Caio César Pires de Paula, Jiří Bárta, Jakub Borovec, Jan Frouz, Pavel Rychtecký, Dagmara Sirová
Premise
Despite the high functional importance of endophytes, we still have limited understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors that influence colonization of plant hosts along major ecological gradients and lack quantitative estimates of their colonization extent. In this study, we hypothesized that the developmental stage of the ecosystem will affect the levels of bacterial and fungal endophytic assemblages in the foliar endosphere.
Methods
We quantified levels of bacterial and fungal endophytes in leaves of four plant hosts at four stages of vegetation succession using an optimized qPCR protocol with bacteria-specific 16S and fungi-targeting primers.
Results
(1) The ecosystem developmental stage did not have a significant effect on the colonization levels of bacterial or fungal endophytes. (2) Colonization levels by bacterial and fungal endophytes were governed by different mechanisms. (3) Endophytic colonization levels and their relationship to foliar tissue stoichiometry were highly host specific.
Conclusions
Quantifying colonization levels is important in the study of endophytic ecology, and the fast, relatively low-cost qPCR-based method can supply useful ecological information, which can significantly enhance the interpretation potential of descriptive data generated, for example, by next-generation sequencing.
{"title":"qPCR-based quantification reveals high plant host-specificity of endophytic colonization levels in leaves","authors":"Caio César Pires de Paula, Jiří Bárta, Jakub Borovec, Jan Frouz, Pavel Rychtecký, Dagmara Sirová","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16448","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16448","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the high functional importance of endophytes, we still have limited understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors that influence colonization of plant hosts along major ecological gradients and lack quantitative estimates of their colonization extent. In this study, we hypothesized that the developmental stage of the ecosystem will affect the levels of bacterial and fungal endophytic assemblages in the foliar endosphere.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We quantified levels of bacterial and fungal endophytes in leaves of four plant hosts at four stages of vegetation succession using an optimized qPCR protocol with bacteria-specific 16S and fungi-targeting primers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>(1) The ecosystem developmental stage did not have a significant effect on the colonization levels of bacterial or fungal endophytes. (2) Colonization levels by bacterial and fungal endophytes were governed by different mechanisms. (3) Endophytic colonization levels and their relationship to foliar tissue stoichiometry were highly host specific.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Quantifying colonization levels is important in the study of endophytic ecology, and the fast, relatively low-cost qPCR-based method can supply useful ecological information, which can significantly enhance the interpretation potential of descriptive data generated, for example, by next-generation sequencing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11744438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Y. Santiago-Rosario, Jordan Book, Sarah Mathews
Premise
Showy mistletoes are obligate hemiparasites of woody plants. Host specificity is therefore a fundamental determinant of mistletoe diversity, persistence, geographic distribution, and abundance. Investigations of host specificity in Australian Loranthaceae have focused mostly on host range (taxon counts), but additional insights into specificity are gained by quantifying mistletoe prevalence on taxa in their host range and by exploring specificity in a phylogenetic context.
Methods
We estimated measures of host specificity to characterize mistletoe–host interactions at a continental scale by using occurrence records in the Atlas of Living Australia. We calculated host taxon richness, mistletoe prevalence, and phylogenetic diversity, and used rarefaction curves to evaluate sampling coverage.
Results
Many mistletoe taxa were represented by few records that listed the host, which often was identified to genus only. Mistletoe genera were recorded on 29 orders and 80 families, and no association was observed between host richness and number of records per genus. Rarefaction curves suggested that additional host orders and families remain to be discovered for Amylotheca, Decaisnina, Dendrophthoe, and Muellerina. Four mistletoe genera were most prevalent on Myrtales, one on Fabales, and one on Laurales. Rosids were most often the recorded hosts (84.3% of all records). We found evidence of significant phylogenetic clustering in host use by Amyema, Amylotheca, and Decasinina.
Conclusions
Our results, particularly the high prevalence on rosids, suggest that relationships of mistletoes with rainforest lineages may have been established early in the history of Australian Loranthaceae and that some lineages co-diversified with their hosts in arid regions.
