Shifts in the timing of life history events, or phenology, have been recorded across many taxa and biomes in response to global change. These phenological changes are often studied in a single species context, but considering the community context is essential for anticipating the cascading effects on biotic interactions that are likely to occur. Focusing on an annual grassland plant community, we examined how experimental changes in precipitation affect flowering phenology in a community context and explore the implications of these shifts for competitive interactions and species coexistence.
Methods
We experimentally manipulated rainfall with rainout shelters and recorded detailed flowering phenology data for seven annual species including two grasses and five forbs. We assessed how their first and peak flowering days were affected by changes in rainfall and explored how flowering overlap between competing species changed.
Results
Changes in rainfall shifted flowering phenology of some species, but sensitivity differed among neighboring species. Four of the seven species studied started and/or peaked flowering earlier in response to reduced water availability. The idiosyncratic shifts in flowering phenology have the potential to alter existing temporal dynamics that may be maintaining coexistence, such as temporal separation of resource-use among neighbors.
Conclusions
Our results show how species-specific phenological consequences of global change can impact community dynamics and competition between neighboring plants and warrant future research.
{"title":"Changes in flowering phenology with altered rainfall and the potential community impacts in an annual grassland","authors":"Mary N. Van Dyke, Nathan J. B. Kraft","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Shifts in the timing of life history events, or phenology, have been recorded across many taxa and biomes in response to global change. These phenological changes are often studied in a single species context, but considering the community context is essential for anticipating the cascading effects on biotic interactions that are likely to occur. Focusing on an annual grassland plant community, we examined how experimental changes in precipitation affect flowering phenology in a community context and explore the implications of these shifts for competitive interactions and species coexistence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We experimentally manipulated rainfall with rainout shelters and recorded detailed flowering phenology data for seven annual species including two grasses and five forbs. We assessed how their first and peak flowering days were affected by changes in rainfall and explored how flowering overlap between competing species changed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Changes in rainfall shifted flowering phenology of some species, but sensitivity differed among neighboring species. Four of the seven species studied started and/or peaked flowering earlier in response to reduced water availability. The idiosyncratic shifts in flowering phenology have the potential to alter existing temporal dynamics that may be maintaining coexistence, such as temporal separation of resource-use among neighbors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results show how species-specific phenological consequences of global change can impact community dynamics and competition between neighboring plants and warrant future research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kasey E Barton, Thomas Ibanez, Peter J Bellingham, Xoaquín Moreira
{"title":"Island plant fire tolerance: Functional traits associated with novel disturbance regimes.","authors":"Kasey E Barton, Thomas Ibanez, Peter J Bellingham, Xoaquín Moreira","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":" ","pages":"e16465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaillardia pulchella is native to North America but invasive in Central Europe, including Hungary, and can significantly alter vegetation dynamics, thereby affecting biodiversity and community structure. This study explored the fine-scale effects of G. pulchella invasion on the regeneration of old sandy fields in open dune grasslands in Kiskunság National Park, Hungary, within the Pannonian biogeographic region. The impact of invasion on vegetation association structures was estimated by investigating the early stages of the effects of invasion on plant communities.
Methods
Diversity models were used to assess compositional diversity (CD) and the number of realized species combinations (NRC) in invaded versus noninvaded stands. Plexus graphs were used to analyze the spatial relationships between G. pulchella and neighboring species at a fine scale (5 × 15 cm).
Results
Invasion-free stands had higher species richness and greater structural complexity at fine spatial scales, as indicated by CD and NRC functions. Significantly higher CD values in invasion-free stands compared to invaded stands emphasize the negative impact of G. pulchella on coexistence among native species. Plexus graphs illustrated both negative and positive associations between G. pulchella and native species, suggesting a nuanced competitive role in invaded stands.
Conclusions
Gaillardia pulchella invasion, though not strongly characterized, has negatively impacted vegetation structure at fine spatial scales, which may potentially intensify over time. The study underscores the importance of early detection and long-term monitoring for a comprehensive understanding of invasive processes and their effects on plant communities in sandy habitats.
