S. Sakuma, Yui Kishiwaki, M. Matsumura, H. Sawada, R. Hashimoto, K. Gotoh, Kohhei Umemoto, Y. Fujimoto
Taxifolin, a naturally occurring dihydroflavonol, has been reported to possess antioxidant activity, whereas there is little information regarding its antioxidant potency as a flavonoid. In the present study, the antioxidant efficacy of taxifolin in living cells was compared to that of catechin, a potent radical scavenger, by using flow cytometry with the redox-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Further, diminishing efficacy of taxifolin on peroxyl radicals was assessed by using an electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique. Taxifolin significantly reduced tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced increases in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels in Caco-2 cells; the effect of taxifolin was stronger than that of catechin. Taxifolin also scavenged peroxyl (ROO•) radicals with statistically significance compared to that of catechin. This study showed that taxifolin has the potential to diminish ROS levels in living cells, possibly by scavenging ROO•.
{"title":"Taxifolin Potently Diminishes Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Cells Possibly by Scavenging Peroxyl Radicals","authors":"S. Sakuma, Yui Kishiwaki, M. Matsumura, H. Sawada, R. Hashimoto, K. Gotoh, Kohhei Umemoto, Y. Fujimoto","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2018.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2018.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Taxifolin, a naturally occurring dihydroflavonol, has been reported to possess antioxidant activity, whereas there is little information regarding its antioxidant potency as a flavonoid. In the present study, the antioxidant efficacy of taxifolin in living cells was compared to that of catechin, a potent radical scavenger, by using flow cytometry with the redox-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Further, diminishing efficacy of taxifolin on peroxyl radicals was assessed by using an electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique. Taxifolin significantly reduced tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced increases in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels in Caco-2 cells; the effect of taxifolin was stronger than that of catechin. Taxifolin also scavenged peroxyl (ROO•) radicals with statistically significance compared to that of catechin. This study showed that taxifolin has the potential to diminish ROS levels in living cells, possibly by scavenging ROO•.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83798747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-17DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.62.67
C. Anosike, Sophia Uyo Mokwunye, V. Okpashi, O. Abonyi
This research investigated the modulatory effect of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on peroxidation indices of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty rats of average weight 150g divided into six groups of 5 rats each were used for the study. Group one (control) received water and paraffin for ten days. Group two (treatment control) received water only, group 3 (standard control), received a 100 mg/kg b.w of ascorbic acid, groups 4, 5 and 6 received 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg b.w of Bryophyllum pinnatum extract, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 administration in groups 2 to 6 on the 7th and 8th days. There was significant increase in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-significant decreases in total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in the extract treated groups (4-6) compared to group two (CCl4 untreated). There was a significant increase in the level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the extract treated groups (4-6) compared to group one. Animals in groups 4-6 showed a significant decrease in MDA concentration compared to that of group one. Report from this study shows that Bryophyllum pinnatum extract has modulatory effect on the lipid profile of Wistar rats intoxicated with CCL4.
{"title":"Modulatory Effects of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Leaves Extract on Peroxidation Indices of CCl4 Induced-Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats","authors":"C. Anosike, Sophia Uyo Mokwunye, V. Okpashi, O. Abonyi","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.62.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.62.67","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the modulatory effect of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on peroxidation indices of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty rats of average weight 150g divided into six groups of 5 rats each were used for the study. Group one (control) received water and paraffin for ten days. Group two (treatment control) received water only, group 3 (standard control), received a 100 mg/kg b.w of ascorbic acid, groups 4, 5 and 6 received 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg b.w of Bryophyllum pinnatum extract, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 administration in groups 2 to 6 on the 7th and 8th days. There was significant increase in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-significant decreases in total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in the extract treated groups (4-6) compared to group two (CCl4 untreated). There was a significant increase in the level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the extract treated groups (4-6) compared to group one. Animals in groups 4-6 showed a significant decrease in MDA concentration compared to that of group one. Report from this study shows that Bryophyllum pinnatum extract has modulatory effect on the lipid profile of Wistar rats intoxicated with CCL4.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"44 1","pages":"62-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73467331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-16DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.48.61
M. Musman, E. Audina, Fazlia Inda Rahmayani Ratu, E. Erlidawati, S. Safrida
A study of type 2 anti-diabetes on bound flavonoids fraction from the kernel of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. in glucose-induced diabetic rats was performed. This learning aimed to gather scientific information about the possibility to utilize kernel of B. racemosa as a raw material of antidiabetic drug. The antioxidant property of the bound flavonoids was determined by the DPPH scavenging method compared to the ascorbic acid. Assessment of type 2 anti-diabetes was conducted on glucose-induced diabetic Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain compared to metformin and the data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA software. Histopathological studies of the pancreas and kidney were made to get evidence of the β-cell performance and the renal tissue respectively. The DPPH testing at the wavelength of 517 nm showed the bound flavonoids and the ascorbic acid showed absorbance at 0.097 and 0.080 correlated with IC50 values of 7.51 and 6.50 ppm respectively. The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the administration of bound flavonoids was significant (F(2,11) = 8.60, p = 0.008) to reduce blood glucose level in the tested rats. The diabetic rats treated with the extract experienced an antidiabetic effect equivalent to an antidiabetic effect of metformin. Histopathologic observations showed increasing of the granulated β-cell (F(3, 15) = 26.09, p<0.0001) and no renal tissue damage (F(3, 15) = 0.23, p = 0.873) in the tested rats. The conclusion raised from the data of this study revealed that the bound flavonoids from the kernel of B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. could be utilized as a drug source of type 2 anti-diabetes.