{"title":"Continental-scale interactions of Australian showy mistletoes and their hosts","authors":"Luis Y. Santiago-Rosario, Jordan Book, Sarah Mathews","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16443","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16443","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Showy mistletoes are obligate hemiparasites of woody plants. Host specificity is therefore a fundamental determinant of mistletoe diversity, persistence, geographic distribution, and abundance. Investigations of host specificity in Australian Loranthaceae have focused mostly on host range (taxon counts), but additional insights into specificity are gained by quantifying mistletoe prevalence on taxa in their host range and by exploring specificity in a phylogenetic context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We estimated measures of host specificity to characterize mistletoe–host interactions at a continental scale by using occurrence records in the Atlas of Living Australia. We calculated host taxon richness, mistletoe prevalence, and phylogenetic diversity, and used rarefaction curves to evaluate sampling coverage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many mistletoe taxa were represented by few records that listed the host, which often was identified to genus only. Mistletoe genera were recorded on 29 orders and 80 families, and no association was observed between host richness and number of records per genus. Rarefaction curves suggested that additional host orders and families remain to be discovered for <i>Amylotheca</i>, <i>Decaisnina</i>, <i>Dendrophthoe</i>, and <i>Muellerina</i>. Four mistletoe genera were most prevalent on Myrtales, one on Fabales, and one on Laurales. Rosids were most often the recorded hosts (84.3% of all records). We found evidence of significant phylogenetic clustering in host use by <i>Amyema</i>, <i>Amylotheca</i>, and <i>Decasinina</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results, particularly the high prevalence on rosids, suggest that relationships of mistletoes with rainforest lineages may have been established early in the history of Australian Loranthaceae and that some lineages co-diversified with their hosts in arid regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microbes regulate many dimensions of plant performance with multiscale implications for plant fitness, competition, coexistence, and ecosystem functioning. Yet, this fascinating and diverse arena of study has been limited to a few thematic areas, ecosystems, and regions. In particular, despite growing evidence that microbes may be critical players in the dynamics of plant communities in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, these regions remain poorly represented in studies of plant–microbe interactions. Such geographical gaps limit our ability to draw general inferences to comprehend how microbial effects on plant community dynamics may vary with context and, by extension, respond to global environmental change. In this special section of the American Journal of Botany, we bring together a diverse set of research on plant–microbe interactions from tropical and subtropical ecosystems. These papers explore intraspecific variation of soil microbial communities, the context dependency of host-specific assembly of microbial communities on plants, and the new and exciting frontier of the microbiome of epiphytic plants. We hope that this compilation will fuel deeper forays into the many dimensions of plant–microbe interactions in megadiverse tropical and subtropical forests.
{"title":"Plant–microbe interactions in tropical and subtropical ecosystems","authors":"Meghna Krishnadas, Gaurav Kandlikar, Adriana Corrales","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16444","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16444","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbes regulate many dimensions of plant performance with multiscale implications for plant fitness, competition, coexistence, and ecosystem functioning. Yet, this fascinating and diverse arena of study has been limited to a few thematic areas, ecosystems, and regions. In particular, despite growing evidence that microbes may be critical players in the dynamics of plant communities in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, these regions remain poorly represented in studies of plant–microbe interactions. Such geographical gaps limit our ability to draw general inferences to comprehend how microbial effects on plant community dynamics may vary with context and, by extension, respond to global environmental change. In this special section of the <i>American Journal of Botany</i>, we bring together a diverse set of research on plant–microbe interactions from tropical and subtropical ecosystems. These papers explore intraspecific variation of soil microbial communities, the context dependency of host-specific assembly of microbial communities on plants, and the new and exciting frontier of the microbiome of epiphytic plants. We hope that this compilation will fuel deeper forays into the many dimensions of plant–microbe interactions in megadiverse tropical and subtropical forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peijian Shi, Linli Deng, Qinyue Miao, Long Chen, Han Yu, Fuyuan Zhu, Karl J. Niklas
Premise
Although previous studies have reported a positive correlation between leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and mean leaf thickness (LT), the LMA versus LT scaling relationship has not been determined due to limited sample sizes, despite its importance in estimating leaf bulk tissue density (mass per unit volume).
Methods
This issue was addressed using between 174 and 185 leaves from each of nine phylogenetically diverse species to investigate the LMA vs. LT scaling relationship. For each leaf, lamina thickness was measured at 12 positions (avoiding midribs and major veins) to calculate LT, and LMA was measured based on leaf area and dry mass measurements. Reduced major axis regression protocols were used to determine the LMA vs. LT scaling exponent (i.e., the slope). Bootstrap percentile methods were used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of slopes.
