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[Knotting of a peridural catheter]. [硬膜外导尿管打结]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-12-01
H W Striebel, D Dopjans

We report a patient who was given continuous epidural anesthesia due to painful contractions during delivery of a child after intrauterine fetal death. Placement of the catheter and repeated reinjections were carried out without problems, however, during withdrawal of the catheter it could only be pulled 1-2 cm until there was enormous resistance. An X-ray film showed knotting of the catheter in the epidural space. Firm pulling finally allowed complete withdrawal of the catheter. Insertion of the catheter too far into the epidural space initially must be considered as a possible cause. As this complication rarely occurs, we consider this case worth reporting.

我们报告一个病人谁是持续硬膜外麻醉,由于痛苦的宫缩分娩后,宫内胎儿死亡的孩子。导管的放置和反复回注均无问题,但在拔出导管时,导管只能拔出1-2 cm,直至出现巨大阻力。x线片显示导管在硬膜外腔打结。牢固的牵拉最终使导管完全拔出。最初将导管插入硬膜外空间太远必须被认为是一个可能的原因。由于这种并发症很少发生,我们认为这个病例值得报告。
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引用次数: 0
[Comments on the paper by R. Schürg et al. Maternal and neonatal plasma concentrations of bupivacaine during peridural anesthesia for cesarean section]. [R. sch<e:1> rg等人对论文的评论。]剖宫产术硬膜外麻醉时母婴布比卡因血药浓度变化[j]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-12-01
C Elmas
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引用次数: 0
[A simple technique for estimating the level of analgesia in regional anesthesia]. [一种估算区域麻醉镇痛程度的简单方法]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-12-01
H Fruhstorfer

In regional anesthesia the onset of analgesia is usually determined by stimulating the skin with sharp or cold objects: when sensations of sharp pain or cold are lost, all nociceptive afferents are regarded as blocked. Sharp pain and cold are mediated by thin, myelinated axons whereas the majority of nociceptor axons are unmyelinated. In peripheral nerve blocks unmyelinated fibers are blocked first, followed by those mediating sharp pain and cold. In spinal and epidural blocks the levels of anesthesia to sharp pain and cold correspond within 1-2 segments. Although pinprick seems to be a simple test for analgesia, it involves the risk of infection and is disliked by the patient. As the stimulus is spatially discontinuous, coarse testing may simulate analgesia. An ideal stimulus for testing analgesia should be noninvasive, give distinct sensations, not frighten the patient, and allow spatially continuous examination of larger skin areas. A stimulus that meets these conditions is cold applied to the skin by a metal roller (Fig. 1). If the roller is kept at room temperature (20 degrees-24 degrees C), it gives a strong cold sensation when it is slowly rolled (5-10 cm/s) over the warm skin (usually 30 degrees-35 degrees C on the trunk). With this noninvasive device, the levels of anesthesia to cold can be determined rapidly, with high precision, and without frightening the patient.

在区域麻醉中,镇痛的开始通常是通过用尖锐或寒冷的物体刺激皮肤来确定的:当尖锐疼痛或寒冷的感觉消失时,所有的伤害性传入被认为是阻断的。尖锐的疼痛和寒冷是由薄的、有髓鞘的轴突介导的,而大多数伤害感受器轴突是无髓鞘的。在周围神经阻滞中,无髓鞘纤维首先被阻滞,其次是那些介导剧烈疼痛和寒冷的纤维。在脊髓和硬膜外阻滞中,麻醉对剧烈疼痛和寒冷的程度对应于1-2节段。虽然针刺似乎是一种简单的镇痛测试,但它有感染的风险,并且不受患者的欢迎。由于刺激在空间上是不连续的,粗略的测试可以模拟镇痛。用于测试镇痛的理想刺激应该是非侵入性的,给人明显的感觉,不吓唬病人,并允许对较大的皮肤区域进行空间连续检查。满足这些条件的刺激是通过金属滚轮施加在皮肤上的冷刺激(图1)。如果滚轮保持在室温(20度-24摄氏度)下,当它在温暖的皮肤上缓慢滚动(5-10厘米/秒)时(躯干通常为30度-35摄氏度),会产生强烈的冷感觉。有了这种非侵入性设备,麻醉到冷的程度可以快速、高精度地确定,而且不会吓到病人。
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引用次数: 0
[Epidural blockade for analgesia and treatment of acute pancreatitis]. 硬膜外阻滞用于急性胰腺炎的镇痛和治疗。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-12-01
H C Niesel, L Klimpel, H Kaiser, A Bernhardt, S al-Rafai, U Lang