{"title":"Fine-scale diversity models reveal impacts of invasive Gaillardia pulchella on regenerating vegetation in a sand dune grassland","authors":"Zsófia Orbán, László Bakacsy","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16468","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16468","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Gaillardia pulchella</i> is native to North America but invasive in Central Europe, including Hungary, and can significantly alter vegetation dynamics, thereby affecting biodiversity and community structure. This study explored the fine-scale effects of <i>G. pulchella</i> invasion on the regeneration of old sandy fields in open dune grasslands in Kiskunság National Park, Hungary, within the Pannonian biogeographic region. The impact of invasion on vegetation association structures was estimated by investigating the early stages of the effects of invasion on plant communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diversity models were used to assess compositional diversity (CD) and the number of realized species combinations (NRC) in invaded versus noninvaded stands. Plexus graphs were used to analyze the spatial relationships between <i>G. pulchella</i> and neighboring species at a fine scale (5 × 15 cm).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Invasion-free stands had higher species richness and greater structural complexity at fine spatial scales, as indicated by CD and NRC functions. Significantly higher CD values in invasion-free stands compared to invaded stands emphasize the negative impact of <i>G. pulchella</i> on coexistence among native species. Plexus graphs illustrated both negative and positive associations between <i>G. pulchella</i> and native species, suggesting a nuanced competitive role in invaded stands.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Gaillardia pulchella</i> invasion, though not strongly characterized, has negatively impacted vegetation structure at fine spatial scales, which may potentially intensify over time. The study underscores the importance of early detection and long-term monitoring for a comprehensive understanding of invasive processes and their effects on plant communities in sandy habitats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chelsea R. Smith, Elisabeth Kaltenegger, Jordan Teisher, Abigail J. Moore, Shannon C. K. Straub, Tatyana Livshultz
Premise
Enzymes that are encoded by paralogous genes and produce identical specialized metabolites in distantly related plant lineages are strong evidence of parallel phenotypic evolution. Inference of phenotypic homology for metabolites produced by orthologous genes is less straightforward, since orthologs may be recruited in parallel into novel pathways. In prior research on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), specialized metabolites of Apocynaceae, the evolution of homospermidine synthase (HSS), an enzyme of PA biosynthesis, was reconstructed and a single origin of PAs inferred because HSS enzymes of all known PA-producing Apocynaceae species are orthologous and descended from an ancestral enzyme with the motif (VXXXD) of an optimized HSS.
Methods
We increased sampling, tested the effect of amino acid motif on HSS function, revisited motif evolution, and tested for selection to infer evolution of HSS function and its correlation with phenotype.
Results
Some evidence supports a single origin of PAs: an IXXXD HSS-like gene, similar in function to VXXXD HSS, evolved in the shared ancestor of all PA-producing species; loss of HSS function occurred multiple times via pseudogenization and perhaps via evolution of an IXXXN motif. Other evidence indicates multiple origins: the VXXXD motif, highly correlated with the PA phenotype, evolved two or four times independently; the ancestral IXXXD gene was not under positive selection, while some VXXXD genes were; and substitutions at sites experiencing positive selection occurred on multiple branches in the HSS-like gene tree.
Conclusions
The complexity of the genotype-function-phenotype map confounds the inference of PA homology from HSS-like gene evolution in Apocynaceae.
{"title":"Homospermidine synthase evolution and the origin(s) of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Apocynaceae","authors":"Chelsea R. Smith, Elisabeth Kaltenegger, Jordan Teisher, Abigail J. Moore, Shannon C. K. Straub, Tatyana Livshultz","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16458","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16458","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Enzymes that are encoded by paralogous genes and produce identical specialized metabolites in distantly related plant lineages are strong evidence of parallel phenotypic evolution. Inference of phenotypic homology for metabolites produced by orthologous genes is less straightforward, since orthologs may be recruited in parallel into novel pathways. In prior research on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), specialized metabolites of Apocynaceae, the evolution of homospermidine synthase (HSS), an enzyme of PA biosynthesis, was reconstructed and a single origin of PAs inferred because HSS enzymes of all known PA-producing Apocynaceae species are orthologous and descended from an ancestral enzyme with the motif (VXXXD) of an optimized HSS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We increased sampling, tested the effect of amino acid motif on HSS function, revisited motif evolution, and tested for selection to infer evolution of HSS function and its correlation with phenotype.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some evidence supports a single origin of PAs: an IXXXD <i>HSS</i>-like gene, similar in function to VXXXD <i>HSS</i>, evolved in the shared ancestor of all PA-producing species; loss of HSS function occurred multiple times via pseudogenization and perhaps via evolution of an IXXXN motif. Other evidence indicates multiple origins: the VXXXD motif, highly correlated with the PA phenotype, evolved two or four times independently; the ancestral IXXXD gene was not under positive selection, while some VXXXD genes were; and substitutions at sites experiencing positive selection occurred on multiple branches in the <i>HSS</i>-like gene tree.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The complexity of the genotype-function-phenotype map confounds the inference of PA homology from <i>HSS</i>-like gene evolution in Apocynaceae.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143063313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John M. A. Wojahn, Martin W. Callmander, Sven Buerki
Premise
Pandanus Parkinson (Pandanaceae) is a large genus of paleotropical tree-like monocots. Previous studies using small DNA regions questioned the monophyly of the seven Pandanus subgenera, but low phylogenetic branch support hindered further investigations. We aimed to (1) test Pandanus subgeneric monophyly, (2) identify clade morphological synapomorphies, (3) investigate correlations between leaf anatomy of water storage tissue and climatic differentiation across clades, and (4) construct hypotheses on the genus' spatiotemporal history.
