American journal of veterinary research最新文献

Objective: To compare the investigation, management, and outcome, including medication adverse effects, of nonassociative immune-mediated polyarthritis cases when referred to different specialist disciplines.

Methods: A retrospective observational review of medical records from 4 United Kingdom referral centers (2018 through 2022) was conducted. Dogs were included if they had nondegenerative neutrophilic inflammation in synovial fluid from > 2 joints and associated disease was not evident. Data on clinical signs, diagnostic tests, treatment, and adverse effects were collected. Remission at 12 months and relapse were recorded.

Results: 83 dogs met the inclusion data. Cases referred to internal medicine underwent more diagnostic procedures, received lower initial prednisolone doses, and were more commonly prescribed adjunctive immunosuppressives compared to neurology (effect size, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.57:OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 0.6 to 216) and orthopedics (effect size, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.53:OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 0.5 to 185). There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse effects with prednisolone dose, referral service, or adjunct immunosuppressant use. Remission at 12 months was not significantly associated with referral service, corticosteroid dose, or adjunctive immunosuppressant use.

Conclusions: The management of nonassociative immune-mediated polyarthritis varies significantly across specialist disciplines. Despite differences in treatment strategies, adverse effects were common and not significantly associated with corticosteroid dose or adjunct use.

Clinical relevance: Further controlled prospective studies should focus on optimizing treatment protocols to improve outcomes and minimize complications in this challenging disease.

Obectives: The present study aimed to assess the antitrematodal activity of Citrus aurantium seed and peel ethanolic extracts and limonene in vitro and in vivo against the dog trematode (Mesostephanus spp).

Methods: In the in vitro study, Adult Mesostephanus spp were exposed to varying concentrations of C aurantium fruit peel and seed ethanolic extract, as well as limonene concentrations, the immobility index was measured, and the morphological changes were studied. In the in vivo study, 30 domestic dogs were divided into 6 groups, with 5 dogs in each group. The infected group was treated with C aurantium peel extract at 150 and 300 mg/kg, and the efficacy was assessed by calculating the percentage of the efficacy reduction in fecal egg count. The study was conducted from January 1 to April 1, 2023.

Results: Histological analysis and scanning electron microscope observations revealed distinct surface architecture deformities in treated parasites, including shrinkage, vacuolization, blebbing, and peeling of the tegument of worms. In the in vivo study, C aurantium peels at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg dose dependently showed efficacy rates, reaching 80.92% and 98.56%, respectively. These outcomes were comparable to those obtained with the standard anthelmintic drug praziquantel, which exhibited 100% efficacy by day 28 of the experiment.

Conclusions: The present study provides strong evidence that C aurantium peel extract and its principal component, limonene, exhibit significant anthelmintic efficacy against Mesostephanus spp in dogs. These findings highlight their potential as promising natural alternatives to conventional chemotherapeutics.

Clinical relevance: The study presents a natural and cost-effective alternative to conventional anthelmintics. However, since safety and toxicity were not evaluated in this study, the conclusions regarding the therapeutic applicability should be considered preliminary.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single IM dose (2 mg/kg) in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber).

Methods: In the spring of 2025, following a pilot study to determine appropriate dosage, clinically healthy Caribbean flamingos under human care at a zoological institution received a single IM dose of robenacoxib (2 mg/kg) in the left pectoral muscle. Blood samples were collected under manual restraint using a sparse-sampling protocol, where each individual was sampled twice. Samples were collected from the right jugular vein at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were determined using HPLC-MS. A naïve pooled approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis.

Results: 12 flamingos were included in this study. A maximal plasma concentration of 3.51 µg/mL (range, 0.083 to 4.83 µg/mL) was observed at 15 minutes after robenacoxib administration. The plasma terminal half-life was 1.10 hours.

Conclusions: IM administration of robenacoxib (2 mg/kg) in Caribbean flamingos results in rapid absorption, with high plasma concentrations reached at 15 minutes, and has a short plasma terminal half-life.

Clinical relevance: A 2-mg/kg IM dose of robenacoxib in Caribbean flamingos results in maximum plasma concentrations above those considered therapeutic in domestic species with no adverse effects of administration.

Objective: To describe the clinical effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy using a dual-wavelength near-infrared laser (Multiwave Locked System; Asa Srl) as adjunctive treatment in dogs with calcinosis cutis (CC).