The effect of a fractional epidural blockade on acute pancreatitis was investigated in a prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Thoracic (20 patients) or lumbar (six patients) epidural blockade was carried out in 26 patients with severe abdominal conditions comprising sub-ileus in 100%, pancreatic edema indicated by sonography/computer tomography in 57.8%, and necrosis of the pancreas in 34.6%. RESULTS. On average, 3.4 (1-6) injections with single doses of 6-20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine were injected per day. In four patients, morphine (up to 4 mg per 24 h) was added to the local anesthetic. The duration of treatment was between 1 and 15 days. After 10.5% of the injections, the systolic pressure decreased by more than 20%, and after 12.8% of the injections the blood pressure decreased by more than 30%. Hypotension of more than 30% was treated with 0.3 to 0.5 ml theodrenaline (Akrinor) and/or 0.1 to 0.2 mg dihydro-ergotamine (Dihydergot). General analgesics had to be administered in addition on 21.8% of the treatment days and intensive care treatment (artificial ventilation) on 32% of the treatment days. The duration of epidural analgesia varied between 1 and 15 days depending on the intensity of symptoms (pain, ileus). Within 4 days, the enzyme activity of the lipase fell from 8120 to 427 IU, and that of alpha amylase fell from 1401 to 143 IU. In 3 patients laparotomy (for drainage) was performed. An ERCP was carried out in 16 patients. Cardiopulmonary failure necessitated artificial ventilation over a period of 1-15 days in 6 patients; the epidural blockade was continued during the artificial ventilation. Cholecystectomy was carried out as an interval operation in 6 patients. No neurological complications were observed. All patients survived and were discharged from hospital.

在一项前瞻性研究中,研究了局部硬膜外阻滞对急性胰腺炎的影响。患者和方法。26例严重腹部疾病患者进行了硬膜外阻滞,其中100%为肠梗阻,57.8%为超声/计算机断层扫描显示胰腺水肿,34.6%为胰腺坏死。结果。平均每天注射3.4(1-6)次,单次剂量为6- 20ml 0.25%布比卡因。在4例患者中,局部麻醉剂中加入吗啡(每24小时4毫克)。治疗时间为1 ~ 15天。10.5%注射后收缩压下降20%以上,12.8%注射后血压下降30%以上。30%以上的低血压用0.3 ~ 0.5 ml噻丙肾上腺素(Akrinor)和/或0.1 ~ 0.2 mg二氢麦角胺(Dihydergot)治疗。21.8%的治疗日需加用一般镇痛药,32%的治疗日需加用重症监护治疗(人工通气)。根据症状(疼痛、肠梗阻)的严重程度,硬膜外镇痛的持续时间在1至15天之间不等。4 d内,脂肪酶活性从8120 IU下降到427 IU, α淀粉酶活性从1401 IU下降到143 IU。3例患者行开腹引流术。16例患者行ERCP。6例患者心肺衰竭需要人工通气,持续时间1 ~ 15天;在人工通气期间继续硬膜外阻滞。6例患者行间歇胆囊切除术。未见神经系统并发症。所有患者均存活并出院。
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引用次数: 0
[An epidural spinal abscess as a lethal complication of peridural anesthesia]. 硬膜外脊髓脓肿是硬膜外麻醉的致命并发症。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-12-01
E Bollensen, H W Prange