总状叶刺槐总黄酮结合部位抗2型糖尿病的研究Spreng。在葡萄糖诱导的糖尿病大鼠中进行。本研究旨在为利用总状莲心作为抗糖尿病药物原料的可能性收集科学信息。与抗坏血酸相比，用DPPH清除法测定了结合的类黄酮的抗氧化性能。比较二甲双胍与葡萄糖诱导糖尿病褐家鼠Wistar品系对2型糖尿病的抗糖尿病效果，采用单因素方差分析软件对数据进行分析。胰腺和肾脏分别进行组织病理学检查，以证明β细胞的性能和肾组织。517 nm波长DPPH测试表明，结合的黄酮和抗坏血酸吸光度分别为0.097和0.080,IC50值分别为7.51和6.50 ppm。单因素方差分析结果表明，结合黄酮类化合物对降低血糖有显著作用(F(2,11) = 8.60, p = 0.008)。用这种提取物治疗的糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用相当于二甲双胍的降糖作用。组织病理学观察显示，实验组大鼠β-颗粒细胞增多(F(3,15) = 26.09, p<0.0001)，无肾组织损伤(F(3,15) = 0.23, p = 0.873)。本研究的结论表明，总状芽孢杆菌(B. racemosa, L.;Spreng。可作为抗2型糖尿病的药物来源。
{"title":"Assessment of Type 2 Anti-Diabetes on Bound Flavonoids of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. Kernel in Glucose-Induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"M. Musman, E. Audina, Fazlia Inda Rahmayani Ratu, E. Erlidawati, S. Safrida","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.48.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.48.61","url":null,"abstract":"A study of type 2 anti-diabetes on bound flavonoids fraction from the kernel of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. in glucose-induced diabetic rats was performed. This learning aimed to gather scientific information about the possibility to utilize kernel of B. racemosa as a raw material of antidiabetic drug. The antioxidant property of the bound flavonoids was determined by the DPPH scavenging method compared to the ascorbic acid. Assessment of type 2 anti-diabetes was conducted on glucose-induced diabetic Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain compared to metformin and the data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA software. Histopathological studies of the pancreas and kidney were made to get evidence of the β-cell performance and the renal tissue respectively. The DPPH testing at the wavelength of 517 nm showed the bound flavonoids and the ascorbic acid showed absorbance at 0.097 and 0.080 correlated with IC50 values of 7.51 and 6.50 ppm respectively. The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the administration of bound flavonoids was significant (F(2,11) = 8.60, p = 0.008) to reduce blood glucose level in the tested rats. The diabetic rats treated with the extract experienced an antidiabetic effect equivalent to an antidiabetic effect of metformin. Histopathologic observations showed increasing of the granulated β-cell (F(3, 15) = 26.09, p<0.0001) and no renal tissue damage (F(3, 15) = 0.23, p = 0.873) in the tested rats. The conclusion raised from the data of this study revealed that the bound flavonoids from the kernel of B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. could be utilized as a drug source of type 2 anti-diabetes.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"130 1","pages":"48-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85760697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-09DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.18.38
Donghee Choi, Yanhong Zhu, D. Chao, M. Sho, S. Rhodes, M. Fox, G. Starling, P. Culp
In a Phase 1 clinical study, treatment with enavatuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to TweakR, resulted in liver toxicity in a subset of patients. The objective of this current study was to evaluate the ability of preclinical studies to predict liver toxicity in humans. Enavatuzumab was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys, where serum liver enzyme and cytokine levels were measured and histopathology of the liver was performed. TweakR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in healthy human liver and in liver tissues from cancer patients. Enavatuzumab was also evaluated in vitro for its impact on human hepatocytes when cultured both alone and with immune cells. Enavatuzumab-treated cynomolgus monkeys exhibited liver enzyme elevations only at the highest dose level (100 mg/kg) and few cytokines were elevated after dosing. Bile duct hyperplasia was observed in the liver but appeared to be partially reversible. Compared with healthy liver, liver tissues from cancer patients exhibited marked elevation of TweakR expression, which was associated with immune cell infiltration. Enavatuzumab treatment of cultured hepatocytes, both in the presence and absence of immune cells resulted in increased cytokine release, but only in the co-cultures were liver enzymes elevated. These results suggest that due to differences in liver architecture between healthy humans and cancer patients, studies in healthy non-human primates may underestimate the potential for liver toxicity in human cancer patients. The use of additional in vitro assays in conjunction with in vivo studies may better predict the potential impact of a therapeutic agent on the liver in clinical studies.
