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American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®最新文献

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Improving efficacy, efficiency and economics of hospice individualized drug therapy 提高临终关怀个体化药物治疗的疗效、效率和经济性
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900213
J. Lycan, P. Grauer, M. Mihalyo, B. Houchen
The rising cost of drug therapy coupled with late referrals and decreasing length of stay is a prescription for financial woes in the capitated hospice health care arena. The drive to provide the best symptom management in endof-life care and still maintain a fiscally sound bottom line highlights a need for examination of the ways that hospices assess individual patient drug therapy and factors that influence drug choices. Performing an individualized drug therapy evaluation promotes effective, efficient, and economical care.
药物治疗费用的上升,加上转诊时间的推迟和住院时间的缩短,是临终关怀医疗保健领域财务困境的一个处方。在临终关怀中提供最好的症状管理,并保持财政健全的底线的驱动力,突出了对临终关怀医院评估个体患者药物治疗的方式和影响药物选择的因素进行检查的必要性。执行个体化药物治疗评估促进有效、高效和经济的护理。
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引用次数: 1
Dying from hematological cancers 死于血液病癌症
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900201
R. Enck
oncologists are also trained in hematology and often care for patients with hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Although there may be little difference in biologic behavior between a leukemic blast cell and a lung cancer cell, there remains a common perception among physicians that dying from relapsed acute leukemia and progressive lung cancer differ. To substantiate this assumption, just review the most recent hematological textbooks for chapters on pain and symptom management as well as psychological treatment and the point will be obvious. Furthermore, the article in this issue of the American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care by Pam McGrath1 validates the idea that patients dying with hematological malignancies are given scant attention in regard to palliative care. In this must-read study, McGrath1 interviewed the mostly female caregivers of 10 predominantly male patients with blood malignancies, i.e., five had acute lymphocytic leukemia, two had acute myeloblastic leukemia, one had chronic myelocytic leukemia, one had chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and one had lymphoma. The qualitative analysis of these interviews was based on the principle of saturation of data, that is, common themes emerge when a number of the participants say the same thing. Several important observations were made from this study including:
肿瘤学家也接受血液学方面的培训,经常治疗血液恶性肿瘤患者,如白血病和淋巴瘤。尽管白血病母细胞和肺癌细胞在生物学行为上可能没有什么不同,但医生们仍然普遍认为死于复发性急性白血病和死于进展性肺癌是不同的。为了证实这一假设,只需回顾最新的血液学教科书中关于疼痛和症状管理以及心理治疗的章节,这一点将是显而易见的。此外,Pam McGrath1在本期《美国临终关怀与姑息治疗杂志》上发表的文章证实了这样一种观点,即死于血液恶性肿瘤的患者在姑息治疗方面很少得到关注。在这项必读的研究中,McGrath1采访了10例以男性为主的血液恶性肿瘤患者的女性护理人员,即5例急性淋巴细胞白血病,2例急性髓细胞白血病,1例慢性髓细胞白血病,1例慢性淋巴细胞白血病,1例淋巴瘤。这些访谈的定性分析是基于数据饱和的原则,也就是说,当一些参与者说同样的事情时,共同的主题就会出现。从这项研究中得出了几个重要的观察结果,包括:
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引用次数: 0
Call for manuscripts 征稿
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900216
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives of relatives and health care workers on care of terminally ill patients in the UK 亲属和卫生保健工作者在英国临终病人护理方面的观点
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900211
P. Ferry, Richard H. Hancock, Cindy Newton, John Taylor, K. Horton
Two parallel questionnaires were used to explore perceptions of health-care workers (HCWs) and the relatives of terminally ill patients on the quality of care received by the patients. There was general agreement between the two groups of respondents in most of the assessed areas. The relatives, however, were more satisfied with the control of pain and psychological symptoms than the HCWs, and the HCWs perceived the control of diarrhea, skin problems, and swallowing problems more positively than did the relatives. There also was some variation between the two groups in their perception of the care received by the relatives during visits at the hospital, with the relatives’ group being more positive. Although HCWs reported that time to deal with patients and their families was inadequate, the relatives’ group was generally satisfied with the standards in place.
