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[A clinical report of 11 years' experience of anesthesia for cesarean section (n = 721)--particularly spinal anesthesia (n = 648)--in a hospital outpatient clinic]. 【某医院门诊剖宫产手术麻醉(721例)11年的临床报告——特别是脊髓麻醉(648例)】。
Pub Date : 1990-05-01
K L Eckstein, A Vicente-Eckstein

Experience with anesthesia for cesarean sections in a small obstetric and gynecology clinic attached to a general hospital is reported. The course of cases and the particular circumstances are described. During a period of 11 years 721 cesarean sections were performed, 643 (90%) under hyperbaric spinal anesthesia. The remaining operations were performed under general anesthesia. The distribution of elective and emergency cases to the different anesthetic methods is shown. In the early years size G22 needles where most frequently used, while later size G25 was used. The average extent of anesthesia with spinal anesthetic agents was to T 6.2 +/- 1.4. Some indications for intubation anesthesia and special features of spinal anesthetics are listed. The Apgar scores were 8.3 for 1 min and 9.5 for 5 min. In contrast to the patients operated on under general anesthesia, the majority of the patients treated during spinal anesthesia received (prophylactic) hypotensive treatment. There were no severe complications or deaths related to anesthesia. Some important points related to spinal anesthesia for cesarean sections are mentioned. The results show that with attention to detail and observation of correct procedures by qualified anesthetists, the vast majority of cesarean sections can be done very successfully under spinal anesthesia.

报告了一家综合性医院附属的小型产科和妇科诊所剖宫产手术的麻醉经验。描述了案件的过程和具体情况。在11年的时间里进行了721例剖宫产手术,其中643例(90%)是在高压脊髓麻醉下进行的。其余手术在全身麻醉下进行。显示了选择性和急诊病例对不同麻醉方法的分布情况。早年最常使用的是G22号针头,而后来使用的是G25号针头。脊髓麻醉药平均麻醉程度为t6.2 +/- 1.4。列举了一些气管插管麻醉的适应症和脊髓麻醉药的特点。Apgar评分分别为8.3分(1分钟)和9.5分(5分钟)。与全麻下手术的患者相比,大多数脊髓麻醉下治疗的患者接受了预防性降压治疗。没有与麻醉相关的严重并发症或死亡。本文介绍了剖宫产术中脊柱麻醉的几个要点。结果表明,在合格的麻醉师的注意细节和正确操作的观察下,绝大多数剖宫产手术可以在脊髓麻醉下非常成功地完成。
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引用次数: 0
[Ropivacaine in epidural anesthesia. Dose-response relationship and a comparison with bupivacaine]. 罗哌卡因在硬膜外麻醉中的应用。剂量反应关系及与布比卡因的比较[j]。
Pub Date : 1990-05-01
W Wahedi, H Nolte, P Witte

Unlabelled: Ropivacaine is a new long-acting local anesthetic with a pharmacodynamic profile resembling that of bupivacaine; in addition, ropivacaine has been shown to be less cardiotoxic than bupivacaine in dogs and pigs. To test the dose-response relationship of ropivacaine 0.75% (epinephrine 1:200,000) given epidurally, 47 patients were divided into three groups; the first group received 15 ml (n = 16), the second 20 ml (n = 15), and the third group, 25 ml (n = 16) ropivacaine. Further, to compare bupivacaine 0.75%, bupivacaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.75% for epidural anesthesia, 15 ml bupivacaine 0.75% (n = 15) or bupivacaine 0.5% (n = 15) or ropivacaine 0.75% (n = 16) was given epidurally, all with epinephrine added to the solution (1:200,000).