Results
A statistically significant LMA vs. LT relationship was found for each species; seven of the nine scaling exponents were significantly greater than unity indicating that LMA (and thus leaf bulk tissue density) disproportionately increased with increasing LT. In addition, the conspecific variation in LMA exceeded the interspecific variation in LMA as a consequence of differences in LT.
Conclusions
These results indicate that empirical measurements of LMA and LT can be used to accurately estimate leaf bulk tissue density, which provides insights into adaptive life-history strategies, conspecific variation, and (with sufficiently large data sets) phylogenetic trends.
{"title":"Scaling relationships of lamina mass per unit area, mean thickness, and leaf bulk tissue density across nine diverse species","authors":"Peijian Shi, Linli Deng, Qinyue Miao, Long Chen, Han Yu, Fuyuan Zhu, Karl J. Niklas","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16442","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16442","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although previous studies have reported a positive correlation between leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and mean leaf thickness (LT), the LMA versus LT scaling relationship has not been determined due to limited sample sizes, despite its importance in estimating leaf bulk tissue density (mass per unit volume).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This issue was addressed using between 174 and 185 leaves from each of nine phylogenetically diverse species to investigate the LMA vs. LT scaling relationship. For each leaf, lamina thickness was measured at 12 positions (avoiding midribs and major veins) to calculate LT, and LMA was measured based on leaf area and dry mass measurements. Reduced major axis regression protocols were used to determine the LMA vs. LT scaling exponent (i.e., the slope). Bootstrap percentile methods were used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of slopes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A statistically significant LMA vs. LT relationship was found for each species; seven of the nine scaling exponents were significantly greater than unity indicating that LMA (and thus leaf bulk tissue density) disproportionately increased with increasing LT. In addition, the conspecific variation in LMA exceeded the interspecific variation in LMA as a consequence of differences in LT.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results indicate that empirical measurements of LMA and LT can be used to accurately estimate leaf bulk tissue density, which provides insights into adaptive life-history strategies, conspecific variation, and (with sufficiently large data sets) phylogenetic trends.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142790979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maiara Matilde da Silva, Maria Regina Torres Boeger, João Carlos Ferreira de Melo-Júnior
Premise
Plants can limit the leaf tissue consumed by insect herbivores through chemical, structural, and nutritional leaf defenses or by escaping in space and time. Escaping is related to the phenological patterns of plants, which in turn respond to climatic factors. This study evaluated leaf production in a coastal plant community in southern Brazil to test the following hypotheses: (1) Leaves are continuously produced in this ecosystem, and (2) synchrony acts as an escape strategy from herbivory.
Methods
We evaluated leaf production patterns of 20 herbaceous, shrub, and tree species for 2 years using the Fournier index then measured leaf consumption in the second year. The Rayleigh test was used to verify the synchrony of phenological events. Correlations between leaf production and climatic factors and between leaf production synchrony and herbivory were analyzed.
Results
New leaves were continuously produced at the plant community scale, but herbaceous and shrub species showed a phenological pattern distinct from that of tree species. Trees had peaks of synchrony in leaf production that were positively correlated with amount of leaf tissue consumed, refuting the hypothesis that synchrony acts as an escape strategy.
Conclusions
The phenological and herbivory patterns in this plant community may be due to the supply of resources in the soil and the composition of the insect community.
