Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.15
L. Ksanfomality, A. Selivanov, Yury M. Gektin
We present the results of new processing the archival telemetry data, returned from the surface of Venus by the VENERA spacecraft landers in 1975 and 1982. Reprocessing of the unique data with up-to-date techniques resulted in substantial improvement of the level of details. New analysis of the VENERA television images led to detection and identification of a dozen of hypothetical living-like objects. Many objects with a complex regular structure and presumably very slow motions (in the case of hypothetical fauna) have been found. These sizable objects may potentially indicate the existence of life on Venus with its radically different physical conditions. We call for a new special mission, much more sophisticated than the VENERA missions (1975–1982), should be urgently carried out to investigate the hypothetical life on Venus.
{"title":"Hypothetical Flora and Fauna on the Planet Venus Found by Revision of the TV Experiment Data (1975–1982)","authors":"L. Ksanfomality, A. Selivanov, Yury M. Gektin","doi":"10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.15","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of new processing the archival telemetry data, returned from the surface of Venus by the VENERA spacecraft landers in 1975 and 1982. Reprocessing of the unique data with up-to-date techniques resulted in substantial improvement of the level of details. New analysis of the VENERA television images led to detection and identification of a dozen of hypothetical living-like objects. Many objects with a complex regular structure and presumably very slow motions (in the case of hypothetical fauna) have been found. These sizable objects may potentially indicate the existence of life on Venus with its radically different physical conditions. We call for a new special mission, much more sophisticated than the VENERA missions (1975–1982), should be urgently carried out to investigate the hypothetical life on Venus.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"383 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85487858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.16
A. V. Seryakov
The results of flow studies of moist vapour in Laval-liked vapour channels of short linear heat pipes (HPs) are presented. The increase in heat transfer coefficient of short linear HPs, intended for creation the cooling systems of heat-stressed designs of spacecraft is carried out by making the HPs vapour channel forms of the Laval-liked nozzle. Comparison of the heat transfer coefficients of short HPs with the standard cylindrical vapour channel and the channel, made in the Laval nozzle form with the equality of all dimensions, flat evaporator shows that the HPs with the Laval-liked nozzle vapour channel exceeds the heat transfer characteristics of the standard HPs with a cylindrical vapour channel under high thermal loads. The study of the flow and condensation in such shaped vapour channels of the short HPs at high thermal loads gives an opportunity to analyze in detail the advantages of using such HPs. Capacitive sensors are additionally installed in cooled top covers of the HPs, and electromagnetic pulses with a frequency of 100 kHz were supplied to them from the external generator. At heating the HPs evaporator, starting from a certain thermal power threshold value, electromagnetic pulses became modulated. It is related with the formations of the boiling process in the capillary-porous evaporator and large amount of vapour over it and its discontinuous distribution. An analytical and numerical evaluation are applied to study the duration of the occurring pulsations, and the analytical results are compared with numerical and experimentally obtained values of the pulsations periods.
{"title":"Intensification of Heat Transfer Processes in the Low Temperature Short Heat Pipes with Laval Nozzle Formed Vapour Channel","authors":"A. V. Seryakov","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.16","url":null,"abstract":"The results of flow studies of moist vapour in Laval-liked vapour channels of short linear heat pipes (HPs) are presented. The increase in heat transfer coefficient of short linear HPs, intended for creation the cooling systems of heat-stressed designs of spacecraft is carried out by making the HPs vapour channel forms of the Laval-liked nozzle. Comparison of the heat transfer coefficients of short HPs with the standard cylindrical vapour channel and the channel, made in the Laval nozzle form with the equality of all dimensions, flat evaporator shows that the HPs with the Laval-liked nozzle vapour channel exceeds the heat transfer characteristics of the standard HPs with a cylindrical vapour channel under high thermal loads. The study of the flow and condensation in such shaped vapour channels of the short HPs at high thermal loads gives an opportunity to analyze in detail the advantages of using such HPs. Capacitive sensors are additionally installed in cooled top covers of the HPs, and electromagnetic pulses with a frequency of 100 kHz were supplied to them from the external generator. At heating the HPs evaporator, starting from a certain thermal power threshold value, electromagnetic pulses became modulated. It is related with the formations of the boiling process in the capillary-porous evaporator and large amount of vapour over it and its discontinuous distribution. An analytical and numerical evaluation are applied to study the duration of the occurring pulsations, and the analytical results are compared with numerical and experimentally obtained values of the pulsations periods.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"90 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81536151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.14
V. Ivanov, I. Turchanovsky
Description of mathematical model for the fringe fields in photo detectors based on microchannel plates (MCP) is given. Normally the fringe field calculation requires complex and time-consuming computations using three-dimensional commercial codes. The original semi-analytic model suggested in the paper. This model is based on the mapping procedure for pre-calculated universal fringe field patterns for channels with specific values of the diameter and applied voltages. A fast algorithm can be used for metal channels with metal deposition on the edge and without it. Comparisons of numerical and experimental data are given. The dependencies of major device parameters vs. of applied voltage, pore size, and magnetic field magnitude have been studied.