Methods: A total of 77 patients with ASA I or II were enrolled in a non-randomized open-label study. All patients were scheduled for varicose vein stripping. Male and female patients aged 18-70 and weighing 50-100 kg were included in the study. Patients were all placed in a sitting position and the epidural space was identified by the "loss of resistance" technique using a midline approach at the L 3/4 interspace; a test dose of 3 ml local anesthetic was then given, followed by injection of the remainder of the local anesthetic at the rate of 10 ml/min 1 min later. Following injection patients were immediately positioned supine. Upward and downward spread of analgesia were determined bilaterally by the pin-prick method, motor blockade was assessed by use of the Bromage scale following each determination of analgesia. Heart rate and blood pressure were obtained immediately before blockade and every 5 min until 3 h after the injection. RESULTS. The different volumes of ropivacaine 0.75% (15, 20, and 25 ml) brought about adequate analgesia in the sacral and lumbar regions in all patients. In the thoracic region T 6, T 5 and T 4 were reached. The time of onset of analgesia (segment L-1 in all three groups) was 6.4 +/- 2.9 min, 7.7 +/- 2.3 min, and 5.6 +/- 2.9 min for the 15-, 20- and 25-ml groups, respectively. The highest thoracic dermatome was reached after 20 +/- 6 min, 26 +/- 11 min, and 18 +/- 5 min. The duration of sensory anesthesia at the T 10 dermatomal level was 250 +/- 68, 249 +/- 77, and 278 +/- 51 min. Two-segment regression time was 160 +/- 67 min for bupivacaine 0.75%, 140 +/- 60 min for bupivacaine 0.5%, and 124 +/- 29 min for ropivacaine 0.75%. The total duration of sensory block was 303 +/- 58, 290 +/- 70, and 343 +/- 55 min for 15-, 20- and 25-ml groups, respectively. The degree of motor block achieved was 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0 (Bromage), respectively. Sensory anesthesia was considered adequate for surgery in all patients, and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed in any of the patients. The comparison of bupivacaine 0.75%, bupivacaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.75% revealed the same latency period of analgesia for bupivacaine 0.75% and ropivacain

未标示:罗哌卡因是一种新的长效局部麻醉剂,其药效学特征与布比卡因相似;此外,在狗和猪身上,罗哌卡因已被证明比布比卡因的心脏毒性更小。为检验0.75%罗哌卡因(肾上腺素1:20万)硬膜外给药的量效关系,将47例患者分为3组;第一组15 ml (n = 16),第二组20 ml (n = 15),第三组25 ml (n = 16)罗哌卡因。为了比较0.75%布比卡因、0.5%布比卡因和0.75%罗比卡因的硬膜外麻醉效果,在硬膜外给予0.75%布比卡因15 ml (n = 15)或0.5%布比卡因15 ml (n = 15)或0.75%罗比卡因16 ml (n = 16),并在溶液中加入肾上腺素(1:20万)。方法:共有77例ASA I或II患者被纳入一项非随机开放标签研究。所有患者均计划行静脉曲张剥脱术。研究对象包括年龄在18-70岁、体重在50-100公斤的男女患者。所有患者均为坐位,硬膜外间隙采用“失去阻力”技术在l3 /4间隙采用中线入路识别;然后给予3 ml局部麻醉剂的试验剂量,然后在1分钟后以10 ml/min的速度注射剩余的局部麻醉剂。注射后患者立即仰卧位。双侧针刺法测定镇痛向上和向下的扩散,每次测定镇痛后用Bromage量表评定运动阻滞。阻断前立即测量心率和血压,每5分钟测量一次,直至注射后3小时。结果。不同体积的0.75%罗哌卡因(15、20和25 ml)在所有患者的骶骨和腰椎区域都有足够的镇痛作用。胸椎t6、t5、t4到达。15 ml、20 ml和25 ml组的镇痛起效时间(L-1段)分别为6.4 +/- 2.9 min、7.7 +/- 2.3 min和5.6 +/- 2.9 min。胸段皮段在20 +/- 6 min、26 +/- 11 min和18 +/- 5 min后达到最高。t10皮段感觉麻醉持续时间分别为250 +/- 68、249 +/- 77和278 +/- 51 min。布比卡因0.75%组两段回归时间分别为160 +/- 67 min、140 +/- 60 min和0.75%罗比卡因组124 +/- 29 min。15 ml、20 ml和25 ml组的感觉阻滞总持续时间分别为303 +/- 58分钟、290 +/- 70分钟和343 +/- 55分钟。运动阻滞程度分别为1.6、1.8和2.0 (Bromage)。感觉麻醉被认为是足够的手术在所有患者中,并没有观察到全身毒性的迹象在任何患者。对比0.75%布比卡因、0.5%布比卡因和0.75%罗比卡因,发现0.75%布比卡因和0.75%罗比卡因的镇痛潜伏期相同。这比0.5%布比卡因组短(0.75%布比卡因组:6.4 +/- 2.1,0.5%布比卡因组:7.8 +/- 4…)
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引用次数: 0
[Ropivacaine--a new local anesthetic with specific properties]. [罗哌卡因——一种具有特殊性质的新型局部麻醉剂]。
Pub Date : 1990-05-01
H C Niesel, H Kaiser, T Eilingsfeld

