 207 of 255 men whose vasectomies were reversed by the microsurgical technique. This technique was also successful in 41 of 53 cases in which conventional reanastomosis methods had been unsuccessful. The length of time since vasectomy and the presence of sperm granulomas are apparently important factors in the degree of successful restoration of fertility. In 28 attempts to restore fertility in women, 70% have been successful. Only 3 of these women have yet to have delivered a normal infant. Background characteristics of women requesting reversal of sterilization at the University of Pennsylvania hospital are reported. Many of these women had been sterilized at a relatively young age (25) and were of low parity (2.4-3.3). Aspects of the operative procedures are described.\u0000","PeriodicalId":76914,"journal":{"name":"International family planning digest","volume":"77 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2948147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68697919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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