We present a 71-year-old male in whom an epidural abscess developed within a short temporal interval after an epidural anesthetic. Due to different locations of the abscess and the site of the epidural puncture, the diagnosis was quite problematic. The initial symptoms consisted of pain in the shoulder-neck region, elevated temperature, and leucocytosis 1 week after the puncture was performed. The further course presented a picture of high spinal paralysis with respiratory insufficiency and massive cardiovascular problems. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine confirmed the suspected diagnosis of an epidural abscess (Fig. 1). Due to the reduced general condition of the patient, an operation was initially not possible. After the patient's condition had stabilized under antibiotic therapy with penicillin G, vancomycin, and gentamycin, exploration of the abscess area was performed. Histologic studies showed granulomatous tissue resulting from the previous inflammation. During the subsequent course of the disease, the clinical symptoms did not regress significantly. The patient required prolonged mechanical ventilation and died of recurrent bronchopulmonary infections after 5 months of intensive care treatment. The probable pathogenesis of the abscess as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed in summary.

我们提出一个71岁的男性在硬膜外麻醉后的短时间间隔内硬膜外脓肿发展。由于脓肿的位置和硬膜外穿刺的位置不同,诊断非常困难。穿刺后1周,患者的初始症状为肩颈疼痛、体温升高和白细胞增多。进一步的病程表现为高度脊髓麻痹伴呼吸功能不全和大量心血管问题。颈椎磁共振成像证实疑似硬膜外脓肿(图1)。由于患者一般情况下降,最初不可能手术。患者在青霉素G、万古霉素、庆大霉素等抗生素治疗下病情稳定后,行脓肿区探查。组织学检查显示先前炎症引起的肉芽肿组织。在随后的病程中,临床症状没有明显消退。患者需要延长机械通气时间,经5个月的重症监护治疗后死于复发性支气管肺感染。本文对脓肿的可能发病机制以及诊断和治疗方面进行了总结讨论。
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引用次数: 0
[CSE--the combination of spinal and epidural anesthesia]. [CSE-脊髓和硬膜外联合麻醉]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-12-01
E Vandermeersch, O Kick, M Möllmann, N de Gouw, H Van Aken

The availability of very fine-bore, long spinal needles (28/10 Ga) has stimulated a new wave of interest in the technique of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. The original double-puncture technique has progressed due to special combination needles to the current spinal-needle-through-epidural-needle technique. The availability of adapted Tuohy needles, special combination sets, and long spinal needles indicates a lack of standardization. An appropriate introduction technique via Tuohy needle allows identification of the anatomic landmarks and contributes to successful anesthesia. The spinal component allows a rapid onset and intense analgesia with appropriate muscle relaxation. The epidural catheter allows the administration of agents into the epidural space as well as optimization and prolongation of analgesia in the postoperative phase. Confirming the position of the epidural catheter introduced after spinal anesthesia has been established remains a matter of concern.

细孔长脊髓针(28/ 10ga)的可用性激发了对脊髓-硬膜外联合麻醉技术的新兴趣。最初的双穿刺技术由于特殊的组合针而发展到现在的脊髓针穿过硬膜外针技术。适用的Tuohy针、特殊组合针和长脊柱针的可用性表明缺乏标准化。通过妥氏针适当的引入技术可以识别解剖标志,有助于成功麻醉。脊柱成分允许快速起效和强烈的镇痛与适当的肌肉放松。硬膜外导管允许药物进入硬膜外空间,并在术后阶段优化和延长镇痛时间。确认硬膜外导管在脊髓麻醉后的位置仍然是一个值得关注的问题。
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引用次数: 0
[Hearing disorders following spinal anesthesia]. [脊髓麻醉后的听力障碍]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-08-01
O Michel, T Brusis

In the few case reports of hearing loss following spinal anesthesia, complete recovery of the hearing impairment has always been described. In nine cases with hearing loss following not only spinal anesthesia but also myelography and dural puncture, the hearing of three patients did not recover or only partly returned. Two cases went to court for malpractice. Their suits could be dismissed because it appears likely that this rare complication arises only in persons with a wholly or partially unobliterated aquaeductus cochleae due to loss of perilymphatic fluid into the cerebrospinal space. Hearing loss was seen in eight of nine patients in lower frequencies around 30-40 dB. In six patients there was impairment on both sides. Recovery of normal hearing occurred in six of the nine patients. Transient hearing loss may occur more often than is generally assumed, and the symptom may remain unnoticed when a severe post-dural puncture syndrome with headache, dizziness, and nausea dominates the attention of the patient. Not all cases of hearing loss proved to be fully reversible, but the individual risk for this complication is not predictable. The use of fine-gauge needles may reduce the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the dural puncture and thus lower the incidence.