{"title":"Phenological indicators of resources offered to leaf herbivores in restinga communities","authors":"Maiara Matilde da Silva, Maria Regina Torres Boeger, João Carlos Ferreira de Melo-Júnior","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16445","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16445","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants can limit the leaf tissue consumed by insect herbivores through chemical, structural, and nutritional leaf defenses or by escaping in space and time. Escaping is related to the phenological patterns of plants, which in turn respond to climatic factors. This study evaluated leaf production in a coastal plant community in southern Brazil to test the following hypotheses: (1) Leaves are continuously produced in this ecosystem, and (2) synchrony acts as an escape strategy from herbivory.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated leaf production patterns of 20 herbaceous, shrub, and tree species for 2 years using the Fournier index then measured leaf consumption in the second year. The Rayleigh test was used to verify the synchrony of phenological events. Correlations between leaf production and climatic factors and between leaf production synchrony and herbivory were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New leaves were continuously produced at the plant community scale, but herbaceous and shrub species showed a phenological pattern distinct from that of tree species. Trees had peaks of synchrony in leaf production that were positively correlated with amount of leaf tissue consumed, refuting the hypothesis that synchrony acts as an escape strategy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The phenological and herbivory patterns in this plant community may be due to the supply of resources in the soil and the composition of the insect community.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142790964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian D. Medeiros, Alicia Ibáñez, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Terry A. Hedderson, Jolanta Miadlikowska, Adam Flakus, Ignazio Carbone, Scott LaGreca, Nicolas Magain, Edyta Mazur, Reinaldo Vargas Castillo, József Geml, Maya Kaup, Gillian Maggs-Kölling, Shuzo Oita, Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan, Elizaveta Terlova, Erik F. Y. Hom, Louise A. Lewis, François Lutzoni
Premise
Southern Africa is a biodiversity hotspot rich in endemic plants and lichen-forming fungi. However, species-level data about lichen photobionts in this region are minimal. We focused on Trebouxia (Chlorophyta), the most common lichen photobiont, to understand how southern African species fit into the global biodiversity of this genus and are distributed across biomes and mycobiont partners.
Methods
We sequenced Trebouxia nuclear ribosomal ITS and rbcL of 139 lichen thalli from diverse biomes in South Africa and Namibia. Global Trebouxia phylogenies incorporating these new data were inferred with a maximum likelihood approach. Trebouxia biodiversity, biogeography, and mycobiont–photobiont associations were assessed in phylogenetic and ecological network frameworks.
Results
An estimated 43 putative Trebouxia species were found across the region, including seven potentially endemic species. Only five clades represent formally described species: T. arboricola s.l. (A13), T. cf. cretacea (A01), T. incrustata (A06), T. lynniae (A39), and T. maresiae (A46). Potential endemic species were not significantly associated with the Greater Cape Floristic Region or desert. Trebouxia species occurred frequently across multiple biomes. Annual precipitation, but not precipitation seasonality, was significant in explaining variation in Trebouxia communities. Consistent with other studies of lichen photobionts, the Trebouxia–mycobiont network had an anti-nested structure.
Conclusions
Depending on the metric used, ca. 20–30% of global Trebouxia biodiversity occurs in southern Africa, including many species yet to be described. With a classification scheme for Trebouxia now well established, tree-based approaches are preferable over “barcode gap” methods for delimiting new species.
{"title":"Eco-phylogenetic study of Trebouxia in southern Africa reveals interbiome connectivity and potential endemism in a green algal lichen photobiont","authors":"Ian D. Medeiros, Alicia Ibáñez, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Terry A. Hedderson, Jolanta Miadlikowska, Adam Flakus, Ignazio Carbone, Scott LaGreca, Nicolas Magain, Edyta Mazur, Reinaldo Vargas Castillo, József Geml, Maya Kaup, Gillian Maggs-Kölling, Shuzo Oita, Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan, Elizaveta Terlova, Erik F. Y. Hom, Louise A. Lewis, François Lutzoni","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16441","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16441","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Southern Africa is a biodiversity hotspot rich in endemic plants and lichen-forming fungi. However, species-level data about lichen photobionts in this region are minimal. We focused on <i>Trebouxia</i> (Chlorophyta), the most common lichen photobiont, to understand how southern African species fit into the global biodiversity of this genus and are distributed across biomes and mycobiont partners.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We sequenced <i>Trebouxia</i> nuclear ribosomal ITS and <i>rbcL</i> of 139 lichen thalli from diverse biomes in South Africa and Namibia. Global <i>Trebouxia</i> phylogenies incorporating these new data were inferred with a maximum likelihood approach. <i>Trebouxia</i> biodiversity, biogeography, and mycobiont–photobiont associations were assessed in phylogenetic and ecological network frameworks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An estimated 43 putative <i>Trebouxia</i> species were found across the region, including seven potentially endemic species. Only five clades represent formally described species: <i>T. arboricola</i> s.l. (A13), <i>T</i>. cf. <i>cretacea</i> (A01), <i>T. incrustata</i> (A06), <i>T. lynniae</i> (A39), and <i>T. maresiae</i> (A46). Potential endemic species were not significantly associated with the Greater Cape Floristic Region or desert. <i>Trebouxia</i> species occurred frequently across multiple biomes. Annual precipitation, but not precipitation seasonality, was significant in explaining variation in <i>Trebouxia</i> communities. Consistent with other studies of lichen photobionts, the <i>Trebouxia</i>–mycobiont network had an anti-nested structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Depending on the metric used, ca. 20–30% of global <i>Trebouxia</i> biodiversity occurs in southern Africa, including many species yet to be described. With a classification scheme for <i>Trebouxia</i> now well established, tree-based approaches are preferable over “barcode gap” methods for delimiting new species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142783927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Audrey Labonté, Valérie Le Corre, Annick Matejicek, Emeline Felten, Mélinda Turpin, Emilien Laurent, Séverine Michel, Chantal Ducourtieux, Eric Vieren, Willem Proesmans, Violaine Deytieux, Stéphane Cordeau, Adam J. Vanbergen
Premise
Restoration of seminatural field margins can elevate pollinator activity. However, how they support wild plant gene flow through interactions between pollinators and spatiotemporal gradients in floral resources remains largely unknown.