Ropivacaine is the (S)-enantiomer of 1-propyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide. In terms of its physicochemical properties, it is a long-acting local anesthetic (molecular weight of the base 274, pKa 8.07, protein-binding 92%). It shows a selective action on A delta and C fibers. This may be attributable to its relatively low partition coefficient (6.1 in n-heptane). The subcutaneous and intravenous acute toxicity (LD50) is lower than that of other long-acting local anesthetics. Because of its vasoconstrictor potency, its use as a vasoconstrictor-free solution is of particular interest.

罗哌卡因是1-丙基-2',6'-哌氧基醚的(S)-对映体。就其理化性质而言,它是一种长效局部麻醉剂(碱基分子量274,pKa 8.07,蛋白结合92%)。它对a和C纤维有选择性作用。这可能是由于其相对较低的配分系数(在正庚烷中为6.1)。皮下和静脉急性毒性(LD50)低于其他长效局麻药。由于其血管收缩的效力,其作为无血管收缩溶液的使用是特别感兴趣的。
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引用次数: 0
[Unilateral epidural anesthesia]. [单侧硬膜外麻醉]。
Pub Date : 1990-03-01
W Seeling, M Rockemann

Four cases of unilateral spread of epidural anesthesia are presented. All were documented by X-ray epidurography. In two patients the catheter had passed immediately into one of the intervertebral foramina so that the local anesthetic had almost totally been injected into the paravertebral space. In the third and fourth cases a membrane was present in the dorsal epidural space that had prevented bilateral spread of the local anesthetic. This article discusses the fact that strands of the dorsomedian connective tissue band of the lumbar epidural space can cause catheters to coil up, be diverted, and not infrequently be directed into the next intervertebral foramen. These strands sometimes form a dense membrane, which together with the plica mediana of the dura mater prevent symmetrical spreading of epidurally injected fluids. When informing a patient about epidural anesthesia, the anesthesiologist should mention that anatomical variations in the epidural space can cause epidural anesthesia to spread unilaterally.

本文报告4例单侧硬膜外麻醉扩散的病例。所有病例均经x线硬膜外造影记录。在两例患者中,导管立即通过其中一个椎间孔,使局麻药几乎完全注射到椎旁间隙。在第三和第四个病例中,硬膜外膜存在于背侧硬膜外腔,阻止了局麻药的双侧扩散。这篇文章讨论了腰硬膜外间隙的背腹膜结缔组织带束可以导致导管盘绕,被转移,并经常被引导到下一个椎间孔。这些股膜有时会形成致密的膜,与硬脑膜的中襞一起阻止硬膜外注入的液体对称扩散。当告知患者硬膜外麻醉时,麻醉师应提及硬膜外腔的解剖变异可导致硬膜外麻醉单侧扩散。
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引用次数: 0
[Complications of the postoperative use of lumbar epidural catheters in place for surgery]. [术后使用硬膜外置管进行手术的并发症]。
Pub Date : 1990-03-01
M G Rockemann, W Seeling