{"title":"Modeling Hepatocellular Toxicity of Enavatuzumab, a Humanized Anti-TweakR Antibody","authors":"Donghee Choi, Yanhong Zhu, D. Chao, M. Sho, S. Rhodes, M. Fox, G. Starling, P. Culp","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.18.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.18.38","url":null,"abstract":"In a Phase 1 clinical study, treatment with enavatuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to TweakR, resulted in liver toxicity in a subset of patients. The objective of this current study was to evaluate the ability of preclinical studies to predict liver toxicity in humans. Enavatuzumab was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys, where serum liver enzyme and cytokine levels were measured and histopathology of the liver was performed. TweakR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in healthy human liver and in liver tissues from cancer patients. Enavatuzumab was also evaluated in vitro for its impact on human hepatocytes when cultured both alone and with immune cells. Enavatuzumab-treated cynomolgus monkeys exhibited liver enzyme elevations only at the highest dose level (100 mg/kg) and few cytokines were elevated after dosing. Bile duct hyperplasia was observed in the liver but appeared to be partially reversible. Compared with healthy liver, liver tissues from cancer patients exhibited marked elevation of TweakR expression, which was associated with immune cell infiltration. Enavatuzumab treatment of cultured hepatocytes, both in the presence and absence of immune cells resulted in increased cytokine release, but only in the co-cultures were liver enzymes elevated. These results suggest that due to differences in liver architecture between healthy humans and cancer patients, studies in healthy non-human primates may underestimate the potential for liver toxicity in human cancer patients. The use of additional in vitro assays in conjunction with in vivo studies may better predict the potential impact of a therapeutic agent on the liver in clinical studies.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"48 1","pages":"18-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90555238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-12DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.39.47
S. Mamood, H. Othman, N. M. Nasir, A. Ghazali, S. B. Budin, M. Zulfakar
It has been shown in previous research that Piper aduncum Linnaeus essential oil has the potential to be developed as an alternative mosquito repellent. When the essential oil was formulated into cream, it was able to provide >2h of protection against Aedes aegypti in the laboratory; thus, it can be commercialized as an alternative to synthetic repellent especially N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). In this study, the irritation and sensitization potential of a cream formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil was investigated to verify its safety for application purposes. The P. aduncum essential oil was formulated into a cream containing 10% of the essential oil for irritation and skin sensitization assays on New Zealand white rabbits and guinea pigs (Hartley strain), respectively, following the ISO10993-10:2010 (E) guidelines. The macroscopic and histological observations from both assays revealed that the cream formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil caused slight irritation on rabbit skin, with a Primary Irritation Index (PII) of 1.54; however, no positive response was detected in the skin sensitization assay. In conclusion, the cream formulation containing 10% P. aduncum essential oil was slightly irritating to rabbit skin but did not cause sensitization in the animals tested.