Animals: 3 client-owned dogs presented to 2 referral veterinary hospitals from 2022 through 2023 were included. Cases were identified retrospectively via medical record review. Inclusion criteria were clinical and cytological features consistent with CC and histopathological examination when available, diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) based on clinical signs and diagnostic workup, availability of sufficient clinical records and photographic documentation, and owner consent for PBM therapy. Photobiomodulation was applied following a standardized protocol in scanning mode with a 2-cm collimated handpiece (approx 3-cm2 spot): 3 sessions during week 1, every 72 hours in week 2, and then weekly with 4 J/cm2 at the first session and 2.03 J/cm2 thereafter.

Clinical presentation: Included dogs were a 5-year-old male Labrador Retriever and an 8-year-old male English Bulldog with naturally occurring HAC and a 3-year-old female German Shepherd with iatrogenic HAC. All presented with dermatologic lesions compatible with CC (erythematous-crusted plaques, erosive-ulcerative lesions, and/or papules).

Results: 2 dogs achieved complete lesion resolution with hair regrowth within 7 to 12 weeks; the third showed partial improvement. No adverse events occurred.

Clinical relevance: Findings, although based on a limited number of cases, suggest a potential supportive role for PBM in the management of CC. Controlled studies are warranted to establish standardized treatment parameters and clarify its role in CC.

Objective: To assess the correlation, agreement, and trending ability between external jugular venous oxygen saturation (SejvO2) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) across varying hemodynamic states in anesthetized dogs.

Methods: This prospective, nonrandomized, repeated-measures study included 6 healthy dogs. Each dog was anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated. Six sequential hemodynamic states were induced: baseline, controlled hemorrhage, isotonic crystalloid resuscitation, autotransfusion, continuous rate infusion of dobutamine, and administration of high-concentration isoflurane. Simultaneous blood samples were collected from a central venous catheter and an external jugular venous catheter. Paired SejvO2 and ScvO2 values were analyzed for correlation, agreement, and trending ability.

Results: 36 paired samples were obtained. External jugular venous oxygen saturation and ScvO2 were strongly correlated (r = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.84). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias of -4.47% (95% CI, -7.34% to -1.60%) with limits of agreement from -14.25% (95% CI, -17.70% to -10.81%) to 5.31% (95% CI, 1.87% to 8.76%), exceeding the predefined ± 8% threshold. The concordance rate was 66.7% (95% CI, 47.2% to 82.7%) and improved to 87.5% (95% CI, 61.7% to 98.4%) when applying an exclusion zone of ± 5%, indicating moderate trending ability.

Conclusions: SejvO2 correlated strongly with ScvO2 but lacked sufficient agreement for direct substitution. However, it demonstrated moderate ability to track directional changes under different hemodynamic conditions.

Clinical relevance: SejvO2 may serve as a less invasive option for serial monitoring of oxygen balance when direct ScvO2 measurement is not feasible, supporting its potential role in critical care monitoring.

Objective: To determine median survival time using predefined creatinine percentage changes after SC ureteral bypass (SUB) placement.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Data from cats admitted for SUB placement were collected between 2015 and 2022 from a single referral hospital. Serum creatinine values at presentation and at 24 and 48 hours after SUB placement and outcome data (dead or alive) were extracted, and percentage change was calculated. Cats with incomplete datasets or nonbenign obstruction were excluded. A priori decreases of 25% and 50% were regarded as acceptable changes at 24 or 48 hours, respectively. Median survival times were approximated using Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results: Records from 21 of 30 cats (14 female, 7 male) that were a median of 8 (7 to 10) years old had complete datasets for analysis. Median survival times were 241 (8, 719) and 989 (989, 1,510) days for cats that did not and did achieve the predefined decrease at 24 hours, respectively. Median survival times were 225 (8, 387) and 989 (2, 1,510) days for cats that did not and did achieve the predefined decrease at 48 hours, respectively. The overall median survival time was 387 (119, 989) days regardless of achieving the predefined percentage decreases.

Conclusions: The median survival time was significantly longer in cats that achieved or exceeded the predefined percentage reduction in creatinine at 24 or 48 hours after SUB placement.

Clinical relevance: Evaluating percentage changes in serial serum creatinine after SUB placement can be useful to indicate survival and longevity.