Two cases of secondary subarachnoidal dislocation of lumbar epidural catheters are reported. The first catheter was placed, tested, and injected with 20 ml local anesthetic in order to achieve intraoperative anesthesia up to the T4 level. On the 2nd postoperative day the test dose produced paralysis of the lower extremities; liquor now could be aspirated. The second catheter had been introduced into the epidural space immediately after injection of 15 ml local anesthetic through the needle. Use of this catheter for postoperative analgesia led to total spinal anesthesia in spite of negative aspiration and test dose prior to injection of 7 ml local anesthetic. Implications of these two cases concerning placement procedures and monitoring during reuse of catheters placed some time before are discussed.

本文报告2例腰椎硬膜外导管继发性蛛网膜下脱位。放置第一根导管,检测后注射20ml局麻药,使术中麻醉达到T4水平。术后第2天试验剂量产生下肢瘫痪;酒现在可以吸入了。第二根导管经针入局麻药15ml后立即插入硬膜外腔。使用该导管进行术后镇痛导致全脊髓麻醉,尽管在注射7 ml局麻药之前有阴性抽吸和试验剂量。本文讨论了这两种情况对置管程序的影响,以及在置管前一段时间重新使用期间的监测。
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引用次数: 0
[Occlusion of an implanted peridural catheter by a plug of epidermis]. [用表皮塞阻塞植入的硬膜外导管]。
Pub Date : 1990-03-01
G Horrichs-Haermeyer, D Zech, R Vössing

A patient suffering from intensive perianal pain due to recurrent rectal cancer, not controllable by systemic analgesics, was treated by continuous epidural morphine for a period of 8 months. Satisfactory pain relief was achieved although sometimes problems arose with the permeability of the epidural catheter. As a reason for increased resistance, the literature mentions nonspecific foreign-body reactions next to the catheter. In our patient, tumour infiltration into both the lumbosacral plexus and the epidural space leading to compression of the catheter could not positively be excluded. At autopsy an unexpected obstruction of the catheter by epidermis was observed. It could be demonstrated that pieces of epidermis may enter the catheter, bypassing the bacterial filter of the port, and can then clog the tip of the catheter.

一例直肠癌复发后肛周疼痛加重,全身镇痛无法控制的患者,连续使用硬膜外吗啡治疗8个月。尽管硬膜外导管的通透性有时会出现问题,但仍取得了令人满意的疼痛缓解。作为阻力增加的原因,文献提到导管旁边的非特异性异物反应。在我们的患者中,肿瘤浸润到腰骶神经丛和硬膜外间隙导致导管压迫不能被积极排除。尸检时发现导管被表皮意外阻塞。可以证明,表皮的碎片可以进入导管,绕过端口的细菌过滤器,然后堵塞导管的尖端。
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引用次数: 0
[The concentration of free lidocaine in arterial, central venous and peripheral vein plasma following intravenous injection]. [静脉注射后动脉、中心静脉和外周静脉血浆游离利多卡因浓度]。
Pub Date : 1990-03-01
H Nolte, B al Saydali, W Weissenberg

Ten intensive care patients and five healthy volunteers each received a bolus injection of lidocaine HCl (100 mg, 2%) over an injection period of 5 s. After 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15 and 25 min arterial, central venous and peripheral venous blood samples were collected. In four of the volunteers, arterial and central venous samples were also taken about 10 s after the end of injection. The fluorescence polarization method by means of the Abbott-TDx system was used, and plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined. The measurements showed that lidocaine levels in central venous plasma 10 s after the end of administration were higher than those in arterial plasma. By 30 s after administration the opposite situation had developed, so that arterial concentrations were higher than those in central venous plasma. This relation did not change throughout the study, though the two levels became closer, as is shown by the ratios (Table 3, Fig. 2). Concentrations in peripheral venous plasma increased more slowly but remained far below those in arterial and central venous plasma, at least for the first 8 min. After 15 min lidocaine levels were almost the same in all three samples. During the entire study there were no ECG changes, and neither heart rate nor blood pressure showed any significant deviation from the values obtained at the beginning. The volunteers had minor toxic manifestations, such as dizziness, tinnitus and a metallic taste in the mouth; one person had a sensation of pressure in his chest, which improved following oxygen administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