{"title":"Dermal Toxicity of a Repellent Formulation Containing Piper Aduncum Linnaeus (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil","authors":"S. Mamood, H. Othman, N. M. Nasir, A. Ghazali, S. B. Budin, M. Zulfakar","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.39.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.39.47","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown in previous research that Piper aduncum Linnaeus essential oil has the potential to be developed as an alternative mosquito repellent. When the essential oil was formulated into cream, it was able to provide >2h of protection against Aedes aegypti in the laboratory; thus, it can be commercialized as an alternative to synthetic repellent especially N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). In this study, the irritation and sensitization potential of a cream formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil was investigated to verify its safety for application purposes. The P. aduncum essential oil was formulated into a cream containing 10% of the essential oil for irritation and skin sensitization assays on New Zealand white rabbits and guinea pigs (Hartley strain), respectively, following the ISO10993-10:2010 (E) guidelines. The macroscopic and histological observations from both assays revealed that the cream formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil caused slight irritation on rabbit skin, with a Primary Irritation Index (PII) of 1.54; however, no positive response was detected in the skin sensitization assay. In conclusion, the cream formulation containing 10% P. aduncum essential oil was slightly irritating to rabbit skin but did not cause sensitization in the animals tested.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"377 1","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80212888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.7.17
E. Al-Dujaili, H. Twaij, Yazan A. Bataineh, U. Arshad, Faiza Amjid
Stevia is a natural sweetener containing steviol glycosides known to be several times sweeter than sucrose. It is thought to have several beneficial properties though some evidence state it may have detrimental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial or harmful effects of stevia consumption by exploring its effects on blood pressure, stress hormone levels and anthropometrical markers in A crossover placebo controlled study was conducted on 16 volunteers randomly assigned to consume either stevia or a placebo (sugar) for one week. The measurements were attained on three different occasions and each volunteer was allowed a 3-day initiation period before baseline and in between interventions. The systolic BP increased following stevia intake from 114.5±12.7 to 119.9±12.9mmHg (p<0.001) and diastolic BP from 70.8±9.4 to 75.7±9.6mmHg (p<0.01). Systolic BP increased slightly after the sugar placebo to 115.3±13.6 mmHg (not significant). The mean free cortisol excreted in urine has increased from 91.8±49.1 to 125.7±60.5nmole/day (p<0.01) after the stevia and to 109.1±42.6nmole/day after the placebo (p = 0.210). The ratio of urinary free cortisol/cortisone showed a statistically significant increase from 1.73±0.78 to 2.65±1.03 after stevia (p<0.0001). Salivary cortisol levels have also increased (p<0.01 at AM) after stevia. Placebo intake did not produce a significant change in salivary cortisol. The ratio of salivary cortisol/cortisone during the stevia has increased only in the morning (from 1.22±0.65 to 1.75±0.72, p = 0.05) and a modest increase in the daily average of salivary cortisol/cortisone. There was small insignificant reduction in weight and BMI after stevia intervention (p = 0.246 and p = 0.249 respectively). In conclusion, we have shown that short term stevia intake produced a small but significant increase in BP and effect on body weight and BMI were not significant. The rise in BP might be due to the increase in cortisol levels and cortisol/cortisone ratio indicating that stevia may possibly inhibit 11β-HSD2 enzyme by reducing the conversion of cortisol into cortisone. Therefore caution should be taken by the public who want to consume stevia for longer period of time as a weight reducing sweetener.