{"title":"Influence of the Fringe Fields in Microchannel Amplifiers Design","authors":"V. Ivanov, I. Turchanovsky","doi":"10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.14","url":null,"abstract":"Description of mathematical model for the fringe fields in photo detectors based on microchannel plates (MCP) is given. Normally the fringe field calculation requires complex and time-consuming computations using three-dimensional commercial codes. The original semi-analytic model suggested in the paper. This model is based on the mapping procedure for pre-calculated universal fringe field patterns for channels with specific values of the diameter and applied voltages. A fast algorithm can be used for metal channels with metal deposition on the edge and without it. Comparisons of numerical and experimental data are given. The dependencies of major device parameters vs. of applied voltage, pore size, and magnetic field magnitude have been studied.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87104042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The equilibrium condition and kinetics of the sorption of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ions with Amberlite IRC 748 (with iminodiacetic group, Na + ), Duolite C 467 (with amino-fosfon group, Na + ), Dowex MAC-3 (with carboxyl group, H + ) and Amberlite IR 120 (with sulpho-group, H + ) cationites have been studied and thermodynamic parameters of the processes have been calculated on the basis of data gained from the equilibrium and kinetic studies. Sorption isotherms have been organized and relevant equations have been suggested. It has been defined that the kinetics of the processes in the selected concentrations under the control of the internal diffusion. Kinetic parameters have been calculated and it has been noted that heat release and entropy reduction are managed with enthalpy factor.
{"title":"The Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ Sorption in Sorbents with Different Functional Groups","authors":"Abbasov Aliaddin Dayyanoglu, Mamedova Fizza Sadikhkizi","doi":"10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20180701.12","url":null,"abstract":"The equilibrium condition and kinetics of the sorption of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ions with Amberlite IRC 748 (with iminodiacetic group, Na + ), Duolite C 467 (with amino-fosfon group, Na + ), Dowex MAC-3 (with carboxyl group, H + ) and Amberlite IR 120 (with sulpho-group, H + ) cationites have been studied and thermodynamic parameters of the processes have been calculated on the basis of data gained from the equilibrium and kinetic studies. Sorption isotherms have been organized and relevant equations have been suggested. It has been defined that the kinetics of the processes in the selected concentrations under the control of the internal diffusion. Kinetic parameters have been calculated and it has been noted that heat release and entropy reduction are managed with enthalpy factor.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83870614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.11
Akpan J. Essien
Mechanical, acoustical, and neurophysiological investigations in music, acoustics, and auditory perception repose on the Pythagorean string ratio theory of musical pitch intervals (6 th century B.C). Recently, the mechanical validity of the string ratio theory and its psychological import have been challenged and denied on grounds of invariance. In this regard, Essien (2014) demonstrated experimentally that, contrary to established tradition in physics of sound, the tension of a string is not constant when string length is modified even though the balanced-force exerted on the string is held constant. The data revealed the existence of two sources of force in a vibrating string: (1) The oppositely-directed force applied externally to the string (labelled F ex); (2) The force that is the intrinsic property of the string (labelled F in). The latter is the missing parameter in Pythagorean auditory psychophysics. The omission lured researchers into acoustics and neurophysiology of pitch without an invariant physical correlate of pitch. Essien’s (2014) data showed that all transformations to string length or the balanced-force exerted on a string are various ways to modify the string’s resistance to deformation. Thus, the force in a string varies inversely with string length even though F ex is held constant. In the present paper, string length is shown to have very little or no effect at all on a string’s vibrational frequency and subjective pitch. Because psychoacoustic theories of hearing are founded on the string ratio theory, the data not only offer the missing psychological element that deprived the string ratio theory of a scientific status, but also refute both Ohm’s acoustical law (1843) and Helmholtz’s resonance theory (1877). The force in a string is portrayed as the mechanical parameter in control of pitch regardless of vibrational frequency or spectral structure. Implications for future research in musical acoustics and auditory perception are discussed.