10名重症监护患者和5名健康志愿者分别在5秒的注射时间内接受盐酸利多卡因(100 mg, 2%)的大剂量注射。0.5、1、2、4、8、15和25 min后采集动脉、中心静脉和外周静脉血。其中4名志愿者在注射结束后10 s左右采集了动脉和中心静脉样本。采用abbot - tdx系统荧光偏振法,测定血浆利多卡因浓度。结果显示,给药结束后10 s中心静脉血浆中利多卡因水平明显高于动脉血浆。在给药后30s出现相反情况,动脉浓度高于中心静脉血浆浓度。这种关系在整个研究过程中并没有改变,尽管这两个水平越来越接近,如比值所示(表3,图2)。至少在前8分钟内,外周静脉血浆浓度增加得更慢,但仍远低于动脉和中心静脉血浆浓度。15分钟后,三个样本中的利多卡因水平几乎相同。在整个研究过程中,没有心电图变化,心率和血压都没有显示出与开始时的值有任何明显的偏差。志愿者有轻微的中毒症状,如头晕、耳鸣和嘴里有金属味;一名患者有胸部压迫感,在给氧后有所改善。(摘要删节250字)
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引用次数: 0
[The effect of the Tuohy cannula on the positioning of an epidural catheter. A radiologic analysis of the location of 175 peridural catheters]. Tuohy套管对硬膜外导管定位的影响。175根硬膜外置管的放射学分析[j]。
Pub Date : 1990-03-01
H Beck

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to determine at which lumbar spinal level the tips of different epidural catheters may be located following insertion through cranially directed Tuohy needles. Previous studies varied with respect to materials and methods and may have left the false impression that different types of catheters are necessary or actually more advantageous for particular needs.

Materials and methods: One hundred seventy-five trauma patients scheduled for surgery on their lower extremities received continuous epidural anesthesia. With the patient in a sitting position, a midline lumbar puncture was made and one of six different plastic catheters advanced 5 cm beyond the tip of the Tuohy needle. Postoperatively the catheters were filled with Iopamidol and ap X-rays taken of the lumbar spine. The catheter tips were declared to be "cranial" if they were more than 2 cm above, "caudal" if they were more than 2 cm below, and "equal to" if they were within 2 cm of the puncture site.

Results: Of the 175 documented catheter tips 47.7% assumed a cranial position, 9.2% were in a caudal position, and 43.4% remained within the level of insertion. A statistical analysis comparing catheter tip location among the six epidural catheter models tested did not reveal any significant differences.

Discussion: In a clinically controlled study based on the Tuohy principle of inserting catheters through a needle with a Huber point, different epidural catheter models were inserted into the lumbar epidural space and their locating radiologically documented. It was shown that 52% of the epidural catheters that had been advanced 5 cm into the lumbar epidural space through a cephaled-directed Tuohy needle did not reach the intended spinal level cranial to the puncture site. The results are similar to those of earlier studies, which were not systematic and involved a variety of methods and materials. One reason for the unreliable ascension of the catheter tips may be the many structures within the epidural space which may dislodge and divert the catheters during advancement. In addition, it has sometimes been observed that a change in the patient's position may cause a spinous process cranial to the puncture site to exert pressure and traction on the catheter, partially dislodging it. It must thus be concluded that the use of a Tuohy needle cannot guarantee cranial ascension of an epidural catheter in the lumbar epidural region.