采用两份平行调查问卷,探讨卫生保健工作者(HCWs)和绝症患者家属对患者接受的护理质量的看法。在大多数被评估的领域,两组答复者之间的意见普遍一致。然而,家属对疼痛和心理症状的控制比健康护理人员更满意,健康护理人员对腹泻、皮肤问题和吞咽问题的控制比健康护理人员更积极。两组对亲属在医院就诊期间得到的照顾的看法也有一些差异,亲属组更积极。虽然卫生保健员报告说,与病人及其家属打交道的时间不足,但家属小组总体上对现有的标准感到满意。
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引用次数: 3
Palliative sedation vs. terminal sedation: What’s in a name? 姑息性镇静与终末性镇静:名称有什么关系?
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900202
W. Jackson
existential suffering and proposal of clinical guidelines for the sedation of patients with intractable physical, mental or spiritual distress1,2 are cogent, welcome contributions to the field of palliative medicine. His comments contain much to admire, including the emphasis on the patient’s symptoms, not the patient’s death, as the focus of care. His recommendation that the treatment (including drug dosages) be adjusted based on the patient’s symptoms gives this sometimes controversial practice a sensible clinical platform that withstands rigorous ethical investigation (for example, utilizing Jonsen’s four-box method3 of clinical ethical analysis). Content notwithstanding, however, I most admire Rousseau’s reviews for what they lack— the perpetuation of the linguistic quagmire, “terminal sedation.” Attributed to Robert E. Enck, MD,4 the phrase “terminal sedation” is commonly used for the clinical practice of utilizing therapeutic sedation in imminently dying patients, as a means of palliating symptoms which are not ameliorated by other, less aggressive measures. Debate concerning the ethical implications of the practice has been, at times, lively—ranging from case descriptions praising its efficacy and humaneness5 to editorials decrying it as “slow euthanasia.”6,7 For most clinicians, however, the practice seems to be an acceptable method of treating patients with otherwise intractable symptoms, provided that the focus of drug titration is symptom relief, not the patient’s death.8,9 This distinction appeals to the ethical principle of double effect: if the patient’s death is an undesired but anticipated secondary effect of the treatment, this is allowable, as the secondary effect was not intended.10 As this intervention grows in acceptance and in frequency, the use of the term “terminal sedation” to describe it should be abandoned. As Chater et. al. have pointed out,11 the phrase is confusing, in that the object of the adjective “terminal” is not explicit. Does it apply to the sedation (implying that the object of the practice is sedating someone to death) or to the patient (implying that the patient is in the final stage of illness)? Since this ambiguity is always present, the phrase is often interpreted to imply intent to kill. This interpretation has the potential to restrict patient access of state-of-the art palliative care, by leaving patients and families confused about their physicians’ intent, and by leaving physicians fearful that their palliative interventions will be wrongly prejudged as “mercy killing.”12,13 These considerations not withstanding, many authors8,9,14-20 (formerly including Rousseau himself21) have persisted in describing the clinical practice of sedating terminally ill patients with intractable physical, mental, or spiritual distress as terminal sedation. In explaining their position, Quill and Byock maintain that doing so is necessary to distinguish sedation in antemortem care from sedation in other settings (such a