Methods
Using a farm-scale experiment, we tested how mating outcomes (expected heterozygosity and paternity correlation) of the wild, self-incompatible plant Cyanus segetum transplanted into field margins (sown wildflower or grass-legume strips) were affected by the abundance of different pollinator functional groups (defined by species traits). We also investigated how the maternal plant attractiveness, conspecific pollen donor density, and heterospecific floral richness and density interacted with pollinator functional group abundance to modulate C. segetum mating outcomes.
Results
Multiple paternity increased (=lower paternity correlation) with greater local abundance of hoverflies (syrphids) and female medium-sized wild bees (albeit the latter's effect diminished with decreasing maternal plant attractiveness), and the presence of male bumblebees (Bombus) under low local floral richness. Cyanus segetum progeny genetic diversity increased with male Bombus presence but decreased with greater abundance of syrphids and honey bees (Apis mellifera).
Conclusions
Overall, field margins supported plant-pollinator interactions ensuring multiple paternity and conservation of allelic diversity in C. segetum progeny. The contribution to plant mating outcomes of different pollinator functional groups was dictated by their local abundance or traits affecting pollen transfer efficiency. The local floral richness or maternal plant attractiveness sometimes modulated these relationships. This complex response of wild plant mating patterns to community interactions has implications for the use of field margins to restore functional pollination systems in farmed landscapes.
前提：恢复半自然的田野边缘可以提高授粉者的活动。然而，它们如何通过传粉昆虫之间的相互作用以及花卉资源的时空梯度来支持野生植物基因流，在很大程度上仍是未知数：方法：我们利用农场规模的实验，测试了野生自交不亲和植物赛格兰（Cyanus segetum）移植到田间边缘（播种野花或草-豆科植物带）的交配结果（预期杂合度和亲子相关性）如何受到不同传粉昆虫功能群（根据物种特征定义）丰度的影响。我们还研究了母本植物的吸引力、同种花粉供体密度、异种花的丰富度和密度如何与传粉昆虫功能群的丰富度相互影响，从而调节蓝花楹的交配结果：结果：在当地花卉丰富度较低的情况下，随着食蚜蝇（蚜虫）和雌性中型野生蜜蜂（尽管后者的作用会随着母本植物吸引力的降低而减弱）在当地越多，以及雄性熊蜂（Bombus）的存在，多重父子关系越强（=父子关系相关性越低）。随着雄性熊蜂的出现，半灌木矢车菊后代的遗传多样性增加，但随着蚜虫和蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）数量的增加，遗传多样性减少：总体而言，田间边缘支持植物与授粉者之间的相互作用，确保了多父子关系，并保护了 C. segetum 后代的等位基因多样性。不同传粉昆虫功能群对植物交配结果的贡献取决于它们在当地的丰度或影响花粉传递效率的性状。当地花卉的丰富程度或母本植物的吸引力有时会调节这些关系。野生植物交配模式对群落相互作用的这种复杂反应，对利用田边恢复农耕景观中的功能性授粉系统具有重要意义。
{"title":"Pollinator functional group abundance and floral heterogeneity in an agroecological context affect mating patterns in a self-incompatible wild plant","authors":"Audrey Labonté, Valérie Le Corre, Annick Matejicek, Emeline Felten, Mélinda Turpin, Emilien Laurent, Séverine Michel, Chantal Ducourtieux, Eric Vieren, Willem Proesmans, Violaine Deytieux, Stéphane Cordeau, Adam J. Vanbergen","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16440","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16440","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Restoration of seminatural field margins can elevate pollinator activity. However, how they support wild plant gene flow through interactions between pollinators and spatiotemporal gradients in floral resources remains largely unknown.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a farm-scale experiment, we tested how mating outcomes (expected heterozygosity and paternity correlation) of the wild, self-incompatible plant <i>Cyanus segetum</i> transplanted into field margins (sown wildflower or grass-legume strips) were affected by the abundance of different pollinator functional groups (defined by species traits). We also investigated how the maternal plant attractiveness, conspecific pollen donor density, and heterospecific floral richness and density interacted with pollinator functional group abundance to modulate <i>C. segetum</i> mating outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple paternity increased (=lower paternity correlation) with greater local abundance of hoverflies (syrphids) and female medium-sized wild bees (albeit the latter's effect diminished with decreasing maternal plant attractiveness), and the presence of male bumblebees (<i>Bombus</i>) under low local floral richness. <i>Cyanus segetum</i> progeny genetic diversity increased with male <i>Bombus</i> presence but decreased with greater abundance of syrphids and honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, field margins supported plant-pollinator interactions ensuring multiple paternity and conservation of allelic diversity in <i>C. segetum</i> progeny. The contribution to plant mating outcomes of different pollinator functional groups was dictated by their local abundance or traits affecting pollen transfer efficiency. The local floral richness or maternal plant attractiveness sometimes modulated these relationships. This complex response of wild plant mating patterns to community interactions has implications for the use of field margins to restore functional pollination systems in farmed landscapes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vicky Beckers, Mary Endress, Pieter Baas, Erik Smets, Frederic Lens