未标记:本研究的目的是确定不同硬膜外导管的尖端可能位于哪个腰椎水平后,通过颅向Tuohy针插入。以前的研究在材料和方法方面各不相同,可能留下了不同类型的导管是必要的或实际上更有利于特定需求的错误印象。材料与方法:175例下肢外伤患者接受连续硬膜外麻醉。当患者处于坐姿时,进行腰椎中线穿刺,六种不同的塑料导管中的一种在Tuohy针尖端外推进5cm。术后导管内灌入Iopamidol,并对腰椎进行ap x光检查。如果导管尖端位于上方2厘米以上,则称为“颅端”;如果导管尖端位于下方2厘米以上,则称为“尾端”;如果导管尖端位于穿刺部位2厘米以内,则称为“相等”。结果:在175例记录的导管尖端中,47.7%位于颅骨位置,9.2%位于尾侧位置,43.4%保持在插入水平。通过统计分析比较6种硬膜外导管模型的导管尖端位置,没有发现任何显著差异。讨论:在一项基于Tuohy原理的临床对照研究中,通过Huber点的针头插入导管,将不同的硬膜外导管模型插入腰椎硬膜外间隙并影像学记录其定位。结果表明,通过头向的Tuohy针将硬膜外导管插入腰椎硬膜外间隙5cm后,有52%的硬膜外导管未到达预定的脊髓水平。这一结果与早期的研究结果相似,这些研究不系统,涉及各种方法和材料。导管尖端上升不可靠的一个原因可能是硬膜外腔内的许多结构在推进过程中可能使导管移位和转移。此外,有时观察到,患者体位的改变可能导致颅棘突对穿刺部位施加压力和牵引导管,使其部分移位。因此,必须得出结论,使用Tuohy针不能保证硬膜外置管在腰椎硬膜外区域的颅位上升。
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引用次数: 0
[The significance of the sampling site in the determination of plasma levels of local anesthetics using 0.75% bupivacaine as an example]. [以0.75%布比卡因为例,取样部位在局麻药血浆浓度测定中的意义]。
Pub Date : 1990-01-01
B Bachmann-M, J Biscoping, H A Adams, T Menges, W Krumholz, G Hempelmann

Knowledge of the actual concentrations of local anesthetic administered by various techniques is essential requisite when undesirable side effects and possible toxicity of a substance are to be evaluated. Therefore, numerous studies of plasma concentrations have been presented, which were carried out with the additional purpose of analyzing the kinetics of different local anesthetics with respect to limiting-value concentrations in the organism. Despite a sufficient degree of precision in the analysis of amide local anesthetics, it is uncertain whether the results of the different studies are comparable, because blood samples have been taken variously from peripheral veins, central veins or arteries. In the present study changes in bupivacaine concentrations were monitored by means of a standardized method consisting in simultaneous sampling of blood in peripheral veins, central veins and arteries. METHODS. Each of 12 patients undergoing orthopedic hip surgery received average 17 ml bupivacaine (0.75%) via peridural lumbar catheter. After the administration of bupivacaine, blood samples were taken simultaneously from peripheral veins, central veins and arteries at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after injection. Placement of an arterial cannula and central venous catheter was indicated in all patients (hip-joint revision arthroplasty). Quantitative analysis of bupivacaine concentration was carried out by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). All patients had given their informed consent. RESULTS. All patients showed a rapid increase in bupivacaine concentration in the central venous blood within the first few minutes after administration, the maximum being reached between 3 and 10 min after. A similar course was observed with arterial plasma concentrations; absolute values, however, were an average of 10-20% lower at 15 min following administration. Bupivacaine concentrations in peripheral veins rose more slowly and reached a maximum between 15 and 30 min. At 30 min after peridural application the concentration curves in blood from all three sites were similar. DISCUSSION. In earlier studies the influence of the site of blood sampling has often been underestimated. According to our results, central venous and arterial plasma concentrations correspond closely at all times following peridural application. The observed uniform differences in concentrations at the various sites of sampling can be explained by the fact that pulmonary uptake of local anesthetics causes the lower arterial levels. Especially in the early phase of resorption after administration of local anesthetics, the concentration in peripheral blood does not seem to be representative, because an equilibrium is not established between arterial and central venous blood until 30 min after administration at the earliest. In our opinion the peripheral venous concentrations are unreliable, particularly in the early phases, for the evaluation of unwanted effects