Methods
We sequenced 50 Pandanus species using genome skimming and reconstructed plastomes with MITObim. We inferred partitioned RAxML phylogenetic trees to test subgeneric monophyly using Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests. We inferred a partitioned dated BEAST phylogenetic tree used for ancestral state reconstructions of morphological traits. Phylogenetic clades were used to compare climatic (Bioclim) and soil (UNESCO Digital Soil Map) conditions using random forests. We correlated present morphology and climatic niche with past climate events.
Results
Our phylogenetic analyses revealed two clades and four subclades. Only subgenus Coronata was monophyletic. Staminate synapomorphies were identified for three subclades. Hypertrophied and hyperplasic water-storage tissue was a synapomorphy for clade II, correlating with more seasonal temperature and precipitation regimes and more well-draining soil. Clades differentiated during the advent of the Southeast Asian monsoon in the early Miocene, whereas subclades differentiated during the Miocene Thermal Maximum.
Conclusions
Pandanus subgeneric classification needs to be revised. Hypertrophied hyperplasic water-storage tissue is a key trait in Pandanus evolution, possibly explaining climatic and biogeographic patterns because it is key to maintaining photosynthesis during periods of hydric stress.
{"title":"Pandanus plastomes decoded: When climate mirrors morphology and phylogenetic relationships","authors":"John M. A. Wojahn, Martin W. Callmander, Sven Buerki","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16461","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16461","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Pandanus</i> Parkinson (Pandanaceae) is a large genus of paleotropical tree-like monocots. Previous studies using small DNA regions questioned the monophyly of the seven <i>Pandanus</i> subgenera, but low phylogenetic branch support hindered further investigations. We aimed to (1) test <i>Pandanus</i> subgeneric monophyly, (2) identify clade morphological synapomorphies, (3) investigate correlations between leaf anatomy of water storage tissue and climatic differentiation across clades, and (4) construct hypotheses on the genus' spatiotemporal history.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We sequenced 50 <i>Pandanus</i> species using genome skimming and reconstructed plastomes with MITObim. We inferred partitioned RAxML phylogenetic trees to test subgeneric monophyly using Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests. We inferred a partitioned dated BEAST phylogenetic tree used for ancestral state reconstructions of morphological traits. Phylogenetic clades were used to compare climatic (Bioclim) and soil (UNESCO Digital Soil Map) conditions using random forests. We correlated present morphology and climatic niche with past climate events.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our phylogenetic analyses revealed two clades and four subclades. Only subgenus <i>Coronata</i> was monophyletic. Staminate synapomorphies were identified for three subclades. Hypertrophied and hyperplasic water-storage tissue was a synapomorphy for clade II, correlating with more seasonal temperature and precipitation regimes and more well-draining soil. Clades differentiated during the advent of the Southeast Asian monsoon in the early Miocene, whereas subclades differentiated during the Miocene Thermal Maximum.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Pandanus</i> subgeneric classification needs to be revised. Hypertrophied hyperplasic water-storage tissue is a key trait in <i>Pandanus</i> evolution, possibly explaining climatic and biogeographic patterns because it is key to maintaining photosynthesis during periods of hydric stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143062869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul T. Markley, Collin P. Gross, Barnabas H. Daru
The plants of the circumpolar Arctic occupy a dynamic system that has been shaped by glacial cycles and climate change on evolutionary timescales. Yet rapid climatic change can compromise the floristic diversity of the tundra, and the ecological and evolutionary changes in the Arctic from anthropogenic forces remain understudied. In this review, we synthesize knowledge of Arctic floral biodiversity across the entirety of the region within the context of its climatic history. We present critical gaps and challenges in modeling and documenting the consequences of anthropogenic changes for Arctic flora, informed by data from the Late Quaternary (~20 ka). We found that previous forecasts of Arctic plant responses to climate change indicate widespread reductions in habitable area with increasing shrub growth and abundance as a function of annual temperature increase. Such shifts in the distribution and composition of extant Arctic flora will likely increase with global climate through changes to the carbon cycle, necessitating a unified global effort in conserving these plants. More data and research on the continuity of tundra communities are needed to firmly assess the risk climate change poses to the Arctic.