Premise
This paper provides an overview of the wood anatomy of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), reconstructs wood anatomical trait evolution, and links this evolution with woody growth-form transitions and floral and seed trait innovations across the family.
Methods
Over 200 published wood anatomical descriptions were revised, and original light microscopic sections were made and described for another 50 species. Changes in wood anatomical characters through time were visualized with ancestral state reconstructions. Tests for correlated evolution were performed using a combined data set of anatomical and key floral and seed traits to identify potential synnovations and traits associated with growth-form adaptations.
Results
There was a shift toward a suite of wood anatomical traits that separate the rauvolfioids and early-branching apocynoids from the core apocynoids, including an increased presence of vessel multiples, vessel dimorphism, laticifers, vascular (cambial) variants, and paratracheal axial parenchyma. The presence of this trait suite, which continues in Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae, coincides with a progression of floral morphological innovations that evolved on consecutive nodes in the family, and also relates to more frequent transitions toward the climbing and herbaceous habits. In addition, a considerable shortening of vessel elements and fibers along the phylogenetic backbone of the family is correlated with a general reduction in plant size.
Conclusions
There are clear evolutionary transitions in the wood anatomy of Apocynaceae representing structural adaptations across the family that are associated with a quick succession of evolutionary changes of the floral bauplan.
{"title":"Apocynaceae wood evolution matches key morphological innovations","authors":"Vicky Beckers, Mary Endress, Pieter Baas, Erik Smets, Frederic Lens","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16436","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16436","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper provides an overview of the wood anatomy of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), reconstructs wood anatomical trait evolution, and links this evolution with woody growth-form transitions and floral and seed trait innovations across the family.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over 200 published wood anatomical descriptions were revised, and original light microscopic sections were made and described for another 50 species. Changes in wood anatomical characters through time were visualized with ancestral state reconstructions. Tests for correlated evolution were performed using a combined data set of anatomical and key floral and seed traits to identify potential synnovations and traits associated with growth-form adaptations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a shift toward a suite of wood anatomical traits that separate the rauvolfioids and early-branching apocynoids from the core apocynoids, including an increased presence of vessel multiples, vessel dimorphism, laticifers, vascular (cambial) variants, and paratracheal axial parenchyma. The presence of this trait suite, which continues in Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae, coincides with a progression of floral morphological innovations that evolved on consecutive nodes in the family, and also relates to more frequent transitions toward the climbing and herbaceous habits. In addition, a considerable shortening of vessel elements and fibers along the phylogenetic backbone of the family is correlated with a general reduction in plant size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There are clear evolutionary transitions in the wood anatomy of Apocynaceae representing structural adaptations across the family that are associated with a quick succession of evolutionary changes of the floral bauplan.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11584039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142685708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paige M. Henning, Benjamin B. Minkoff, Michael R. Sussman
Premise
A multi-omic approach was used to explore proteins and networks hypothetically important for establishing filament dimorphisms in heterostylous Turnera subulata (Sm.) as an exploratory method to identify genes for future empirical research.