在脊髓麻醉后听力损失的少数病例报告中,听力损伤的完全恢复一直被描述。在9例同时行脊髓造影和硬脑膜穿刺后听力下降的患者中,有3例听力未恢复或部分恢复。两起案件因玩忽职守而告上法庭。他们的诉讼可以被驳回,因为这种罕见的并发症似乎只发生在由于淋巴周围液流入脑脊液而导致耳蜗导水管完全或部分未清除的患者。9名患者中有8名在30-40分贝的较低频率范围内出现听力损失。6例患者双侧均有损伤。9例患者中有6例听力恢复正常。短暂性听力损失的发生频率可能比一般认为的要高,当患者出现严重的头痛、头晕和恶心的硬脑膜穿刺后综合征时,症状可能会被忽视。并非所有的听力损失病例都是完全可逆的,但这种并发症的个体风险是不可预测的。使用细针可减少脑脊液经硬脑膜穿刺漏出,从而降低发生率。
{"title":"[Hearing disorders following spinal anesthesia].","authors":"O Michel,&nbsp;T Brusis","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the few case reports of hearing loss following spinal anesthesia, complete recovery of the hearing impairment has always been described. In nine cases with hearing loss following not only spinal anesthesia but also myelography and dural puncture, the hearing of three patients did not recover or only partly returned. Two cases went to court for malpractice. Their suits could be dismissed because it appears likely that this rare complication arises only in persons with a wholly or partially unobliterated aquaeductus cochleae due to loss of perilymphatic fluid into the cerebrospinal space. Hearing loss was seen in eight of nine patients in lower frequencies around 30-40 dB. In six patients there was impairment on both sides. Recovery of normal hearing occurred in six of the nine patients. Transient hearing loss may occur more often than is generally assumed, and the symptom may remain unnoticed when a severe post-dural puncture syndrome with headache, dizziness, and nausea dominates the attention of the patient. Not all cases of hearing loss proved to be fully reversible, but the individual risk for this complication is not predictable. The use of fine-gauge needles may reduce the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the dural puncture and thus lower the incidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":77604,"journal":{"name":"Regional-Anaesthesie","volume":"14 5","pages":"92-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12983511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Continuous spinal anesthesia versus continuous epidural anesthesia in surgery of the lower extremities. A prospective randomized study]. 连续脊髓麻醉与连续硬膜外麻醉在下肢手术中的比较。一项前瞻性随机研究]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-08-01
A Kashanipour, K Strasser, W Klimscha, R Taslimi, A Aloy, M Semsroth
<p><p>Continuous epidural anesthesia (CEA) is generally accepted as a routine method of regional anesthesia while there has been only limited application of continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA), due mainly to a lack of adequate spinal catheters. With the introduction of a new, ultra-thin spinal catheter (32 G) inserted via a thin puncture needle, some of the complications reported after CSA can be eliminated. We studied CSA versus CEA in lower-extremity operations. METHODS. We evaluated 33 patients in a prospective, randomized study. All were comparable with respect to age, anesthetic risk (ASA II-III), and pre-existing diseases. The only exclusion criterium was the presence of a coagulation disturbance. The CSA group consisted of 17 patients (mean age 75.5 +/- 0.1 year); 26 G puncture needle and 32 G catheter were used. The CEA group consisted of 16 patients (mean age 73.8 +/- 11.0 years); an 18 G puncture needle and 22 G epidural catheter with a