{"title":"The changing biodiversity of the Arctic flora in the Anthropocene","authors":"Paul T. Markley, Collin P. Gross, Barnabas H. Daru","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16466","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16466","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The plants of the circumpolar Arctic occupy a dynamic system that has been shaped by glacial cycles and climate change on evolutionary timescales. Yet rapid climatic change can compromise the floristic diversity of the tundra, and the ecological and evolutionary changes in the Arctic from anthropogenic forces remain understudied. In this review, we synthesize knowledge of Arctic floral biodiversity across the entirety of the region within the context of its climatic history. We present critical gaps and challenges in modeling and documenting the consequences of anthropogenic changes for Arctic flora, informed by data from the Late Quaternary (~20 ka). We found that previous forecasts of Arctic plant responses to climate change indicate widespread reductions in habitable area with increasing shrub growth and abundance as a function of annual temperature increase. Such shifts in the distribution and composition of extant Arctic flora will likely increase with global climate through changes to the carbon cycle, necessitating a unified global effort in conserving these plants. More data and research on the continuity of tundra communities are needed to firmly assess the risk climate change poses to the Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143062959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>In the wake of a virus-mediated global health crises, research has rightfully focused on monitoring zoonotic viruses, particularly those that are emerging or novel in human populations (Baker et al., <span>2022</span>). Viruses that infect plants are also worthy candidates for research investment and, depending on host outcomes, epidemiological action (Anderson et al., <span>2004</span>; Jones and Naidu, <span>2019</span>; Jones et al., <span>2021</span>). While not all viruses are pathogenic (Roossinck, <span>2011</span>; Takahashi et al., <span>2019</span>), crop diseases caused by viral symbionts undermine food and economic security worldwide (Bos, <span>1982</span>; Sastry and Zitter, <span>2014</span>; Trębicki and Finlay, <span>2018</span>; Rao and Reddy, <span>2020</span>), and the consequences of viruses on plant biodiversity and ecosystems are understudied (Kamitani et al., <span>2016</span>; Jones and Naidu, <span>2019</span>; Lefeuvre et al., <span>2019</span>). Better data regarding spatiotemporal patterns in plant-virus distributions is a prerequisite for understanding how viruses move, change, and emerge as threats to food and ecosystem security.</p><p>One way that temporal trends in virus biodiversity may be studied is through use of natural history collections (Cook et al., <span>2020</span>; Thompson et al., <span>2021</span>), which offer the opportunity to retrospectively characterize host–virus interactions, thus building a baseline to which contemporary analyses may be compared. Similarly, Cook et al. (<span>2020</span>) demonstrate the potential benefit of using historical host specimens to efficiently survey for virus diversity across taxa and environments. This work, like most specimen-based research into historical virus diversity, focused on animal hosts. Here we discuss opportunities that would arise from utilizing plant collections in a similar fashion; while the practical and technical details of isolating plant-associated viruses from historical tissue differ from methods for other taxonomic groups, the benefits to research and disease management would be similar and numerous.</p><p>There are multiple possible virus isolate types that may be useful in studying historical plant virus communities, including agricultural isolates and “forgotten” frozen tissue specimens collected by academic and agricultural researchers (Jones et al., <span>2021</span>). We discuss pros and cons of using different tissue sources and conclude that usefulness of whole-host data from herbarium specimens justifies investment in development and research. Our objectives in this commentary are to (1) review and compare current resources and approaches available for studying plant-associated virus diversity in the context of natural history and (2) outline steps to improve global plant-virus biodiversity monitoring and preservation going forward.</p><p>Plant viruses are ubiquitous across host taxa and environments, but little is known regardi