Methods
Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins and differentially phosphorylated peptides in the developing filaments between the L- and S-morphs. RNAseq was used to generate a co-expression network of the developing filaments, MS data were mapped to the co-expression network to identify hypothetical relationships between the S-gene responsible for filament dimorphisms and differentially expressed proteins.
Results
Mapping all MS identified proteins to a co-expression network of the S-morph's developing filaments identified several clusters containing SPH1 and other differentially expressed or phosphorylated proteins. Co-expression analysis clustered CDKG2, a protein that induces endoreduplication, and SPH1—suggesting a shared biological function. MS analysis suggests that the protein is present and phosphorylated only in the S-morph, and thus active only in the S-morph. A series of CDKG2 regulators, including ATM1, and cell cycle regulators also correlated with the presence of reciprocal herkogamy, supporting our interest in the protein.
Conclusions
This work has built a foundation for future empirical work, specifically supporting the role of CDKG2 and ATM1 in promoting filament elongation in response to SPH1 perception.
前提：采用多组学方法探索对建立异株Turnera subulata（Sm.）花丝二态性假设重要的蛋白质和网络，作为一种探索性方法，为未来的实证研究确定基因：方法：采用质谱法（MS）鉴定 L 型和 S 型发育中花丝的差异表达蛋白和差异磷酸化肽。利用 RNAseq 生成发育中花丝的共表达网络，将 MS 数据映射到共表达网络，以确定负责花丝二态性的 S 基因与差异表达蛋白之间的假设关系：结果：将所有质谱鉴定出的蛋白质映射到S-形态发育丝的共表达网络中，发现了几个包含SPH1和其他差异表达或磷酸化蛋白质的簇。共表达分析将CDKG2和SPH1聚集在一起，CDKG2是一种诱导内复制的蛋白质，而SPH1则是一种诱导内复制的蛋白质，这表明SPH1和CDKG2具有共同的生物学功能。质谱分析表明，该蛋白仅在 S-形态中存在并磷酸化，因此仅在 S-形态中具有活性。包括ATM1在内的一系列CDKG2调控因子和细胞周期调控因子也与互作雌雄同体的存在相关，从而支持了我们对该蛋白的兴趣：这项工作为今后的实证工作奠定了基础，特别是支持了 CDKG2 和 ATM1 在响应 SPH1 感知而促进细丝伸长方面的作用。
{"title":"Phosphoproteomic analysis of distylous Turnera subulata identifies pathways related to endoreduplication that correlate with reciprocal herkogamy","authors":"Paige M. Henning, Benjamin B. Minkoff, Michael R. Sussman","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16438","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16438","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A multi-omic approach was used to explore proteins and networks hypothetically important for establishing filament dimorphisms in heterostylous <i>Turnera subulata</i> (Sm.) as an exploratory method to identify genes for future empirical research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins and differentially phosphorylated peptides in the developing filaments between the L- and S-morphs. RNAseq was used to generate a co-expression network of the developing filaments, MS data were mapped to the co-expression network to identify hypothetical relationships between the <i>S</i>-gene responsible for filament dimorphisms and differentially expressed proteins.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mapping all MS identified proteins to a co-expression network of the S-morph's developing filaments identified several clusters containing SPH1 and other differentially expressed or phosphorylated proteins. Co-expression analysis clustered CDKG2, a protein that induces endoreduplication, and SPH1—suggesting a shared biological function. MS analysis suggests that the protein is present and phosphorylated only in the S-morph, and thus active only in the S-morph. A series of CDKG2 regulators, including ATM1, and cell cycle regulators also correlated with the presence of reciprocal herkogamy, supporting our interest in the protein.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work has built a foundation for future empirical work, specifically supporting the role of CDKG2 and ATM1 in promoting filament elongation in response to SPH1 perception.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirk D. Broders, Hernan D. Capador-Barreto, Gloria Iriarte, S. Joseph Wright, Hilario Espinosa, Moritz Baur, Mayra A. Lemus-Peralta, Enith Rojas, Erin R. Spear
Premise
The soils in lowland tropics are teeming with microbial life, which can impact plant community structure and diversity through plant–soil feedbacks. While bacteria and fungi have been the focus of most studies in the tropics, oomycetes may have an outsized effect on seed and seedling health and survival, given their affinity for moister, warmer environments.