当评估一种物质的不良副作用和可能的毒性时,了解通过各种技术施用的局麻药的实际浓度是必不可少的。因此,已经提出了许多关于血浆浓度的研究,这些研究的另一个目的是分析不同局麻药在机体内的限值浓度的动力学。尽管对酰胺类局部麻醉剂的分析具有足够的精确度,但不同研究的结果是否具有可比性尚不确定,因为血液样本取自不同的外周静脉、中心静脉或动脉。在本研究中,布比卡因浓度的变化是通过一种标准化的方法来监测的,该方法包括同时采集外周静脉、中心静脉和动脉的血液。方法。12例髋关节矫形手术患者,平均每人经硬膜外腰导管布比卡因17 ml(0.75%)。布比卡因给药后,于注射后1、3、5、10、15、30、45、60、90 min同时取外周静脉、中心静脉和动脉血样。所有患者(髋关节翻修置换术)均需放置动脉插管和中心静脉导管。采用高压液相色谱法对布比卡因的浓度进行了定量分析。所有患者均给予知情同意。结果。所有患者在给药后几分钟内中心静脉血布比卡因浓度迅速升高,在给药后3 - 10分钟达到最大值。动脉血浆浓度也有类似的过程;然而,在给药后15分钟,绝对值平均降低10-20%。外周静脉布比卡因浓度上升较慢,在15 - 30分钟达到最大值。在硬膜外应用后30分钟,三个部位的血液浓度曲线相似。讨论。在早期的研究中,采血地点的影响常常被低估。根据我们的结果,中心静脉和动脉血浆浓度在硬膜外应用后的任何时候都密切相关。在不同采样点观察到的浓度的均匀差异可以用肺对局部麻醉剂的摄取导致较低的动脉水平这一事实来解释。特别是在局麻药后吸收的早期,外周血浓度似乎不具有代表性,因为最早要到给药后30min动脉血和中心静脉血之间才建立平衡。在我们看来,外周静脉浓度是不可靠的,特别是在早期阶段,用于评估局麻药的不良影响或毒性,因为最初的低值和延迟的增加可能导致错误的安全感。
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引用次数: 0
[Experimental studies on peripheral nerve injuries caused by injection needles]. 【注射针致周围神经损伤的实验研究】。
Pub Date : 1990-01-01
Y Hirasawa, Y Katsumi, W Küsswetter, G Sprotte