存在的痛苦和临床指南的建议镇静患者顽固性的身体,精神或精神上的痛苦1,2是令人信服的,欢迎对姑息医学领域的贡献。他的评论有很多值得赞赏的地方,包括强调病人的症状,而不是病人的死亡,作为护理的重点。他建议根据患者的症状调整治疗(包括药物剂量),这为这种有时有争议的做法提供了一个合理的临床平台,可以经受严格的伦理调查(例如,使用琼森临床伦理分析的四箱方法)。然而,抛开内容不谈,我最欣赏卢梭的评论,因为它们缺少的东西——语言泥潭的永久化,“最终的镇静”。由医学博士Robert E. Enck提出,4“终末镇静”一词通常用于临床实践中使用治疗性镇静治疗濒临死亡的患者,作为一种缓解症状的手段,其他不那么积极的措施不能改善症状。关于这种做法的伦理含义的争论有时非常激烈——从称赞其有效性和人道性的案例描述到谴责其为“缓慢安乐死”的社论。然而,对于大多数临床医生来说,只要药物滴定的重点是缓解症状,而不是患者的死亡,这种做法似乎是一种可接受的治疗顽固性症状的方法。8,9这种区别符合双重效应的伦理原则:如果病人的死亡是不希望的,但预期的治疗的次要效应,这是允许的,因为次要效应不是预期的随着这种干预在接受度和频率上的增长,应该放弃使用“最终镇静”一词来描述它。正如第11章等人所指出的那样,这个短语是令人困惑的,因为形容词“终端”的宾语并不明确。它是否适用于镇静(暗示这种做法的目的是将某人镇静至死)或患者(暗示患者处于疾病的最后阶段)?由于这种模棱两可总是存在的,这个短语经常被解释为暗示杀人的意图。这种解释可能会限制患者获得最先进的姑息治疗,让患者和家属对医生的意图感到困惑,让医生担心他们的姑息干预会被错误地判断为“安乐死”。12,13尽管有这些考虑,许多作者(以前包括卢梭本人在内)仍然坚持将给患有难以控制的身体、精神或精神痛苦的绝症患者服用镇静剂的临床实践描述为“绝症镇静”。在解释他们的立场时,Quill和Byock坚持认为,这样做是必要的,以区分临终护理中的镇静与其他情况下的镇静(如烧伤患者的治疗),并借给
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引用次数: 33
Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome: An opportunity for palliative care 开胸术后疼痛综合征:姑息治疗的机会
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900203
S. Baumrucker
is a specialty in search of a niche. Referring providers often do not know what palliative care services do, or how they can help them to care for their patients; misconceptions that palliative care is just for patients at end of life or that it is synonymous with anesthesiology pain services abound. It will take years of providing services that improve the quality of life of thousands before palliative care becomes a household word. Identifying syndromes that are easily ameliorated, affect thousands every year, and commonly go untreated or unrecognized would not only be an opportunity to serve patients, but would provide a chance for palliative care to increase its profile. Due to an apparent statistical fluke over the last couple of weeks, our palliative care service has noted an increase in patients presenting with persistent pain after surgical thoracotomy. The patients, who generally have had moderate, persistent pain over the surgical site, following the intercostal space, report burning, tingling, and occasionally sharp pains that are constant and unremitting. These persons often reported that their surgeon told them that post-surgical pain was to be expected and to “live with it.” Until the creation of palliative care services around the country, patients with similar stories often had no other option. New data have emerged, however, that may improve outcomes and decrease patient suffering over the long term. Chronic post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS) is defined as “chronic dysesthetic burning and aching in the general area of the incision that persists at least two months after thoracotomy,”1 and is generally considered to be a post-surgical neuropathic syndrome of one or more intercostal nerves. Up to 60 percent of patients report persistent pain a month after surgery,2 and 35 to 50 percent report pain at one to two years.3 Most patients experience mild to moderate pain; the incidence of severe pain is 3 to 5 percent.4 Given the sheer numbers of thoracotomies performed in this modern age, the data indicate that the number of people suffering chronic sequelae is also large. Women and those with significant pain on post-op day one seem to be at highest risk for PTPS.2 In 1996, Katz followed patients 18 months after lateral thoracotomy and found that early post-operative pain was the only factor that significantly predicted longterm pain.3 The study showed a significant relationship between higher pain scores at 24 and 48 hours and longterm pain. However, cumulative morphine use was similar in both groups. Given that patients with decreased pain in the immediate post-op period had a decreased incidence of long-term pain, it would seem logical that improving post-operative pain control might proactively prevent chronic complications. However, in 2000, Hu published a study that seemed to argue against this concept. Hu’s project, a retrospective review of 159 patients