Objective: To assess horse owners' behaviors and perceptions regarding communication about complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) with their veterinarian.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was combined with a qualitative study in the form of in-depth interviews with Flemish horse owners.

Results: The study included 1,532 fully completed survey responses and 26 interviews. Overall, horse owners showed high trust in the veterinarian and were satisfied with veterinarian-client communication. While 61.7% of participants indicated that they had already talked about CAVM with their veterinarian, 25.1% of CAVM users had not discussed this with their veterinarian. The qualitative study revealed that nondisclosure of CAVM usage was associated with (1) horse owners' desire for autonomy and their sense of responsibility for their horse's health and (2) factors related to the owners' perceptions of veterinarians (eg, fear of negative reactions and a perceived lack of knowledge about CAVM in veterinarians). Owners wanted to be treated with respect and expected veterinarians to have a basic knowledge about CAVM and to initiate the conversation about CAVM.

Conclusions: Veterinarian-client communication about CAVM is common, although disclosure does not always happen before CAVM usage due to owner-related factors and their perception of the veterinarian's reaction or response.

Clinical relevance: Nondisclosure of CAVM may pose a risk for the animal's welfare due to potential side effects, interaction with other treatments, or delayed conventional treatment. A relationship-centered approach may increase disclosure by taking into account the clients' experiences, values, concerns, and expectations.

Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetics in blood and plasma and determine residue profiles of IV-administered methylene blue (MB) to support withdrawal interval (WDI) recommendations.

Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized pharmacokinetic and residue study using noncompartmental analysis. The study took place from May 2023 through December 2023. Eight Holstein-cross cattle (4 steers, 2 heifers, 2 cows; ages, 5.4 to 6 months for steers and heifers and approx 5.5 years for cows; mean weights, 198 to 495 kg) were housed individually with controlled diet and water access. Animals received 6 mg/kg of compounded 2.5% MB IV. Blood and plasma samples were collected for 72 hours. Milk samples were collected twice daily. At 3 and 6 days after dose, tissue samples were collected after euthanasia. Drug concentrations were measured via UPLC-MS-MS assay. Withdrawal interval estimates used modified FDA tolerance limits and European Medicines Agency time-to-safe-concentration methods.

Results: MB was rapidly eliminated, with plasma concentrations below the limit of quantification by 12 hours and blood by 24 hours. No residues were detected in any tissues at sampling times. Milk concentrations were detected at approximately 12 hours (0.084 ± 0.04 µg/mL). Milk WDI estimates were 89 hours and approximately 5 days based on the modified FDA and European Medicines Agency approaches, respectively.

Conclusions: IV MB at 6 mg/kg in cattle was well tolerated, eliminated rapidly, and produced no tissue residues at 3 or 6 days.

Clinical relevance: Data suggest that compounded MB at this dose and route as an emergency antidote poses no food safety concerns provided WDIs of 5 days for milk and 6 days for meat are recommended to producers.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic utility of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) as a renal biomarker in red pandas (Ailurus fulgens spp) by investigating the correlation between SDMA and creatinine. The relationship between these biomarkers and severity of tubulointerstitial disease, determined by a histologic scoring system, was also evaluated. Reference intervals were developed for SDMA and creatinine.

Methods: Banked serum samples (n = 217) from red pandas (100) housed at 15 zoos were collected for creatinine and SDMA analysis. Renal tissue was available for histologic analysis in 26 deceased red pandas. A histologic scoring system was adapted for red pandas using a published scoring system for dogs. The relationship between serum creatinine, SDMA, and histologic renal score was determined for 16 individuals. One hundred and five serum samples from 57 red pandas with no evidence of renal disease based on review of medical records were utilized to develop reference intervals for SDMA and creatinine.

Results: SDMA and creatinine had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.553; P < .0001). Both SDMA (r = 0.515; P = .041) and creatinine (r = 0.511; P = .043) had a statistically significant correlation with histologic renal score. The reference intervals for creatinine and SDMA were determined to be 0.42 to 1.08 mg/dL and 7.50 to 25.38 μg/dL, respectively.

Conclusions: SDMA had a significant correlation with both creatinine and renal score, supporting its use as a renal biomarker in this species.

Clinical relevance: This study supports the use of SDMA for health surveillance and provides reference intervals for SDMA and creatinine in red pandas.