Differences in neural damage due to different injection needles were investigated in vitro on sciatic nerve specimens of adult rabbits. METHODS. Three types of 22-gauge needles were tested: one typical, long-bevelled venous puncture needle; a short bevelled, typical nerve block needle; and a tapered, atraumatic spinal needle. Both sciatic nerves of 50 adult rabbits weighing from 2.5 to 3.0 kg were used for electrophysiological investigations on one side and fluorescence microscopy on the other. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY. The nerve specimens were placed in an experimental chamber on silver-silver chloride electrodes that were aligned at a distance of 10 mm. Two electrodes at the distal ends of the nerve were used for stimulation by rectangular waves (6-10 v) of 0.01 ms duration. The compound action potential (CAP), its amplitude, and its latency were measured by monopolar recording from four additional electrodes (R1 to R4). Ten nerves were apportioned to each of five groups and the needles were perpendicularly pierced three times in the middle of the nerve trunk at the midpoint between recording sites R2 and R3. THE GROUPS. 1. Long-bevelled needle, the face of the bevel inserted rectangular to the nerve fibers; 2. long-bevelled needle, the face of the bevel parallel to the nerve fibers; 3. short-bevelled needle, the face of the bevel inserted rectangular to the nerve fibers; 4. short-bevelled needle, the face of the bevel parallel to the nerve fibers; 5. tapered, pencil-point needle pierced perpendicularly through the nerve trunk. The amplitude of the CAP was recorded before and after nerve injury from R1 to R4. FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. According to the method described by Steinwall and Olsson, the other five groups of injured nerves were immersed in Evans blue albumin (EBA) and, after washing in saline solution, fixed in 5% formalin. The extent of nerve damage was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy of the glycerol-imbedded frozen sections (longitudinal and transverse). RESULTS. Electrophysiology. After injuring the area between R2 and R3 there was almost no change in the amplitude of the CAP at sites R1 and R2. The amplitude at R3 and R4 was reduced in comparison with the controls. This reduction was most marked in group 1 and very slight in group 5. The percentages of amplitude at R3 after injury compared with control values (mean +/- SD) were 42.2% +/- 22.0% in group 1; 60.9% +/- 18.2% in group 2; 51.0% +/- 22.3% in group 3; 71.0% +/- 18.0% in group 4; and 90.1% +/- 10.9% in group 5. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the tapered, atraumatic needle group and the other four groups (Fig. 3). Fluorescence microscopy. With the tapered injection needle there was the least leakage of EBA, which suggests the least damage to the perineurium, and almost no rupture or tearing of the nerve fibers was observed. In the short- and long-bevelled needles, the damage was reduced when the face of the bevel was inserted parallel to the f

研究了不同注射针对成年兔坐骨神经损伤的差异。方法。测试了三种22号针头:一种典型的长斜角静脉穿刺针;短斜的典型神经阻滞针;还有一根锥形的非创伤性脊髓针。50只体重在2.5 ~ 3.0 kg的成年家兔的坐骨神经一侧电生理检查,另一侧荧光显微镜检查。电生理学。神经标本放置在实验室内的银-氯化银电极上,电极以10毫米的距离排列。在神经远端使用两个电极进行持续0.01 ms的矩形波(6-10 v)刺激。复合动作电位(CAP)、幅值和潜伏期分别在4个电极(R1 ~ R4)上进行单极记录。5组每组10根神经,在记录点R2和R3之间的中点神经干正中垂直刺入针3次。的组。1. 长斜面针,斜面长方形地插入神经纤维;2. 长斜面针,斜面平行于神经纤维;3.短斜面针,斜面长方体插入神经纤维;4. 短斜面针,斜面平行于神经纤维;5. 尖的,铅笔尖的针垂直地穿过神经干。从R1到R4记录神经损伤前后CAP的振幅。荧光显微镜。按照Steinwall和Olsson描述的方法,将其他五组损伤神经浸入埃文斯蓝白蛋白(EBA)中,用生理盐水洗涤后,用5%福尔马林固定。用荧光显微镜观察甘油包埋冷冻切片(纵向和横向)的神经损伤程度。结果。电生理学。在R2和R3之间的区域损伤后,R1和R2位置的CAP振幅几乎没有变化。与对照组相比,R3和R4的振幅减小了。这种减少在第1组最明显,在第5组非常轻微。与对照组相比,1组损伤后R3处振幅百分比(平均+/- SD)为42.2% +/- 22.0%;2组60.9% +/- 18.2%;3组51.0% +/- 22.3%;第4组71.0%±18.0%;第5组90.1%±10.9%。锥形、无外伤针组与其他四组之间的差异有统计学意义(图3)。荧光显微镜。锥形注射针EBA渗漏最少,对神经周围膜损伤最小,几乎未见神经纤维断裂或撕裂。在短斜面针和长斜面针中,当斜面与纤维平行插入时,损伤减少。
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