{"title":"The Mechanical Invariance Factor in Musical Acoustics and Perception (Revisited)","authors":"Akpan J. Essien","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.11","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical, acoustical, and neurophysiological investigations in music, acoustics, and auditory perception repose on the Pythagorean string ratio theory of musical pitch intervals (6 th century B.C). Recently, the mechanical validity of the string ratio theory and its psychological import have been challenged and denied on grounds of invariance. In this regard, Essien (2014) demonstrated experimentally that, contrary to established tradition in physics of sound, the tension of a string is not constant when string length is modified even though the balanced-force exerted on the string is held constant. The data revealed the existence of two sources of force in a vibrating string: (1) The oppositely-directed force applied externally to the string (labelled F ex); (2) The force that is the intrinsic property of the string (labelled F in). The latter is the missing parameter in Pythagorean auditory psychophysics. The omission lured researchers into acoustics and neurophysiology of pitch without an invariant physical correlate of pitch. Essien’s (2014) data showed that all transformations to string length or the balanced-force exerted on a string are various ways to modify the string’s resistance to deformation. Thus, the force in a string varies inversely with string length even though F ex is held constant. In the present paper, string length is shown to have very little or no effect at all on a string’s vibrational frequency and subjective pitch. Because psychoacoustic theories of hearing are founded on the string ratio theory, the data not only offer the missing psychological element that deprived the string ratio theory of a scientific status, but also refute both Ohm’s acoustical law (1843) and Helmholtz’s resonance theory (1877). The force in a string is portrayed as the mechanical parameter in control of pitch regardless of vibrational frequency or spectral structure. Implications for future research in musical acoustics and auditory perception are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"58 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83375766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.13
A. Abaza
A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation. It is used for human radiation protection as a measurement of dose in both medical and industrial processes. This study aimed to identify and highlight the new technology in the types of radiation dosimeters. The study comprises a personal selection of recent reports from radiology journals and Medline searches which highlighted the new trend in radiation dosimeters. Radiation dosimeters and dosimetry systems come in many shapes and forms. They rely on numerous physical effects for storage and readout of the dosimetric signal. The four most commonly used radiation dosimeters are: Ionization chambers; Radiographic films; Thermoluminescent dosimeter systems (TLDs); Silicon diode dosimetry systems (Diodes). There are a variety of electronic dosimetry systems that can monitor any work environment. Electronic dosimeters protect the wearer from the harmful effects of radiation by tracking changes in exposure and keeping an ongoing record of the user’s dose over time. Combined with access control systems, it is possible to limit total exposure to radiation and control access to radiological areas. Dosimetry readers, ensure accurate radiation exposure monitoring. Manual and automated systems for whole body, extremity, neutron, and environmental monitoring are easy to operate, service, and maintain. Extremity dosimeter is a disk dosimeter designed for nuclear power or nuclear medicine personnel that have a high risk of exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly on their hands, due to their work in close proximity to radiation materials and radiation producing equipment.
{"title":"New Trend in Radiation Dosimeters","authors":"A. Abaza","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.20180701.13","url":null,"abstract":"A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation. It is used for human radiation protection as a measurement of dose in both medical and industrial processes. This study aimed to identify and highlight the new technology in the types of radiation dosimeters. The study comprises a personal selection of recent reports from radiology journals and Medline searches which highlighted the new trend in radiation dosimeters. Radiation dosimeters and dosimetry systems come in many shapes and forms. They rely on numerous physical effects for storage and readout of the dosimetric signal. The four most commonly used radiation dosimeters are: Ionization chambers; Radiographic films; Thermoluminescent dosimeter systems (TLDs); Silicon diode dosimetry systems (Diodes). There are a variety of electronic dosimetry systems that can monitor any work environment. Electronic dosimeters protect the wearer from the harmful effects of radiation by tracking changes in exposure and keeping an ongoing record of the user’s dose over time. Combined with access control systems, it is possible to limit total exposure to radiation and control access to radiological areas. Dosimetry readers, ensure accurate radiation exposure monitoring. Manual and automated systems for whole body, extremity, neutron, and environmental monitoring are easy to operate, service, and maintain. Extremity dosimeter is a disk dosimeter designed for nuclear power or nuclear medicine personnel that have a high risk of exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly on their hands, due to their work in close proximity to radiation materials and radiation producing equipment.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"121 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83408600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.17
M. Fähnle
A Lorentz force is generally exerted on a moving charged particle in an external magnetic field. But it is often asked whether also a neutral atom can feel a Lorentz force when moving straightly in an external magnetic field. It is shown that this is definitely not the case.
{"title":"A neutral atom moving in an external magnetic field does not feel a Lorentz force","authors":"M. Fähnle","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.17","url":null,"abstract":"A Lorentz force is generally exerted on a moving charged particle in an external magnetic field. But it is often asked whether also a neutral atom can feel a Lorentz force when moving straightly in an external magnetic field. It is shown that this is definitely not the case.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"34 1","pages":"153-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76761978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-10DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.16
T. Kriz
The initial state of the cosmos is analytically modeled as a radiation filled spherical cavity that expands from a singularity to later act as a clock and energy source in support of a 3-stage, radiation to a quark-hadron based, decoupling process. The model thereby avoids a need for Inflation and the presence of matter at start-up and during the radiation dominated phase, but nevertheless remains strongly consistent with attributes of the Guth Inflationary model. At decoupling, only quark family #1 with up-down attributes has adequate energy to successfully complete decoupling. Earlier in a 3-stage process, attempts at hadronization by quark families #2 and #3 fail due to large quark size and binding energy requirements that exceed the available radiation energy supply. These attempts decay rapidly to take a quark family #1 form. Decoupling is further modeled as half-spin based radiation resonance forms that are linked, via particle time dilation, to matter based micro-black-holes.