{"title":"Herbaria as critical resources for studying plant-virus biodiversity and epidemiology","authors":"Elizabeth M. Lombardi, Hannah E. Marx","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16463","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16463","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the wake of a virus-mediated global health crises, research has rightfully focused on monitoring zoonotic viruses, particularly those that are emerging or novel in human populations (Baker et al., <span>2022</span>). Viruses that infect plants are also worthy candidates for research investment and, depending on host outcomes, epidemiological action (Anderson et al., <span>2004</span>; Jones and Naidu, <span>2019</span>; Jones et al., <span>2021</span>). While not all viruses are pathogenic (Roossinck, <span>2011</span>; Takahashi et al., <span>2019</span>), crop diseases caused by viral symbionts undermine food and economic security worldwide (Bos, <span>1982</span>; Sastry and Zitter, <span>2014</span>; Trębicki and Finlay, <span>2018</span>; Rao and Reddy, <span>2020</span>), and the consequences of viruses on plant biodiversity and ecosystems are understudied (Kamitani et al., <span>2016</span>; Jones and Naidu, <span>2019</span>; Lefeuvre et al., <span>2019</span>). Better data regarding spatiotemporal patterns in plant-virus distributions is a prerequisite for understanding how viruses move, change, and emerge as threats to food and ecosystem security.</p><p>One way that temporal trends in virus biodiversity may be studied is through use of natural history collections (Cook et al., <span>2020</span>; Thompson et al., <span>2021</span>), which offer the opportunity to retrospectively characterize host–virus interactions, thus building a baseline to which contemporary analyses may be compared. Similarly, Cook et al. (<span>2020</span>) demonstrate the potential benefit of using historical host specimens to efficiently survey for virus diversity across taxa and environments. This work, like most specimen-based research into historical virus diversity, focused on animal hosts. Here we discuss opportunities that would arise from utilizing plant collections in a similar fashion; while the practical and technical details of isolating plant-associated viruses from historical tissue differ from methods for other taxonomic groups, the benefits to research and disease management would be similar and numerous.</p><p>There are multiple possible virus isolate types that may be useful in studying historical plant virus communities, including agricultural isolates and “forgotten” frozen tissue specimens collected by academic and agricultural researchers (Jones et al., <span>2021</span>). We discuss pros and cons of using different tissue sources and conclude that usefulness of whole-host data from herbarium specimens justifies investment in development and research. Our objectives in this commentary are to (1) review and compare current resources and approaches available for studying plant-associated virus diversity in the context of natural history and (2) outline steps to improve global plant-virus biodiversity monitoring and preservation going forward.</p><p>Plant viruses are ubiquitous across host taxa and environments, but little is known regardi","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143063306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Cuervo-Gómez, Luz Marina Melgarejo, Beatriz Salgado-Negret
Premise
The warmer and drier atmospheric conditions of urban environments challenge plant performance to different extents based on a species' ability to acclimate to the conditions. We evaluated the influence of species origin and thermal niche on the acclimation of leaf traits and shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space of 10 tree species growing in two environmentally contrasting sites in Bogotá, Colombia.
Methods
We measured six leaf traits per species in both sites and used generalized linear models to evaluate the influence of origin and thermal niche on acclimation of leaf traits and t-tests to analyze shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space.
Results
Species origin predicted thermal tolerance and morphological trait acclimation to warmer conditions. Although exotic species decreased thermal tolerance at the warmer site, species from both origins acclimated traits consistently. Shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space varied between origins; warmer conditions reduced the size of the functional trait space of exotics and increased the phenotypic similarity of natives. Thermal tolerance acclimation and changes in functional trait space varied across species. Finally, thermal niche metrics were uncoupled from species origin and failed to explain the acclimation capacity of the studied species.
Conclusions
Although species origin influenced acclimation to warmer conditions, the effect of origin was not related to species' thermal niches. Our results provide crucial information for decision-makers involved in designing urban and peri-urban green spaces that can withstand climate change.