{"title":"Effect of Stevia Consumption on Blood Pressure, Stress Hormone Levels and Anthropometrical Parameters in Healthy Persons","authors":"E. Al-Dujaili, H. Twaij, Yazan A. Bataineh, U. Arshad, Faiza Amjid","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.7.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.7.17","url":null,"abstract":"Stevia is a natural sweetener containing steviol glycosides known to be several times sweeter than sucrose. It is thought to have several beneficial properties though some evidence state it may have detrimental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial or harmful effects of stevia consumption by exploring its effects on blood pressure, stress hormone levels and anthropometrical markers in A crossover placebo controlled study was conducted on 16 volunteers randomly assigned to consume either stevia or a placebo (sugar) for one week. The measurements were attained on three different occasions and each volunteer was allowed a 3-day initiation period before baseline and in between interventions. The systolic BP increased following stevia intake from 114.5±12.7 to 119.9±12.9mmHg (p<0.001) and diastolic BP from 70.8±9.4 to 75.7±9.6mmHg (p<0.01). Systolic BP increased slightly after the sugar placebo to 115.3±13.6 mmHg (not significant). The mean free cortisol excreted in urine has increased from 91.8±49.1 to 125.7±60.5nmole/day (p<0.01) after the stevia and to 109.1±42.6nmole/day after the placebo (p = 0.210). The ratio of urinary free cortisol/cortisone showed a statistically significant increase from 1.73±0.78 to 2.65±1.03 after stevia (p<0.0001). Salivary cortisol levels have also increased (p<0.01 at AM) after stevia. Placebo intake did not produce a significant change in salivary cortisol. The ratio of salivary cortisol/cortisone during the stevia has increased only in the morning (from 1.22±0.65 to 1.75±0.72, p = 0.05) and a modest increase in the daily average of salivary cortisol/cortisone. There was small insignificant reduction in weight and BMI after stevia intervention (p = 0.246 and p = 0.249 respectively). In conclusion, we have shown that short term stevia intake produced a small but significant increase in BP and effect on body weight and BMI were not significant. The rise in BP might be due to the increase in cortisol levels and cortisol/cortisone ratio indicating that stevia may possibly inhibit 11β-HSD2 enzyme by reducing the conversion of cortisol into cortisone. Therefore caution should be taken by the public who want to consume stevia for longer period of time as a weight reducing sweetener.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"14 1","pages":"7-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84226308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prakash Kumar, Rahul Kumar, M. K. Rastogi, K. Murti
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots of Croton zambesicus in alloxan induced diabetic models to ascertain its pharmacological applicability. The roots of Croton zambesicus were collected, dried and extracted. The phytochemical screening as well as Median Lethal Dose determination (LD50) was done. The ethanolic extract of the roots was prepared using soxhelation technique while the aqueous extract was prepared using maceration technique. The pharmacological effects of the two extracts were monitored on the blood glucose level and the lipidprofile for a period of 28 days on the alloxan induced diabetic rats and their effect was evaluated. The ethanolic (100 mg kg-1) and aqueous (100 mg kg-1) extracts caused a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose levels and the lipid profiles of the alloxan induced diabetic rats. However the ethanolic extract was found to be more potent than aqueous extract in the blood glucose and lipid lowering effects in the rats. The activity of the extracts was compared with the reference drug, glibenclamide (0.5 mg kg-1). Treatment with C. zambesicus showed considerable lowering in the blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol in the alloxan treated diabetic rats. The results of this study suggest that the roots of Croton zambesicus possess antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic activities in the treated diabetic models.
{"title":"Exploration of Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Activity of Roots of Croton Zambesicus","authors":"Prakash Kumar, Rahul Kumar, M. K. Rastogi, K. Murti","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots of Croton zambesicus in alloxan induced diabetic models to ascertain its pharmacological applicability. The roots of Croton zambesicus were collected, dried and extracted. The phytochemical screening as well as Median Lethal Dose determination (LD50) was done. The ethanolic extract of the roots was prepared using soxhelation technique while the aqueous extract was prepared using maceration technique. The pharmacological effects of the two extracts were monitored on the blood glucose level and the lipidprofile for a period of 28 days on the alloxan induced diabetic rats and their effect was evaluated. The ethanolic (100 mg kg-1) and aqueous (100 mg kg-1) extracts caused a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose levels and the lipid profiles of the alloxan induced diabetic rats. However the ethanolic extract was found to be more potent than aqueous extract in the blood glucose and lipid lowering effects in the rats. The activity of the extracts was compared with the reference drug, glibenclamide (0.5 mg kg-1). Treatment with C. zambesicus showed considerable lowering in the blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol in the alloxan treated diabetic rats. The results of this study suggest that the roots of Croton zambesicus possess antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic activities in the treated diabetic models.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"130 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91055732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.79.88
F. Nailufar, R. Tjandrawinata
DLBS2411 is a bioactive fraction from Cinnamomum burmannii that is believed to possess anti-ulceration activity. In this study acetic acid was administered to induce gastric ulcer. Rats were divided into six groups: Healthy animals, untreated animals (acetic acid-induced), treatment group of BAF DLBS2411 25 mg kg-1 Body Weight (BW), BAF DLBS2411 50 mg kg-1 BW and positive control group of omeprazole 2 mg kg-1 and sucralfate 100 mg kg-1 BW. The efficacy of DLBS2411 was measured through histopathology examination and ulceration observation. Hematological parameters were also evaluated before and after treatments to indicate the safety profile of DLBS2411. The untreated animals developed more serious injuries (i.e., bigger and more severe ulcers) than the positive control groups and DLBS2411 treatment groups. DLBS2411 treatment with doses of 25 and 50 mg kg-1 and sucralfate 100 mg kg-1 were effective to heal the ulcer as shown by reduction of ulcer size (up to 54.8, 36.53 and 14.85%, respectively) compared to the untreated animals. DLBS2411 was as effective as omeprazole 2 mg kg-1 and sucralfate 100 mg kg-1 in alleviating ulcer severity as examined in histopathology result. There were no significant differences in hematological values. DLBS2411 at doses of 25 and 50 mg kg-1 demonstrated healing activity on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer, with a similar effect to that of omeprazole at dose of 2 mg kg-1 or sucralfate at dose of 100 mg kg-1. No adverse reaction was seen in all treatment groups, suggesting that DLBS2411 has a good safety profile in animal.