{"title":"An Energy Based Analysis of the Quark/Hadron Impact on Cosmic Decoupling","authors":"T. Kriz","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.16","url":null,"abstract":"The initial state of the cosmos is analytically modeled as a radiation filled spherical cavity that expands from a singularity to later act as a clock and energy source in support of a 3-stage, radiation to a quark-hadron based, decoupling process. The model thereby avoids a need for Inflation and the presence of matter at start-up and during the radiation dominated phase, but nevertheless remains strongly consistent with attributes of the Guth Inflationary model. At decoupling, only quark family #1 with up-down attributes has adequate energy to successfully complete decoupling. Earlier in a 3-stage process, attempts at hadronization by quark families #2 and #3 fail due to large quark size and binding energy requirements that exceed the available radiation energy supply. These attempts decay rapidly to take a quark family #1 form. Decoupling is further modeled as half-spin based radiation resonance forms that are linked, via particle time dilation, to matter based micro-black-holes.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"11 1","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79820320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-31DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.15
K. Szostek, R. Szostek
At present, it is believed that the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) is the only theory explaining the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. This article proved that another theory in accordance with these experiments is possible. In this article, we derive the new theory of kinematics of bodies from the universal frame of reference (UFR, ether), which we called the Special Theory of Ether (STE). The article explains why Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments could not detect the universal frame of reference. In article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. The formula for summation of speeds for absolute speed has been derived. Based on the derived transformation, we derive the formula for the velocity of light in vacuum measured in any inertial reference system. The entire article contains only original research conducted by its authors.
{"title":"Derivation of Transformation and One-Way Speed of Light in Kinematics of Special Theory of Ether","authors":"K. Szostek, R. Szostek","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.20170606.15","url":null,"abstract":"At present, it is believed that the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) is the only theory explaining the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. This article proved that another theory in accordance with these experiments is possible. In this article, we derive the new theory of kinematics of bodies from the universal frame of reference (UFR, ether), which we called the Special Theory of Ether (STE). The article explains why Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments could not detect the universal frame of reference. In article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. The formula for summation of speeds for absolute speed has been derived. Based on the derived transformation, we derive the formula for the velocity of light in vacuum measured in any inertial reference system. The entire article contains only original research conducted by its authors.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"78 1","pages":"140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88565377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.11648/J.AJMP.S.2017060401.14
R. Santilli
In this paper, we outline the main features of the chemical species of magnecules and their magnecular bond; we then present, apparently for the first time, experimental evidence via three different analytic methods at different laboratories on the capability by suitably polarized Hydrogen atoms to have a magnecular bond to ordinary molecules; and we submit, also apparently for the first time, a tentative model of the liquid state of water with an explicitly identified attractive force between the water molecules consisting of magnecular bonds between opposing polarities of the toroidal configurations of the orbits of the valence electrons of water molecules, for which the boiling temperature is the Curie temperature of the magnecular bond as established for other magnecular species. We finally point out the environmental and industrial significance of the achievement of a quantitative structure model of the water liquid state due to its extension to gasoline and other liquid fuels with ensuing possibilities to improve their combustion.
{"title":"A Tentative Magnecular Model of Liquid Water with an Explicit Attractive Force Between Water Molecules","authors":"R. Santilli","doi":"10.11648/J.AJMP.S.2017060401.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJMP.S.2017060401.14","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we outline the main features of the chemical species of magnecules and their magnecular bond; we then present, apparently for the first time, experimental evidence via three different analytic methods at different laboratories on the capability by suitably polarized Hydrogen atoms to have a magnecular bond to ordinary molecules; and we submit, also apparently for the first time, a tentative model of the liquid state of water with an explicitly identified attractive force between the water molecules consisting of magnecular bonds between opposing polarities of the toroidal configurations of the orbits of the valence electrons of water molecules, for which the boiling temperature is the Curie temperature of the magnecular bond as established for other magnecular species. We finally point out the environmental and industrial significance of the achievement of a quantitative structure model of the water liquid state due to its extension to gasoline and other liquid fuels with ensuing possibilities to improve their combustion.","PeriodicalId":7717,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Modern Physics","volume":"29 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85714074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：