{"title":"Thermal acclimation of tree species in a tropical Andean city: Exploring the role of species origin and thermal niche","authors":"María Cuervo-Gómez, Luz Marina Melgarejo, Beatriz Salgado-Negret","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16462","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16462","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The warmer and drier atmospheric conditions of urban environments challenge plant performance to different extents based on a species' ability to acclimate to the conditions. We evaluated the influence of species origin and thermal niche on the acclimation of leaf traits and shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space of 10 tree species growing in two environmentally contrasting sites in Bogotá, Colombia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We measured six leaf traits per species in both sites and used generalized linear models to evaluate the influence of origin and thermal niche on acclimation of leaf traits and <i>t</i>-tests to analyze shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Species origin predicted thermal tolerance and morphological trait acclimation to warmer conditions. Although exotic species decreased thermal tolerance at the warmer site, species from both origins acclimated traits consistently. Shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space varied between origins; warmer conditions reduced the size of the functional trait space of exotics and increased the phenotypic similarity of natives. Thermal tolerance acclimation and changes in functional trait space varied across species. Finally, thermal niche metrics were uncoupled from species origin and failed to explain the acclimation capacity of the studied species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although species origin influenced acclimation to warmer conditions, the effect of origin was not related to species' thermal niches. Our results provide crucial information for decision-makers involved in designing urban and peri-urban green spaces that can withstand climate change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher B. Wall, Kacie Kajihara, Francisca E. Rodriguez, Leena Vilonen, Danyel Yogi, Sean O. I. Swift, Nicole A. Hynson
Premise
The ability of plants to adapt or acclimate to climate change is inherently linked to their interactions with symbiotic microbes, notably fungi. However, it is unclear whether fungal symbionts from different climates have different impacts on the outcome of plant–fungal interactions, especially under environmental stress.
Methods
We tested three provenances of fungal inoculum (originating from dry, moderate or wet environments) with one host plant genotype exposed to three soil moisture regimes (low, moderate and high). Inoculated and uninoculated plants were grown in controlled conditions for 151 days, then shoot and root biomass were weighed and fungal diversity and community composition determined via amplicon sequencing.
Results
The source of inoculum and water regime elicited significant changes in plant resource allocation to shoots versus roots, but only specific inocula affected total plant biomass. Shoot biomass increased in the high water treatment but was negatively impacted by all inoculum treatments relative to the controls. The opposite was true for roots, where the low water treatment led to greater proportional root biomass, and plants inoculated with wet site fungi allocated significantly more resources to root growth than dry- or moderate-site inoculated plants and the controls. Fungal communities of shoots and roots partitioned by inoculum source, water treatment, and the interaction of the two.
Conclusions
The provenance of fungi can significantly affect total plant biomass and resource allocation above- and belowground, with fungi derived from more extreme environments eliciting the strongest plant responses.
{"title":"Symbiotic fungi alter plant resource allocation independent of water availability","authors":"Christopher B. Wall, Kacie Kajihara, Francisca E. Rodriguez, Leena Vilonen, Danyel Yogi, Sean O. I. Swift, Nicole A. Hynson","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16459","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16459","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ability of plants to adapt or acclimate to climate change is inherently linked to their interactions with symbiotic microbes, notably fungi. However, it is unclear whether fungal symbionts from different climates have different impacts on the outcome of plant–fungal interactions, especially under environmental stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We tested three provenances of fungal inoculum (originating from dry, moderate or wet environments) with one host plant genotype exposed to three soil moisture regimes (low, moderate and high). Inoculated and uninoculated plants were grown in controlled conditions for 151 days, then shoot and root biomass were weighed and fungal diversity and community composition determined via amplicon sequencing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The source of inoculum and water regime elicited significant changes in plant resource allocation to shoots versus roots, but only specific inocula affected total plant biomass. Shoot biomass increased in the high water treatment but was negatively impacted by all inoculum treatments relative to the controls. The opposite was true for roots, where the low water treatment led to greater proportional root biomass, and plants inoculated with wet site fungi allocated significantly more resources to root growth than dry- or moderate-site inoculated plants and the controls. Fungal communities of shoots and roots partitioned by inoculum source, water treatment, and the interaction of the two.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The provenance of fungi can significantly affect total plant biomass and resource allocation above- and belowground, with fungi derived from more extreme environments eliciting the strongest plant responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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