{"title":"The Evaluation of Proton Pump Inhibitor Bioactive Fraction DLBS2411 from Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) in Animal Model of Gastric Ulceration Healing","authors":"F. Nailufar, R. Tjandrawinata","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.79.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.79.88","url":null,"abstract":"DLBS2411 is a bioactive fraction from Cinnamomum burmannii that is believed to possess anti-ulceration activity. In this study acetic acid was administered to induce gastric ulcer. Rats were divided into six groups: Healthy animals, untreated animals (acetic acid-induced), treatment group of BAF DLBS2411 25 mg kg-1 Body Weight (BW), BAF DLBS2411 50 mg kg-1 BW and positive control group of omeprazole 2 mg kg-1 and sucralfate 100 mg kg-1 BW. The efficacy of DLBS2411 was measured through histopathology examination and ulceration observation. Hematological parameters were also evaluated before and after treatments to indicate the safety profile of DLBS2411. The untreated animals developed more serious injuries (i.e., bigger and more severe ulcers) than the positive control groups and DLBS2411 treatment groups. DLBS2411 treatment with doses of 25 and 50 mg kg-1 and sucralfate 100 mg kg-1 were effective to heal the ulcer as shown by reduction of ulcer size (up to 54.8, 36.53 and 14.85%, respectively) compared to the untreated animals. DLBS2411 was as effective as omeprazole 2 mg kg-1 and sucralfate 100 mg kg-1 in alleviating ulcer severity as examined in histopathology result. There were no significant differences in hematological values. DLBS2411 at doses of 25 and 50 mg kg-1 demonstrated healing activity on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer, with a similar effect to that of omeprazole at dose of 2 mg kg-1 or sucralfate at dose of 100 mg kg-1. No adverse reaction was seen in all treatment groups, suggesting that DLBS2411 has a good safety profile in animal.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"167 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86745814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.68.78
Mohammad Mohasin Miah, Shakil Ahammad Mridha, Azad Md. Abu Rayhan, A. Ferdous
Using of prescribed drugs during pregnancy and lactation requires special attention because of having risk of the mothers as well as the health and life of her unborn child. Medicinal abuse usually happens due to lack of abundant information on the use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation. The main objective of this study was to assess the information about the prevalence of the use of prescribed drugs among pregnant and lactating women in Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study and conducted at both the Rangpur Medical College Hospital (RMCH) and Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH) at Dhaka in Bangladesh. Medicinal prescription copies given to 500 pregnant women and 500 lactating mothers respectively at each hospital, who attended in the hospitals, were collected. While analyzing, it was found that on an average, per prescription of pregnancy and lactation contained 2.216±0.019 (P = 0.50) and 1.199±0.014 (P = 0.05) drugs respectively. The therapeutic classes and both US-FDA pregnancy and Thomas Hale lactation categories of the drugs prescribed to pregnant women and lactating mother were also analyzed. Anti-anemic drugs including iron preparations and vitamin and mineral supplements (37.23%) were the most frequently prescribed medicines at both hospitals. Including vitamin and mineral supplements, 1098 women (49.55%) received drugs from category A; 729 women (32.90%) received drugs from category B; 309 women received drugs from category C (13.94%); 80 women (3.61%) received drugs from category D and no pregnant women received a drug from category X of the US-FDA risk classification system, whereas the highest number (605, 50.46%) of lactating mothers took drugs from L2 safe category of lactation and 355 (29.61%) lactating mothers received anti-infective drugs from therapeutic classes during visiting at both hospitals. The study shows that the prescription of harmful drugs decreases during pregnancy and lactation in Bangladesh.
