This paper examines issues concerned with the environmental release of genetically-engineered micro-organisms. Besides the obvious social and economic benefits from the technology, genetically-engineered micro-organisms can have considerable beneficial effects on environmental concerns, such as the degradation of pollutants and toxic chemical wastes, and less use of hazardous pesticides and chemicals. There may be uncertain negative effects arising from the technology. The hazards of the technology and possible policy approaches are discussed. It is concluded that, overall, the applications arising from this technology are likely to be benign, because its effects on the environment can largely be anticipated by an increase in scientific knowledge gained from field trials and greater experience with releases.
{"title":"Environmental issues in the planned release of genetically-engineered organisms.","authors":"V Sarma","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper examines issues concerned with the environmental release of genetically-engineered micro-organisms. Besides the obvious social and economic benefits from the technology, genetically-engineered micro-organisms can have considerable beneficial effects on environmental concerns, such as the degradation of pollutants and toxic chemical wastes, and less use of hazardous pesticides and chemicals. There may be uncertain negative effects arising from the technology. The hazards of the technology and possible policy approaches are discussed. It is concluded that, overall, the applications arising from this technology are likely to be benign, because its effects on the environment can largely be anticipated by an increase in scientific knowledge gained from field trials and greater experience with releases.</p>","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"13-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article concludes the series on the use of chromatography for downstream processing. Although it has only scratched the surface when considering the number of parameters involved in process chromatography, it does give a broad overview including the choice of components through process standards. Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology has had more than 15 years experience in the design development and running of large scale chromatographic processes. During this time the company has gathered a vast amount of experience and information on the key points to successful product purification. Pharmacia LKB can advise on the choice of techniques and the development of a separation process up to full production scale.
{"title":"Using chromatography in downstream processing.","authors":"C Becker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article concludes the series on the use of chromatography for downstream processing. Although it has only scratched the surface when considering the number of parameters involved in process chromatography, it does give a broad overview including the choice of components through process standards. Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology has had more than 15 years experience in the design development and running of large scale chromatographic processes. During this time the company has gathered a vast amount of experience and information on the key points to successful product purification. Pharmacia LKB can advise on the choice of techniques and the development of a separation process up to full production scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biotechnology information sources.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The plasmid pND71, which encodes beta-glucosidase (cellobiase) activity, cloned from the cellulolytic Pseudomonad, PS2-2, was mobilized by conjugation into 10 Pseudomonas strains. The highest specific activity was produced by 17498 (pND71) and the properties of the enzyme produced from this transconjugant were studied. The enzyme was shown to be cell associated, to have a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C, a pH optimum of 7.0 and Km values of 1.33 and 2.94 mM for pNPG and cellobiose respectively. It was competitively inhibited by glucose, with a Ki of 30 mM. Evidence was obtained which suggested that the enzyme was produced constitutively and that synthesis was not repressed by glucose. When culture preparations were used in combination with Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and C30 enzyme preparations to saccharify cellulose, 17498 (pND71) was more effective than preparations of PS2-2 in acting synergistically with T. reesei to solubilize more carbohydrate and produce more glucose.
{"title":"Kinetic properties and contribution to cellulose saccharification of a cloned Pseudomonas beta-glucosidase.","authors":"P A Rickard, B A Ghani, R J Lucas, N W Dunn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The plasmid pND71, which encodes beta-glucosidase (cellobiase) activity, cloned from the cellulolytic Pseudomonad, PS2-2, was mobilized by conjugation into 10 Pseudomonas strains. The highest specific activity was produced by 17498 (pND71) and the properties of the enzyme produced from this transconjugant were studied. The enzyme was shown to be cell associated, to have a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C, a pH optimum of 7.0 and Km values of 1.33 and 2.94 mM for pNPG and cellobiose respectively. It was competitively inhibited by glucose, with a Ki of 30 mM. Evidence was obtained which suggested that the enzyme was produced constitutively and that synthesis was not repressed by glucose. When culture preparations were used in combination with Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and C30 enzyme preparations to saccharify cellulose, 17498 (pND71) was more effective than preparations of PS2-2 in acting synergistically with T. reesei to solubilize more carbohydrate and produce more glucose.</p>","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"43-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J M Gunnersen, L F Fowles, J M Snelgar, C A Mitchell, J V Patava, K J Osborne, S M Mahler
{"title":"Downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies.","authors":"J M Gunnersen, L F Fowles, J M Snelgar, C A Mitchell, J V Patava, K J Osborne, S M Mahler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"69-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The distinction between immobilized cell fermentation and immobilized cell biocatalysis is seldom made, though they are conceptually quite different. Unlike immobilized enzyme systems, immobilized viable cells can be used to carry out conventional fermentations. Microbial cells which would otherwise be freely dispersed (in almost colloidal suspension) within the fermentation environment can be encouraged to become attached in some way to a support (carrier), thus producing a discrete particulate solid phase. Such immobilization offers several potential advantages of a process engineering nature to the fermentation system. These include ease of handling and of cell separation, and lowering of bulk viscosity, as well as the obvious potential benefits of increased cell concentration.
{"title":"The role of cell immobilization in fermentation technology.","authors":"C Webb","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distinction between immobilized cell fermentation and immobilized cell biocatalysis is seldom made, though they are conceptually quite different. Unlike immobilized enzyme systems, immobilized viable cells can be used to carry out conventional fermentations. Microbial cells which would otherwise be freely dispersed (in almost colloidal suspension) within the fermentation environment can be encouraged to become attached in some way to a support (carrier), thus producing a discrete particulate solid phase. Such immobilization offers several potential advantages of a process engineering nature to the fermentation system. These include ease of handling and of cell separation, and lowering of bulk viscosity, as well as the obvious potential benefits of increased cell concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"50-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electroporation: a general approach to the introduction of macromolecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.","authors":"K Shigekawa, W J Dower","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"56-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applications of membrane technology in downstream processing in biotechnology.","authors":"S L Paterson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77022,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"63-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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