Methods
We assessed the diversity and pathogenicity of oomycete species present in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. We used a culture-dependent leaf-baiting assay and culture-independent soil DNA metabarcoding methods to quantify zoospore abundance and species diversity. A subset of the isolates from the baiting assay were used to evaluate pathogenicity and symptom severity on seedlings of three tree species.
Results
Oomycetes were ubiquitous and common members of the soil microbial community in lowland tropical forests, and zoospore abundance was far greater compared to similar studies from temperate and mediterranean forests. The various oomycete species also varied in the ability to infect host plants. Species of Pythium were more virulent, while species of Phytopythium caused less severe symptoms but were more diverse and commonly isolated from the soil. Finally, we found that individual hosts accumulated a distinct oomycete community and was the only factor that had an effect on community structure.
Conclusions
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that oomycetes are ubiquitous, host-generalist pathogens and saprophytes, that can impact seed and seedling survival in lowland tropical forests.
前提：低地热带地区的土壤中充满了微生物，它们会通过植物-土壤反馈作用影响植物群落结构和多样性。虽然细菌和真菌是热带地区大多数研究的重点，但卵菌对种子和幼苗的健康和存活可能有很大的影响，因为它们喜欢潮湿、温暖的环境：我们评估了巴拿马低地热带森林中的卵菌种类的多样性和致病性。方法：我们评估了巴拿马低地热带森林中卵菌种类的多样性和致病性。我们使用了依赖培养的叶片诱饵试验和不依赖培养的土壤 DNA 代谢编码方法来量化孢子数量和种类多样性。诱饵试验中分离出的一部分菌株被用来评估三种树种幼苗的致病性和症状严重程度：结果：在低地热带森林的土壤微生物群落中，卵菌是无处不在的常见成员，与温带和地中海森林的类似研究相比，卵菌的丰度要高得多。各种卵菌感染寄主植物的能力也各不相同。Pythium菌种的毒性更强，而Phytopythium菌种造成的症状较轻，但种类更多，通常从土壤中分离出来。最后，我们发现单个寄主积累了一个独特的卵菌群落，并且是影响群落结构的唯一因素：总之，这些研究结果表明，卵菌纲是一种无处不在的寄主通性病原体和萎缩体，会影响低地热带森林中种子和幼苗的存活。
{"title":"Oomycete communities in lowland tropical forest soils vary in species abundance and comprise saprophytes and pathogens of seeds and seedlings of multiple plant species","authors":"Kirk D. Broders, Hernan D. Capador-Barreto, Gloria Iriarte, S. Joseph Wright, Hilario Espinosa, Moritz Baur, Mayra A. Lemus-Peralta, Enith Rojas, Erin R. Spear","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16425","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16425","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The soils in lowland tropics are teeming with microbial life, which can impact plant community structure and diversity through plant–soil feedbacks. While bacteria and fungi have been the focus of most studies in the tropics, oomycetes may have an outsized effect on seed and seedling health and survival, given their affinity for moister, warmer environments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed the diversity and pathogenicity of oomycete species present in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. We used a culture-dependent leaf-baiting assay and culture-independent soil DNA metabarcoding methods to quantify zoospore abundance and species diversity. A subset of the isolates from the baiting assay were used to evaluate pathogenicity and symptom severity on seedlings of three tree species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oomycetes were ubiquitous and common members of the soil microbial community in lowland tropical forests, and zoospore abundance was far greater compared to similar studies from temperate and mediterranean forests. The various oomycete species also varied in the ability to infect host plants. Species of <i>Pythium</i> were more virulent, while species of <i>Phytopythium</i> caused less severe symptoms but were more diverse and commonly isolated from the soil. Finally, we found that individual hosts accumulated a distinct oomycete community and was the only factor that had an effect on community structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Collectively, these findings demonstrate that oomycetes are ubiquitous, host-generalist pathogens and saprophytes, that can impact seed and seedling survival in lowland tropical forests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"111 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142612477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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