{"title":"A Study of Prescribing Pattern of Drugs during Pregnancy and Lactation in the Secondary and Tertiary Care Hospitals of Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study","authors":"Mohammad Mohasin Miah, Shakil Ahammad Mridha, Azad Md. Abu Rayhan, A. Ferdous","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.68.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2017.68.78","url":null,"abstract":"Using of prescribed drugs during pregnancy and lactation requires special attention because of having risk of the mothers as well as the health and life of her unborn child. Medicinal abuse usually happens due to lack of abundant information on the use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation. The main objective of this study was to assess the information about the prevalence of the use of prescribed drugs among pregnant and lactating women in Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study and conducted at both the Rangpur Medical College Hospital (RMCH) and Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH) at Dhaka in Bangladesh. Medicinal prescription copies given to 500 pregnant women and 500 lactating mothers respectively at each hospital, who attended in the hospitals, were collected. While analyzing, it was found that on an average, per prescription of pregnancy and lactation contained 2.216±0.019 (P = 0.50) and 1.199±0.014 (P = 0.05) drugs respectively. The therapeutic classes and both US-FDA pregnancy and Thomas Hale lactation categories of the drugs prescribed to pregnant women and lactating mother were also analyzed. Anti-anemic drugs including iron preparations and vitamin and mineral supplements (37.23%) were the most frequently prescribed medicines at both hospitals. Including vitamin and mineral supplements, 1098 women (49.55%) received drugs from category A; 729 women (32.90%) received drugs from category B; 309 women received drugs from category C (13.94%); 80 women (3.61%) received drugs from category D and no pregnant women received a drug from category X of the US-FDA risk classification system, whereas the highest number (605, 50.46%) of lactating mothers took drugs from L2 safe category of lactation and 355 (29.61%) lactating mothers received anti-infective drugs from therapeutic classes during visiting at both hospitals. The study shows that the prescription of harmful drugs decreases during pregnancy and lactation in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"38 1","pages":"68-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82543975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-18DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2016.20.25
P. Panda, T. Kakkanattu, Arvind Kumar, P. Sethi, K. Kumar, A. Biswas, N. Wig
Drug trafficking is an international problem. Over years it has increased in prevalence and concealment methods. Body packers swallow wrapped packets of illicit drugs, mainly cocaine and heroin and try to conceal them from security personnel. They present to physicians either as body packer syndrome with symptoms of intoxication or asymptomatically on suspicion of drug concealment, for observation. We report a case of middle aged unknown male, found in comatose state on road side by Delhi police (India), brought to our emergency without any signs of injury. Initially organophosphate toxidrome was suspected, later confirmed to be opiod toxidrome with internal concealment of many balloons (of polythene) wrapped packets of heroin. On failure of conservative removal, he underwent laparotomy with complete removal of all the packets. He was discharged in stable condition and handed over to the police. This is the first case report of live heroin body packer syndrome from India.
{"title":"Mystifying Toxidrome: A Case of Heroin Body Packer Syndrome","authors":"P. Panda, T. Kakkanattu, Arvind Kumar, P. Sethi, K. Kumar, A. Biswas, N. Wig","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2016.20.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2016.20.25","url":null,"abstract":"Drug trafficking is an international problem. Over years it has increased in prevalence and concealment methods. Body packers swallow wrapped packets of illicit drugs, mainly cocaine and heroin and try to conceal them from security personnel. They present to physicians either as body packer syndrome with symptoms of intoxication or asymptomatically on suspicion of drug concealment, for observation. We report a case of middle aged unknown male, found in comatose state on road side by Delhi police (India), brought to our emergency without any signs of injury. Initially organophosphate toxidrome was suspected, later confirmed to be opiod toxidrome with internal concealment of many balloons (of polythene) wrapped packets of heroin. On failure of conservative removal, he underwent laparotomy with complete removal of all the packets. He was discharged in stable condition and handed over to the police. This is the first case report of live heroin body packer syndrome from India.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"15 1","pages":"20-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82312731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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