是一个寻找利基的专业。转诊提供者往往不知道姑息治疗服务是做什么的,也不知道如何帮助姑息治疗服务照顾病人;姑息治疗只适用于临终病人,或等同于麻醉疼痛服务的误解比比皆是。在姑息治疗成为家喻户晓的词汇之前,还需要多年的时间来提供改善成千上万人生活质量的服务。识别容易改善、每年影响数千人、通常未经治疗或未被发现的综合征,不仅是为患者服务的机会,而且将为姑息治疗提供机会,以提高其知名度。由于过去几周明显的统计巧合,我们的姑息治疗服务注意到在开胸手术后出现持续疼痛的患者有所增加。这些患者通常在手术部位有中等、持续的疼痛,在肋间隙之后,报告烧灼感、刺痛,偶尔有持续和持续的尖锐疼痛。这些人经常报告说,他们的外科医生告诉他们,术后疼痛是意料之中的,要“忍受它”。在全国范围内建立姑息治疗服务之前,有类似经历的患者往往没有其他选择。然而,新数据的出现可能会改善结果并减少患者的长期痛苦。慢性开胸后疼痛综合征(PTPS)被定义为“开胸后切口一般区域持续至少两个月的慢性感觉不良灼烧和疼痛”1,通常被认为是一个或多个肋间神经的术后神经性综合征。高达60%的患者在手术后一个月报告持续疼痛,35%到50%的患者在一到两年内报告疼痛大多数患者经历轻度至中度疼痛;剧烈疼痛的发生率为3%至5%考虑到现代开胸手术的绝对数量,数据表明,患有慢性后遗症的人数也很多。女性和术后第一天就有明显疼痛的患者似乎是ptps的高危人群。1996年,Katz对患者进行了18个月的随访,发现术后早期疼痛是唯一能显著预测长期疼痛的因素研究表明,24小时和48小时疼痛评分较高与长期疼痛之间存在显著关系。然而,两组的累积吗啡使用情况相似。考虑到术后疼痛减轻的患者长期疼痛发生率降低,改善术后疼痛控制可能主动预防慢性并发症似乎是合乎逻辑的。然而,在2000年,胡发表了一项研究,似乎反对这一概念。胡的项目,对159名患者进行了回顾性研究
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引用次数: 5
Book Review: Pilgrim Heart: The Inner Journey Home 书评:《朝圣者的心:回家的内心旅程》
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900113
T. A. Welk
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引用次数: 2
Management of symptomatic ascites in recurrent ovarian cancer patients using an intra-abdominal semi-permanent catheter 腹腔内半永久性导尿管治疗复发性卵巢癌患者的症状性腹水
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900108
Tara D Iyengar, T. Herzog
Ascites is commonly present in women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer. No standardized protocol exists for the treatment of the patient with recurrent ovarian cancer and rapidly reaccumulating malignant ascites. Palliation of symptoms is most commonly achieved through repeated paracentesis, a procedure that potentially results in injury to intra-abdominal organs, infection, and patient discomfort. Our goal was to improve patient comfort by alleviating symptoms and reducing the need for paracentesis. The Pleurx ® catheter offers a number of potential advantages over traditional treatment modalities. Clearly, larger study numbers are required to quantify the morbidity associated with the Pleurx ® catheter.
腹水常见于晚期卵巢癌患者。对于复发性卵巢癌和快速复发的恶性腹水患者,目前尚无标准的治疗方案。症状的缓解通常是通过反复穿刺来实现的,这一过程可能导致腹腔内器官损伤、感染和患者不适。我们的目标是通过减轻症状和减少穿刺的需要来改善患者的舒适度。与传统治疗方式相比,Pleurx®导管具有许多潜在优势。显然,需要更大的研究数据来量化与Pleurx®导管相关的发病率。
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引用次数: 32
Hospice marketing and outreach to the orthodox Jewish community revisited 临终关怀的营销和延伸到正统的犹太社区重新审视
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900111
A. Gordon
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引用次数: 0
Overcoming the tendency to lie to dying patients 克服对垂死病人撒谎的倾向
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/104990910201900107
Matt Stolick
A meaningful death can be fostered for a patient and his or her family with the aid of medical treatment, specifically through the alleviation of the patient’s suffering and pain. To recognize the dying process is a part of the art of medicine. Compassionate care for dying patients includes a move from a curative model of care to a palliative model of care in defining the primary goal. Hospice volunteer training and practice is sufficient palliative care training to develop these skills. The time has come for incorporating palliative care into the curriculum of medical school.
在医学治疗的帮助下,特别是通过减轻病人的痛苦和痛苦,可以培养病人和他或她的家人有意义的死亡。认识到死亡的过程是医学艺术的一部分。临终病人的同情心护理包括在确定主要目标时从治疗性护理模式向姑息性护理模式的转变。临终关怀志愿者的培训和实践足以培养这些技能。将姑息治疗纳入医学院课程的时机已经到来。
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引用次数: 12
期刊
American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®
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