stylet were inserted with the loss-of-resistance technique. Both catheters were placed with the patient in a sitting position and left in place for 24 h in order to administer local anesthetics (LA) for postoperative analgesia as required. Hemodynamic parameters-mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)-were compared in each group at 5-min intervals for 30 min after administration of local anesthetic and at 10-min intervals during the operation. Additionally, the ECG, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, diuresis, and blood gases were monitored. After placement of the catheter, patients in the CSA group received 1.9 ml (+/- 0.2) bupivacaine HCl 0.5%. Patients in the CEA group received 12.6 ml (+/- 2.5) bupivacaine HCl 0.5%. For statistical evaluation of the data we used mean values, standard deviation (+/-), the Kruscal-Wallis procedure, and Student's t-test for unpaired data. P less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS. The mAPs in the CSA group generally remained lower than those of the CEA group. However, over the course of the operation as well as after repeated injections, the difference between the two groups decreased. Only at 5 min after administration of the initial dose was a statistically significant difference in blood pressures between the two groups observed. A clinically relevant, rapid decrease in blood pressure due to relatively high doses of LA was seen in 1 case in each group. The first reinjection of LA after the initial dose was after 1.9 h in the CSA group (bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 1 +/- 0.3 ml) and after 1.8 h in the CEA group (bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 4.5 +/- 1 ml). The total dose of bupivacaine in the CSA group was 0.18 ml/kg per hour versus 0.8 ml/kg in the CEA group. No post-dural puncture headache was observed in the CSA group. DISCUSSION. The catheter designed for CSA is easy to use, although because of its small diameter a certain manual dexterity is required. In addition, CSA resulted in a more rapid onset of action and more pronounced sensorimotor blockade than did CEA
持续硬膜外麻醉(CEA)被普遍接受为常规的区域麻醉方法,而持续脊髓麻醉(CSA)的应用有限,主要是由于缺乏足够的脊髓导管。通过细穿刺针插入一种新的超薄脊髓导管(32g),可以消除CSA后报道的一些并发症。我们研究了CSA与CEA在下肢手术中的对比。方法。我们在一项前瞻性随机研究中评估了33名患者。所有患者在年龄、麻醉风险(ASA II-III)和既往疾病方面均具有可比性。唯一的排除标准是存在凝血障碍。CSA组17例患者(平均年龄75.5±0.1岁);穿刺针为26g,导管为32g。CEA组16例(平均年龄73.8±11.0岁);采用无阻力技术,置入18g穿刺针和22g硬膜外导管。两根导管均置于患者坐位,放置24小时,以便根据需要给予局部麻醉剂(LA)进行术后镇痛。血流动力学参数-平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)-在给药30分钟后每隔5分钟和手术中每隔10分钟进行比较。此外,还监测心电图、脉搏血氧仪、呼吸频率、利尿和血气。置管后,CSA组患者接受1.9 ml (+/- 0.2) HCl 0.5%布比卡因。CEA组患者接受12.6 ml(+/- 2.5)盐酸布比卡因0.5%。对于数据的统计评估,我们使用平均值、标准差(+/-)、Kruscal-Wallis程序和未配对数据的学生t检验。P < 0.05为显著性。结果。CSA组的map普遍低于CEA组。然而,在手术过程中以及重复注射后,两组之间的差异减小。仅在初始剂量给药后5分钟,观察到两组之间的血压有统计学意义的差异。每组中均有1例患者因相对高剂量的LA而出现与临床相关的血压快速下降。CSA组(盐酸布比卡因0.5% 1 +/- 0.3 ml)在1.9 h后再给药,CEA组(盐酸布比卡因0.5% 4.5 +/- 1 ml)在1.8 h后再给药。CSA组布比卡因总剂量为0.18 ml/kg / h, CEA组为0.8 ml/kg。CSA组未见硬脑膜穿刺后头痛。讨论。为CSA设计的导管使用方便,但由于其直径小,需要一定的手工灵巧性。此外,与CEA相比,CSA导致更快速的起效和更明显的感觉运动阻滞。两组的血流动力学改变和副作用相对较低。
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引用次数: 0
[Paraplegia following removal of an epidural catheter]. [移除硬膜外导管后截瘫]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-08-01
W Klement, G Rothe, J Peters

Acute paraplegia caused by an epidural hematoma developed in a patient following the removal of an epidural catheter. This catheter had been used for 3 days for postoperative pain relief with no apparent complications. Heparin (10,000 units/day) had been infused for thrombosis prophylaxis and was associated with a normal activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for the first two postoperative days. However, test results from blood drawn prior to catheter removal revealed, in retrospect, an unexpected prolongation of the aPTT (75 s) and PT (56%, Quick's method). An epidural hematoma extending from T12 to L4 was evacuated during emergency laminectomy and neurologic deficits resolved completely over the next days. Thus, the removal of an epidural catheter has the potential for inducing formation of an epidural hematoma. Accordingly, it may be safest to leave epidural catheters in place if test results demonstrate a bleeding diathesis or if a potential for bleeding is suspected on clinical grounds.

病人在取出硬膜外导管后,因硬膜外血肿引起急性截瘫。该导管用于术后疼痛缓解3天,无明显并发症。肝素(10,000单位/天)输注用于血栓预防,并与术后前两天正常的活化部分凝血活素时间(aPTT)相关。然而,回想起来,拔管前抽血的测试结果显示,aPTT(75秒)和PT (56%, Quick的方法)出乎意料地延长。在紧急椎板切除术中,从T12到L4的硬膜外血肿被排出,神经功能缺损在接下来的几天内完全消除。因此,去除硬膜外导管有可能诱发硬膜外血肿的形成。因此,如果检查结果显示出血或临床怀疑有出血的可能,保留硬膜外导管可能是最安全的。
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引用次数: 0
[Dose limits for local anesthetics. Recommendations based on toxicologic and pharmacokinetic data]. 局部麻醉剂的剂量限制。建议基于毒理学和药代动力学数据]。
Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 1991-08-01
H C Niesel, H Kaiser

Since Heinrich Braun added adrenaline to cocaine (and later also to procaine) in 1903 to allow clinical use of this local anesthetic, "limiting dosages" for local anesthetics have been "recommended" with no reference to the technique of administration, on the assumption that adrenaline will lower the toxicity of the local anesthetic used. However, the limiting dosages determined up to now do not take account of important pharmacokinetic and toxicological data: (1) The dependence of blood levels measured on the technique of regional anesthesia and (2) the raised toxicity of a local anesthetic solution containing adrenaline following inadvertent intravascular (intravenous) injection. A maximum dose recommendation that differs according to the technique of local anesthesia is suggested for (A) subcutaneous injection, (B) injection in regions of high absorption, (C) single injection (perineural, e.g. plexus), (D) protracted injection (catheter, combined techniques), (E) injection into vasoactive regions (near to the spinal cord, spinal, epidural, sympathetic). This sequential categorization also underscores the need for selection of appropriate techniques as well as for concomitant monitoring referred to the technique of administration and to the expected and the possible plasma level curve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

自1903年海因里希·布劳恩(Heinrich Braun)将肾上腺素添加到可卡因(后来也添加到普鲁卡因)以允许临床使用这种局部麻醉剂以来,局部麻醉剂的“限制剂量”一直被“推荐”,而没有提及给药技术,假设肾上腺素会降低所使用的局部麻醉剂的毒性。然而,到目前为止确定的限制剂量并没有考虑到重要的药代动力学和毒理学数据:(1)测量的血液水平对区域麻醉技术的依赖;(2)在无意的血管内(静脉)注射后含有肾上腺素的局部麻醉溶液的毒性增加。根据局部麻醉的技术不同,推荐的最大剂量建议是(A)皮下注射,(B)高吸收区域注射,(C)单次注射(神经周围,如神经丛),(D)持续注射(导管,联合技术),(E)血管活跃区域注射(靠近脊髓,脊髓,硬膜外,交感神经)。这种顺序分类也强调需要选择适当的技术,并根据给药技术和预期的和可能的血浆水平曲线进行伴随监测。(摘要删节250字)
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引用次数: 0
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Regional-Anaesthesie
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